• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.44-52
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• 1996

Humic substances of 17 organic fertilizers available on the market were the objects of study. The list of ingredients for formulation of them comprised fish meal. bone meal, oil-cakes, brewer's grains, peat, sawdust, wood bark, zeolite, soil conditioner, live-stock droppings, amino acid fermentation byproduct, chaff, limestone and others. Humic and fulvic acids were isolated from those substances and given chemical and spectroscopic analyses. Nutritional values of the organic fertilizers showed big diversity. Humification of organic matter was incomplete for some of the fertilizers as indicated by a high C/N ratio. Extractable humic acid percentage was higher, in general, than that of fulvic acid. Also the relative content of humin increased with advanced humification. Total acidity was closely related to phenolic hydroxyl groups. Relationships between carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. and carboxyl and alcoholic hydroxyl groups were very significant. Ultraviolet and visible light absorption spectra of humic and fulvic acids were substantially similar. The types of humic acids were B. P, and Rp. Two humic acids of the 17 samples belonged to B type. 3 to P type and all the rest to Rp type.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.234-241
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• 2007

Biological amendments consisting of suspensions of selected microorganisms are often used in conjunction with various organic materials for amending soils to improve soil quality and plant growth. The effects of the biological amendment on chemical and biological properties of soil were investigated for a biological amendmentalone and when combined with different organic materials includingmunicipal compost (MC), poultry litter (PL), and cover crops (red clover (RC) and spring oats). A liquid preparation of a biological amendment called Effective Microorganisms was sprayed on the tested plots three times over a two-year period. Effective Microorganisms alone did not influence pH, K, or organic matter content in soil. However, increases in P in PL-treated soils in fall of both years andCa in MC-treated soil in fall 2001, and decreases in Ca, Mg, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) in RC-planted soil were associated with EM. Increased dehydrogenase(DH) activitiesassociated with Effective Microorganismswere only detected in July (P=0.0222) and October (P=0.0834) for RC-planted soils in the first year. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysisappeared to be enhanced by Effective Microorganisms in soils untreated or treated with MC and oatsbut only sporadically during the sampling period. FDA hydrolysis in both PL- and RC-treated soils as well as DH activity in PL-treated soils decreased with Effective Microorganisms treatment. Effective Microorganisms did not influence substrate utilization patterns expressed by the BIOLOG assay. We conclude that Effective Microorganisms effects on soil chemical and biological properties varied depending on the added organic materials. Effective Microorganisms periodically increased soil DH activity and FDA hydrolysis with RC and with MC plus oats, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 1998

This experiment was conducted to find the most effective organic matters to improve the contents of aromatics and essential oils in root of Anthriscus sylvestylis. Growth of top part was promoted by application of chicken dung with saw dust. The contents of crude protein, fat and fiber were also increased by chicken dung with saw dust. Essential oil content was highest as 0.82% when plants were treated by chicken dung with saw dust. The optimum organic matter showing high yield was chicken dung with saw dust as 276kg per 10a. Twenty two aromatic constituents were identified from root of Anthriscus sylvestylis regardless of organic matter kinds. In particular, aromatic constituents such as sabinene and carboxaldehyde were highest at the application of chicken dung with saw dust as 16.9 and 163.4 % area, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.199-206
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• 1982

A field experiment was conducted to compare the effects of compost and rice straw application on the growth of soybean, chemical properties and soil microorganism in newly reclaimed silty clay loamy upland soil. Application rates of the arganic materials were 750 Kg, 1,500 Kg and 3,000 Kg/10a in compost, and 340 Kg, 680 Kg and 1,360 Kg/10a in rice straw. The differences of N.P.K. application rates caused by the two different organic materials were balanced by chemical fertilizers of N.P.K. The results can be summarized as follows; 1. The yield of soybean was increased upon compost application, but no significant difference on yield was observed except luxuriant plant growth upon rice straw application. 2. There was highly possitive correlation between concentration of phosphorous, potassium in soybean plant at 71 days after planting and dry weight of grain vs. stem plus bean chaff of harvest plant in compost applied plots, but no correlation was found in rice straw applied plots. 3. In greneral, the soil water contents in organic material applied plots, expecially in plots of rice straw, were higher than in no organic material plots. However, at wilting point, the soil water content in organic material applied plot was lower compare to no organic material plot. 4. The weight of nodules per soybean plant was heavier notwithstanding the fewer number of soil bacteria and fungi in compost application plots than rice straw application plots.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.63-70
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• 2013

Experiments in a pilot-scale hybrid multi-stage unit system (HMUS) combination of ATAD and EGSB followed by SBR process for pig slurry treatment were conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of using autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion (ATAD) and expended granular sludge bed (EGSB) followed by sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system. Contaminants in pig slurry with high organic matter, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content were completely removed in the combined process. The highest removal rate for CODcr among contaminants in the feed pig slurry was attained by about 43.3% in ATAD unit process. Also TS removal rate of 96.5% was attained and the highest in the next coagulation unit process. The highest removal rate of CODcr under operating parameter conditions of OLR(organic loading rate), 3-6Kg $COD/m^3{\cdot}day$ and line velocity, 1.5-4m/h was earned at 3days of HRT. The disinfection of pathogens was effective at 50,000mg/L of TS in ATAD unit process. Biogas production per organic removal was $2.3{\sim}8.5m^3/kgTS{\cdot}d$ (average $5.2m^3/kgTS{\cdot}d$) in EGSB unit process. The average removal rates of CODcr 71.7%, TS 64.1%, TN 45.9%, and TP 50.4% were earned in the intermittent aeration SBR unit process.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.475-487
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to solve the problem of yield loss causing the lag of fertilizer efficiency after tiller stage, being originated by applying mixed expeller cake fertilizer on three day before rice transplanting in organic rice farmers. The mineralization degree of $NH_4-N$ of the mixed expeller cake fertilizer was increased until 7 weeks at flooding condition, and so did $NO_3-N$ until 5 weeks at non-flooding condition. The mineralization rate of nitrogen in paddy soil on 20 days before rice transplanting was the highest by 0.85% on 20 days before the transplanting treatment. The properties of yields during the harvest period have no difference with application time of the mixed expeller cake fertilizer, except soil organic matter. The plan length, culm length and panicle length were the longest on 20 days before rice transplanting. Also, the number of tiller, ripening rat and 1,000 grain weight were the highest on 20 days before rice transplanting, and thereby the yield of white rice were increasing by 9% on 20 days before rice transplanting compared with that of 3 days before rice transplanting. The whiteness values of the rice and amylose content made no difference, but the value of protein and palatability were the same between 20 days and 30 days treatment. In the conclusion, the relationship between rice yield, its quality and application time of the mixed expeller cake fertilizer has showed that the suitable time of applying it reveals 21.3 days before rice transplanting.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.59-68
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate soil properties, ordination, and vegetation of the coastal sand dune in Sinduri, Taean-Gun. 1. The Orobanche coerulescens and Ixeris repens that are a peculiar species were found in Sinduri coastal sand dune and the Salix purpurea var. japonica that is an endemic species of korea was found in that place. The plant communities was categorized into seven groups, such as Rosa rugosa community, Vitex rotundifolia communit, Carex kobomugi community, Imperata cylndrica var. koenigii community, Carex pumila community, Artemisia capillaris community, and Calamagrostis epigeios community. 2. The soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorous concentrations, and cation exchange capacity were lower in the study sites than in forest soil of seashore. There was little difference in soil exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K concentrations between in the study site and in the forest soil of seashore. The soil pH was ranged from 5.69 to 7.63. The soil texture in the study site was sand or loamy sand. 3. The results of the correlation between Sinduri coastal sand dune community and environmental factor are as follows; the soil pH was the most effect to the community distribution, and CEC, total nitrogen, soil organic matter, and the amount of silt in soil have some correlation with community distribution. 4. The results of the correlation between Sinduri coastal sand dune community and soil characteristics are as follows; the Calamagrostis epigeios community was found in area that have high soil moisture content; the Rosa rugosa community was found in area that have high soil CEC, organic matter concentration, and total nitrogen concentration, and low soil pH; the Vitex rotundifolia community, Carex kobomugi community, and Artemisia capillaris community were found in area that have low soil CEC, organic matter concentration, and total nitrogen concentration, and high soil pH; the Imperata cylndrica var. koenigii community and Carex pumila community were found in area that have medium soil CEC, organic matter concentration, total nitrogen concentration, and soil pH.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2003

All optional ingredient, Jasoja(Perillae semen) was adopted to improve Dongchimi in qualify during fermentation. Free sugar, free amino acid, non-volatile organic acid and volatile compounds were determined during fermentation at 10$^{\circ}C$ for 45 days. Free sugar content was slightly higher in 0.5%-Jasoja-treated samples than that of control. The contents of free amino acids in control Dongchimi (without jasoja) increased slowly during fermentation while those in 0.5 %-treated samples began to decrease after reaching their maximum value on the day 11 when Dongchimi became most acceptable. There were 6 non-volatile organic acids, such as lactic, fumaric, succinic, malic, tartaric, and citric acid. Among these, only lactic and succinic acid increased consistently with fermentation while others decreased. Volatile components in Dongchimi were mostly identified as sulfur-containing compounds by gas chromatography. Their numbers and % peak areas in the gas chromatogram decreased slightly with the increase in organic acids and alcohols during fermentation period. On the other hand, Dongchimi prepared with Jasoja maintained its contents of total acids as well as the level of sulfur-containing compounds.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2003

This study was conducted to evaluate characteristics of particle composition and organic matter distribution for tidal flat sediments in the Saemankeum area. The tidal flat sediments consist of predominantly sand and a little of silt, whereas the content of clay was very low. The analyzed values of particles of tidal flat sediments were in the range of $4.60\~10.90\;{\phi}$ for mean size and $-0.1\~1.75\;{\phi}$ for sorting and $-1.0\~0.92\;{\phi}$ for skewness and $0.27\~6.75\;{\phi}$ for kurtosis. The tidal flat sediments are interpreted as representing significant effect of the environmental change due to the construction of Saemankeum embankment. The ORP was in the range of -133$\~$200 (mean 73) mV. But 24 stations of the total stations showed reduction condition, The concentration of CODs was in the range of 17.54$\~$6,176.3 mg/kg. The ratio of C/S was 0.02$\~$0.45 (mean 0.24). And the Saemankeum tidal flat sediment was a little effected by input organic pollutants from upper site area. Conclusively, conservation of the Saemankeum tidal flat sediment was requested because it is for the growing fishery and low organic matter.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.389-398
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• 2000

Transparent, abrasion resistant coatings with 4~13 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ thickness were prepared by spin-coating on polycarbonates with organic/inorganic hybrid solutions, followed by UV curing and heat treatment at 12$0^{\circ}C$ for 12 hours. The coating solutions were composed of inorganic phase and organic phase in 0:100, 20:80, 30:70, 50:50, 80:20 wt% ratios, respectively, mixed with photoinitiator, senaitizer and surfactant. The inorganic phase was formed by sol-gel reaction of TEOS and silane coupling agent MPTMS in 1 : 2 or 2 : 1 molar ratios, the organic phase consisted of difunctional urethane acrylate oligomeric resin, multifunctional acrylate TMPTA and HDDA in 4 : 3 : 3 wt% ratio. The coating systems were investigated by FT-IR, $^{29}$ Si-NMR spectra. In addition, TGA/DSC for thermal analysis and SEM, AFM observation for coated surface were examined. Gererally, the homogeneity of phases, the surface smoothness of coating and abrasion resistance were improved with the higher content of inorganic component. Namely, coating system with below 10 $\AA$ surface roughness and T$_{g}$ of 15$0^{\circ}C$ showed only 10% decrease in light transmittance after abrasion test, whereas uncoated polycarbonate substrate exhibited 46% decrease..