• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.430-435
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• 2008

The sensory characteristics of imported (two dry, two sweet, and one medium dry wines) and domestic (one sweet wine) red wine were evaluated by 250 panels. The preferences of aroma, color, sweetness, tartness, astringency, and overall acceptability were determined by 5-point just-about-right scale. Among six wines, B sample obtained the highest mean overall acceptability score of 3.67 and its chemical and sensory characteristics were as follow: cherry or strawberry aroma, 9.4 brix, 3.7% of sugar content, pH 3.5, 10% of ethanol, 0.14% of tannin, 5.74 mg/mL of total organic acids, and color of $L(12.04{\pm}0.01)$, $a(33.90{\pm}0.19)$, and $b(8.22{\pm}0.00)$. These results revealed that Korean consumers generally prefer sweet taste to dry one, flat taste to bitter one, and fruity aroma to others. Panels preferred a red wine containing high sugar content of $5{\sim}10%$. On the other hand, panels showed low preference to the wine containing tannin above 0.16%. However, these general trends were slightly varied depending on their ages and consuming frequencies.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.493-501
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• 1993

As the dispersants and the dispersant/oil mixtures are degraded naturally by the microorganisms in the seawater, the consumption of dissolved oxygen may cause marine organisms to be damaged especially in the waters where the dissolved oxygen level is low due to the pollution and the restriction of seawater flow. The biodegradation experiment, the TOD analysis and the element analysis for three dispersants(SG, GL and WC) and a nonionic surfactant(OA-5) were conducted for the purposes of evaluating the biodegradability of dispersants and studying the effect of dispersants on dissolved oxygen in the seawater. The results of biodegradation experiment showed 1mg of dispersants to be equivalent to $0.403{\sim}0.595mg$ of $BOD_5$ and to $0.703{\sim}0.855mg$ of $BOD_{20}$, and 1mg of nonionic surfactant to be equivalent to 0.50mg of $BOD_5$ and to 0.97mg of $BOD_{20}$ in the natural seawater. The results of TOD analysis showed 1mg of dispersants to be $2.37{\sim}2.80mg$ of TOD and 1mg of nonionic surfactant to be 2.45mg of TOD. The results of element analysis showed carbon content and hydrogen content to be $67.6{\sim}76.5\%$ and $10.2{\sim}12.2\%$ for dispersants, and $65.3\%$ and $10.3\%$ for nonionic surfactant, respectively. No nitrogen element was detected in dispersants and a nonionic surfactant. The biodegradability of dispersants shown as the ratio of $BOD_5/TOD$ was found to be in the range of $17{\sim}21\%$, and that of nonionic surfactant was found to be about $20\%$. This means that dispersants and nonionic surfactant belong in the organic matter group of middle-biodegradabilily. The deoxygenation rates($K_1$) and ultimate oxygen demands($L_o$) obtained through the biodegration experiment and Thomas slope method were found to be $0.121{\sim}0.171/day$ and $3.155{\sim}3.810mg/l$ for 4mg/l of dispersants and to be 0.181/day and 1.911mg/l for 2mg/l of nonionic surfactant in the seawater, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.185-190
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• 2008

In order to obtain the basic information for agricultural utilization of Germanium(Ge), the growth characteristics and the germanium uptake by water celery were investigated at different concentration of germanium in soil. This experiment was carried out in the Wagner pot(1 $5,000^{-1}a$). Germanium concentrations in soil for water celery cultivation were maintained at 0.26, 25.0, 62.5, and 125.0 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively. The treatment of over Ge 25.0 mg $kg^{-1}$ in the soil led to germanium phytotoxicity such as reduction of plant height and fresh weight. The contents of germanium in water celery were increased with the increase of germanium concentration in the soil. When water celery was cultivated from soil maintained with Ge 25.0 and 62.5 mg $kg^{-1}$, its germanium contents in plant were 89.9 and 371.6 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively. Then, the efficiency of germanium uptake of water celery in Ge 25.0 and 62.5 mg $kg^{-1}$ maintained plots was 1.7 and 2.4%, respectively. When water celery was cultivated from soil maintained with Ge 25.0, 62.5 and 125.0 mg $kg^{-1}$, its content of amino acid was found to be 89.8, 198.4, and 318.2 mg $g^{-1}$, respectively. To investigate the effect of N fertilizer application in uptake of germanium by water celery, these were treated with nontreatment, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times of N application based on soil testing for cultivation of water celery. However, the amount of the N fertilizer application did not affect the contents of germanium in the water celery. When water celery was cultivated from soil maintained with two kinds of inorganic and organic germanium 50 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively, the content of germanium were 24.2 mg $kg^{-1}$ in the Ge-132 treatment and 11.8 mg $kg^{-1}$ in the $GeO_2$ treatment.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.977-984
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• 2009

Campbell Early grapes, the major grape variety in Korea, contain 13 - 15% (w/v) sugar, which is lower than that appropriate for fermentation of red wine. Therefore, chaptalization with sucrose is usually used to increase the sugar level to an extent adequate to produce a wine containing about 12% (v/v) alcohol. In the present study, fermentation of freeze-concentrated Campbell Early grape juice at $25^{\circ}Brix$ was investigated using several industrial wine yeasts including Saccharomyces cerevisiae OC2, S. cerevisiae Fermivin, and S. cerevisiae W-3. During fermentation, changes in the levels of soluble solids, alcohol, total acid, and yeast viable counts were investigated. Alcohol content reached maximal levels after 9 days of fermentation, and was 12.6% (v/v) when the Fermivin strain was used and 13% (v/v) when each of the OC2 and W-3 strains was used. No significant between-strain difference was found, except for slightly slower alcohol production and sugar consumption, and a higher total acid content when strain OC2 was used. Changes in the yeast viable counts were similar during fermentation. The physicochemical characteristics of Campbell Early wine prepared using freeze-concentrated juice were investigated by measuring the levels of total phenolic compounds, organic acids, acetaldehyde, and minor alcohols and assessment of color values. Similar levels of soluble solids and total phenolic contents were observed in wines fermented by the three different strains, but a higher level of total acid was noted in OC2-fermented wine and a lower level of alcohol in Fermivin-fermented wine. The highest level of malic acid and the lowest level of lactic acid were detected in Fermivin-fermented wine. Although the wines showed variable levels of acetaldehyde and minor alcohols, the concentrations of these materials were much lower than those mandated by legal regulations promulgated by the Korean National Tax Service. Red and violet colors in OC2-fermented wine were darker than those of W-3-fermented wine. In sensory evaluation, W-3-fermented wine obtained the highest scores for color and flavor. However, the best taste score was reported for the OC2-fermented wine, whereas Fermivin-fermented wine was awarded the highest score in overall acceptance.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.37 no.1 s.106
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• pp.1-11
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• 2004

The limnological characteristics of a coastal lagoon were studied in Lake Hyangho, one of a series of brackish lagoons along the eastern coast of Korea. Phytoplankton community structure, physical factors, and chemical factors were surveyed from May 1998 through November 2002 on a two-month interval basis. Temperature, salinity, Secchi disc transparency, TN, TP, organic matter content of sediment, chlorophyll a concentration, dominant phytoplankton species, and phytoplankton cell density were measured. Salinity gradient was formed between the overlying freshwater stream water and the permeated seawater at the bottom. The chemocline was persistent at the depth of 2 ${\sim}$ 5 m that caused discontinuities of salinity, DO, and temperature profiles. The inversion of vertical temperature profiles with higher temperature in deeper layer was observed in early winter. Secchi disc transparency was very low with the range of 0.1 to 1.1m. TP, TN, and Chl. a concentration in the epilimnion was 0.011 ${\sim}$ 0.238 mgP $L^{-l}$, 0.423 ${\sim}$ 2.443 mgN $L^{-l}$, and 0.7 ${\sim}$ 145.2 mg $m^{-3}$, respectively. Sediment was composed of silt and coarse silt. COD, TP, and TN content of dry sediment were 19.7 ${\sim}$ 73.3 mg$O_2\;g^{-1}$, 0.61 ${\sim}$ 1.32 mgP $g^{-l}$ and 0.64 ${\sim}$ 0.88 mgN $g^{-l}$, respectively. Dominant phytoplankton species were chlorophytes (Ankistrodesmus falcatus) and cyanobacteria (Oscillatoria sp. and Merismopedia tennuissima). The total cell density was in the range of 560 ${\sim}$ 35,255 cells $mL^{-l}$.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.177-184
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• 2012

This experiment was carried out to investigate soil properties and the requirement of livestock manure compost in a large-scale environment-friendly agricultural complex (EFAC), Gosan, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk. Total cultivation area of major crops was 2,353 ha. This complex area included different types of environment-friendly cropping sections (402.9ha) and livestock farming including 21,077 Korean beef cattle, 1,099 dairy cow, and 32,993 hog. Amount of livestock waste carried in to Resource Center for Crop and Livestock Farming (RCCLF) was 32 Mg per day and the production of manure compost was 9,600 Mg per year. The manure contained 1.4% total nitrogen (T-N), 2.7% phosphorus as $P_2O_5$, 2.1% potassium as $K_2O$, 0.9% magnesium as MgO, 2.5% calcium as CaO. Amount of compost used in the EFAC was 6,588 Mg per year. Soil pH values in the EFAC were varied as follows: 78.1% of paddy field soil, 58.2% of upland soil, 60.3% of orchard field soil, and 62.1% of greenhouse soil were in proper range. For the content of soil organic matter, 41.7% of paddy field soil, 46.5% of upland soil, 40.5% of orchard field soil, and 81.4% of greenhouse soil were higher than proper range. The content of available phosphorus was mostly higher than proper value on the different fields except upland soil. The contents of exchangeable $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Mg^{2+}$ were also exceeded in the orchard field and greenhouse soils. In addition, microbial population, especially aerobic bacteria, in the EFAC was higher than that in regular farming land.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.235-240
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• 2012

This study was conducted to find out the optimum cropping system for the stable production of forage crops in the newly reclaimed land located at Gwanghwal region of Saemangum reclaimed land in which the soil is sandy loam (Munpo series). There were two treatments of nitrogen fertilization 20% increment based on the standard fertilization of 150, $200kg\;ha^{-1}$. Whole crop barley as the winter crop sowed on 27 October. After the whole crop barley was harvested at the end of May. Corn and sorghum${\times}$sudangrass as the summer crop sowed at the early of June successively on the same field. Emergence rate the whole crop barley was high while the summer crops were low. Soil salinity was increased during cultivation of summer crops. However, corn and sorghum${\times}$sudangrass were not damaged by salt. Increase of nitrogen fertilization made the growth of cultivation crops good, stem and leaf tended to have a lot of the mineral nutrients at heading stage and silking stage. After experiment, among soil chemical properties pH, content of exchangeable sodium were decreased and content of organic matter, available phosphate were increased. Dry matter yield were showed whole crop barley $13,170kg\;ha^{-1}$ and sorghum${\times}$sudangrass $19,440kg\;ha^{-1}$ by increment of nitrogen fertilization. Therefore, to improve the product and nutrient balance of reclaimed saline land comprehensive soil management should be considered.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.86-94
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• 1991

Volcanic ash soils were classified as Andepts, a suborder of the Inceptisols in Soil Taxonomy. Increased knowledge on the volcanic ash soils necessitated and facilitated considerable improvement in this system. As a result, the new Order of Andisols was incorporated in the 1990 edition of the Keys to Soil Taxonomy. The central concept of an Andisol is that of a soil developing in volcanic ejecta, and/or in volcaniclastic materials, whose colloidal fractions are dominated by short-range-order minerals or Al-humus complexes. Andic propertis of volcanic ash soil in Cheju Island were investigated. For this study, soils of toposequence distributed along the southern slope of Mt. Halla, and the major soil groups such as dark brown soils, very dark brown soils, black soils, and brown forest soils were collected and analyzed for Al, Fe and Si extracted with solutions of pyrophosphate, dithionite-citrate. and oxalate respectively. Weolpyeong and Yongheung soils developed on the lower elevations contain only small amounts of allophane and Al-and Fe-humus complexes. For other soils, allophane content decrease with elevation and increaes with soil depth,whereas Al-humus complexes increase with elevation and decrease with soil depth. Substantial amount of allophane and ferrihydrite are found in all horizons of Ora and Ara soils developed on 150-300m elevations and of Noro and Jeogag soils developed on cinder cones. In the A horizons of Pyeongdae, Tosan and Heugag soils developed on the higher elevations, Al-humus complexes are dominant form of Al reflecting low pH and high organic matter content. However, lower horizons are dominated by allophane.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.56-62
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• 2011

We investigated quality characteristics of Seoktanju (one of the Korean traditional rice wine) which was fermented using five kinds of Korean commercial Nuruks. The purpose of this study was to research what effects on the quality of Seoktanju by using different Nuruks. We analyzed general component such as each mash's temperature change patterns, pH, titrable acidities, reducing sugar contents, volatile acids, and sugar contents during fermentation periods and studied sensory evaluation of produced Seoktanju (10 days). On the whole, temperature change patterns in the each mashes were depend on room temperature. All Seoktanju's pH was reduced rapidly up to three days after first mashing (pH 3.13-3.57) and after that was increased gradually. The end of fermentation pH was pH 3.6-4.05. Mostly, acidities were indicated high(0.59%) and Nuruk-B was showed highest acid value. These results seems to be different as occasion organic acids producing activity depend on the number of yeast, material contents, optimal temperature in the each mashes by fungi and lactic acid bacteria in Nuruks. In reducing sugar contents and sugar contents, Nuruk-C treatment were showed the highest value with 5.36%, $23^{\circ}brix$, respectively and alcohol content was lowest with 8.6%. In the five kinds of reproduced Seoktanju, alcohol content was the highest in the treated Nuruk-A group. Volatile acid value was the highest with 132.6~263.7 ppm at the 3 day after first mashing day but as the fermentation time goes on, it was reduced sharply by 5.25~5.94 ppm. Sensory evaluation was performed with 5 point scale, the Seoktanju using Nuruk-D was presented by 4 point, while Nuruk-A was presented lowest by 2.77 point on overall acceptability.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.309-317
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• 2016

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of microbial culture supplements on ruminal fermentation and fermentative quality of Italian ryegrass silage (IRGS) both in vitro and in situ. Three species of microbes (Lactobacillus casei (LC), Bacillus subtilis (BS), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC)) were used in this study. They were applied to IRGS at 30 days after silage manufacture. Various items were measured using in vitro and in situ incubation technique after each microbial supplement was inoculated into IRGS at $0.5{\times}10^4CFU/g$. In the first experiment, in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics of IRGS were evaluated at 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after microbes were inoculated into IRGS. In the second experiment, in situ fermentation characteristics were investigated at 0, 1, 3, and 5 days after the inoculation of each microbial supplement. In vitro ruminal $NH_3-N$ content was significantly (p<0.05) increased in LC-, BS-, and SC-IRGS at 12 hrs post incubation compared to that in control IRGS. In vitro ruminal total VFA concentration and dry matter digestibility (DMD) of IRGS were not significantly difference among LC-, BS-, and SC-IRGS, although they were numerically increased in LC-IRGS than those of the other IRGS. In addition, this study evaluated the fermentation characteristics and in situ DMD of IRGS with the lapse of incubation time up to 5 days. Throughout the incubation times from 1 day to 5 days, the pH value was significantly (p<0.05) lower in BS-, LC-, and SC-IRGS than that in control IRGS. Lactate was significantly (p<0.05) higher, and significantly (p<0.05) butyrate was lower in LC-IRGS than that in other treatments at 0 day. It was higher (p<0.05) in control IRGS than that of BS-, LC-, and SC-IRGS at 1-5 days. In situ DMD tended to increase in BS-, LC-, and SC-IRGS compared to that in control IRGS. Especially, DMD was higher in SC-IRGS than that in other treatments at 0 day. It tended to be higher in LC-IRGS at all incubation time. Taken together, these results suggest that it might be useful to select a microorganism by considering the feeding time of IRGS to ruminants because organic acids and DMD of IRGS were affected by the incubation time of each microorganism with IRG silage, especially for L. casei decreased the content of acetate and butyrate in IRGS.