• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.63-71
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• 2012

To assess parameters of mating system in seed orchard, such as outcrossing rates, number of potential pollen contributors, and degree of pollen contamination, seeds, produced in '77 plot of the Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora S et Z) seed orchard at Anmyeon island, were collected in 2007 and analysed by nSSR and cpSSR markers. Estimates of outcrossing rates ranged from 91.2 to 100% (mean 97.7%) on the basis of the analysis of cpSSR haplotypes and from 81.6 to 100% (mean 95.3%) on the basis of the analysis of nSSR genotypes. By cross checking of both DNA markers, seeds, presumed to be products of self pollination on the basis of single marker, were confirmed as outcrossed seeds, which resulted in cumulative outcrossing rates of 98.9%. On the basis of pooled cpSSR haplotype of each seed, the number of pollen contributors and paternal contribution rates were estimated as 14.8 and 0.512, respectively. In conclusion, considering pretty high level of outcrossing rates observed in a seed orchard, good genetic potential of the seeds, produced in '77 plot of the seed orchard of Japanese red pines at Anmyeon island, may be guaranteed. Investigated results from the analysis of mating system of Japanese red pines in a '77 plot of the seed orchard may also be expected to provide useful information for the management and establishment of the seed orchard of the progressive generation.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.131-140
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• 2000

Spraying operation is one of the most essential in an orchard management and it is also hazardous to human body. for automatic and unmanned spraying , an autonomous travelling vehicle is demanded. In this study, a telemeter was developed using infrared beam which could detect trunks and obstacles measure distance and direction from the vehicle travelling in the orchard. The telemeter system was composed of two infrared LED transmitters and receivers, a beam scanning device for continuous object detection , two rotary encoders for angle detector, and a beam level controller for uneven soil surface. The detected distance and direction signal s were sent to personal computer which made for the system display the angular and distance measurements through I/O board. According to a field test in an apple farm, the system detected up to 10m distance under 12 V of transmitted beam intensity, however, it was recommended that the proper beam transmit intensity be 7 v at the 10 m distance, because of the negative effect to human body at 12 V. The error rate of this system was 0.92 % when the actual distance was compared to measured one. The system was feasible at the small error rate. The developed telemeter system was an important part for autonomous travelling vehicle provided the real time object recognition . A direction control system could be constructed suing the system. It is expected that the system could greatly contribute to the development of autonomous farm vehicle.

• 현장농수산연구지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.75-84
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• 2013

2011년 4월부터 10월까지 국내 사과주산지 상업사과원에서 왜성대목을 이용한 '후지'와 '홍로' 사과원에 대하여 사과원 경영형태와 이에 따른 과실특성과 수익성을 조사하였다. '후지' 품종의 사과는 300g 이상의 과실을 '홍로' 품종의 사과는 330g 이상의 과실을 대과로 구분하는 것이 일반적이었으며 착과밀도와 유효수량을 비교한 결과 '후지' 품종의 사과나무는 주간 단면적당 3.28개, 0.96kg의 과실을 '홍로' 품종의 사과나무는 4.04개, 1.01kg의 과실을 생산하였다. 이를 이용하여 과원경영형태를 대과생산, 중소과생산, 병행으로 구분하여 단위면적당 전체 수량과 과실 등급별 수량을 비교한 결과 착과밀도가 증가함에 따라 단위면적 당 수량은 증가하였다. 반면 착과밀도의 증가는 대과생산량을 저하시키고 중소과생산을 증가시켰다. 생산된 과실을 과중에 따라 구분한 후 과실특성을 비교한 결과 과중은 과실특성에 유의한 차이를 발생시키지 않았다. 대과 생산과 비교하여 중소과 생산은 과원 경영을 위한 투입비용을 감소시켰고 그 결과 과원경영에 의한 소득구조를 개선시켰다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제99권3호
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• pp.344-352
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• 2010

소나무 채종원내 클론 간 교배양식을 구명하기 위해서 4개의 nSSR 표지와 6개의 cpSSR 표지를 이용하여 소나무 채종원 내에서의 타가교배율, 기여 화분친 수, 화분오염율을 산출하였다. cpSSR haplotype에 근거한 타가교배율은 94~100%로, 평균 98.9%의 타가교배율이 산출되었다. nSSR genotype에 근거한 타가교배율은 90.3~100%로, 평균 95.9%의 타가교배율이 산출되었다. 별개의 DNA 표지분석에서 자가교배로 확인 되었던 종자들을 두 표지를 동시에 비교하여 확인한 결과 타가교배 종자로 최종 확인되었다(누적 타가교배율 100%). 화분오염율은 최소 43.6%(강원10)에서 최대 56.4%(강원12)로 평균 48.9%로 계산되었다. 종자의 cpSSR haplotype을 근거로 확인한 기여 화분친은 경북38에서 21개로 최대치가 확인되었으며, 강원10에서 13개로 최소치가 확인되어 평균 16.2개의 기여 화분친이 확인되었다. 결론적으로, 안면도 소나무 채종원 ’77단지내 클론간 높은 타가교배율이 확인됨으로써 채종원산 종자의 유전적 안정성을 기대할 수 있으며, 안면도 소나무 채종원 '77단지 내 교배양식 분석을 통해서 확인된 결과가 향후 전진세대 채종원 조성 및 관리에 유용한 정보를 제공할 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.355-362
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• 2001

Uniform application of agri-chemicals will improve orchard pest management. An air-blast(orchard) sprayer designed for vineyards has been used: however, few research on the uniformity and coverage of the sprays has been reported. Distributions of spray coverage were measured with artificial targets and analyzed to enhance the efficiency of spray application. A structure was built to place water sensitive papers, sampling spray droplets blasted from the orchard sprayer. The sampling cards were collected from five directions at three distances (2.5, 3.0 and 3.5m) for two fan speeds (2,075 and 3,031 rpm), and analyzed using an image analysis system. The distribution of the coverage percent area did not follow the wind velocity pattern. The coverage by the low fan speed was more uniform and higher than that by the higher fan speed. The coverage percent area decreased with an increase of distance. The distribution of droplet density was similar to that of coverage. However, the coverage contribution by smaller droplets became more significant as the distance increased. The upward blasting distance was limited within 3m, but the limit to the ground level was expanded the distance more than 3.5m because of the concentrated droplets.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제61권1호
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• pp.51-62
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• 2022

많은 해충이 과수의 다양한 조직을 가해하여 국내 과수산업을 위협하고 있다. 경제적으로 중요한 과수 해충의 방제는 일반적으로 화학 살충제에 의존하고 있다. 환경과 인류 건강에 미치는 살충제의 영향에 대한 우려가 증가함에 따라 환경 친화적인 해충방제 전략이 시급하게 필요한 실정이다. 과수 해충의 페로몬은 교미교란이나 대량포획과 같이 환경적으로 안전한 방제 체계를 끌어낼 수 있다. 본 종설은 과수 해충 51종에서 알려진 페로몬의 유형과 성분을 요약한다. 장님노린재과, 진딧물과, 깍지벌레과, 가루깍지벌레과, 풍뎅이과, 혹파리과 및 씨살이좀벌과에 속하는 14종과 나비목의 26종은 암컷이 성페로몬을 생산하여 수컷을 유인한다. 반대로 호리허리노린재과, 노린재과, 총채벌레과 및 하늘소과에 속하는 11종은 수컷이 집합페로몬을 생산하여 암컷과 수컷 모두를 유인한다. 향후 과수 해충 관리에서 페로몬과 다른 신호화학물질의 사용을 확대하기 위해서는 새로운 해충의 페로몬, 주요 해충의 카이로몬, 장기간 페로몬 방출용 교미교란제 및 대량포획을 위한 트랩 디자인과 트랩 설치에 관한 연구가 필요할 것으로 보인다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.623-640
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• 2013

Soil organic carbon (SOC) of soil series is necessary to calculate soil C sequestration due to IPCC default categorized by climate regions and by soil types. The 3,400 thousand data were downloaded from agricultural soil information system and analyzed to get averages of soil order, soil series, and textual family for the three different soil management practices in Korea. The SOC content was $13.3{\pm}5.38g\;kg^{-1}$ in paddy field, $13.7{\pm}7.19g\;kg^{-1}$ in upland field, and $15.2{\pm}8.22g\;kg^{-1}$ in orchard soil, respectively. As SOC in orchard was 10% greater than that in upland, orchard must be managed with applying compost. The SOCs of inceptisols, which was largely distributed in Korea, were $13.6{\pm}5.48g\;kg^{-1}$ in paddy field, $14.1{\pm}7.38g\;kg^{-1}$ in upland field, and $15.3{\pm}8.20g\;kg^{-1}$ in orchard soil, respectively. The SOCs of alfisols were $13.6{\pm}4.96g\;kg^{-1}$ in paddy field, $13.7{\pm}6.99g\;kg^{-1}$ in upland field, and $15.6{\pm}8.59g\;kg^{-1}$ in orchard soil, respectively. The SOCs of entisols were $11.7{\pm}5.16g\;kg^{-1}$ in paddy field, $12.8{\pm}7.05g\;kg^{-1}$ in upland field, and $13.7{\pm}7.81g\;kg^{-1}$ in orchard soil, respectively. The SOCs of ultisols were $12.7{\pm}4.79g\;kg^{-1}$ in paddy field, $12.7{\pm}6.22g\;kg^{-1}$ in upland field, and $16.3{\pm}8.49g\;kg^{-1}$ in orchard soil, respectively. The fact that soils containing greater clay content in textual family had also more SOC content revealed that SOC could be also dependent on some soil properties as well as soil order. Because SOC differences among soil series representing same textual family were greater than those among textual family, SOC differences should be mainly affected by management practices such as compost application.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.88-96
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• 2007

Organic farming systems based on ecological concepts have the potential to produce sustainable crop yields with no decline in soil and environmental qualities. Recent expansion of sustainable agricultural systems, including organic farming, has brought about need for development of sustainable farming systems based on value judgments for key properties of importance for farming. Chemical and microbiological properties were chosen as indicators of soil quality and measured at soil depth intervals of 5-20 and 20-35 cm in conventional and organic-based apple orchards located in Yeongchun, Gyeongbuk. The orchards were two adjacent fields to ensure the same pedological conditions except management system. Soil pH in organic farming was around 7.5, whereas below 6.0 in conventional farming. Organic farming resulted in significant increases in organic matter and Kjeldahl-N contents compared to those found with conventional management. Microbial populations, biomass C, and enzyme activities (except acid phosphatase) in apple orchard soil of organic farming were higher than those found in conventional farming. Higher microbial quotient ($C_{mic}/C_{org}$ ratio) and lower microbial metabolic quotient for $CO_2(qCO_2)$ in organic farming confirmed that organic farming better conserves soil organic carbon. Biological soil quality indicators showed significant positive correlations with soil organic matter content. These results indicate organic-based farming positively affected soil organic matter content, thus improving soil chemical and biological qualities.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.279-285
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• 2007

Soil physical properties in organic farming apple orchard were evaluated in relation to conventional farming to better understand the effects of organic farming system on soil quality. Two adjacent apple orchards, matched by soil type, were chosen to ensure the same pedological conditions except management system. Soil samples were collected from middle of two adjacent trees along the tree line at two depths of 5-20 and 20-35 cm in September 2006. Contents of organic matter in organic farming soil were twice as much as those found in soil of conventional farming. The higher level of organic matter in organic farming soil was reflected through a consequent trend in improved soil physical properties. Organic farming produced greater aggregation in >2 mm size and increased aggregate stability. Bulk density was lower by 13% and hence porosity was higher in soils of organic farming as compared with conventional farming. Water holding capacity was significantly greater with organic farming by >17% over conventional farming. The capacity of organic farming to improve soil physical properties can be contributed to the regular application of relatively large amount of organic materials and the sustainable ground-cover managements, mulching with compost and cover crop cultivation.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제104권4호
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• pp.578-587
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• 2015

교배양식 유전모수를 확인하기 위하여 nuclear SSR (nSSR) 표지와 chloroplast SSR (cpSSR) 표지를 이용하여 2006년과 2007년에 안면도 소나무 채종원(77년 조성)에서 생산된 종자를 대상으로 타가교배율과 화분오염율, 근친교배율을 확인하였다. cpSSR 유전형에 근거한 타가교배율은 2006년에 94.9~100%(평균 98.9%)이며, 2007년에는 91.2~100%(평균 97.7%)이다. nSSR 유전자형에 근거한 타가교배율은 2006년에 90.3~100%(평균 95.9%), 2007년에 81.6~100%(평균 95.3%)의 타가교배율이 산출되었다. 두 표지를 동시에 비교하여 확인한 결과 2006년 생산종자의 평균 누적 타가교배율 100%, 2007년 생산종자의 평균 누적 타가교배율은 98.9%로 추정되었다. 근친교배율($t_m-t_s$: biparental inbreeding)은 2006년에 -0.006과 2007년에 0.007으로 추정되었다. 평균 화분오염율은 2006년에 평균 48.9%, 2007년에 평균 42.4%이며, 종자의 cpSSR 유전형을 근거로 확인한 화분친 기여율(기여화분친 수)은 2006년에 0.458(평균 16.2개), 2007년에 0.512(평균 14.8개)로 확인되었다. 결론적으로, 2006년, 2007년 안면도 소나무 채종원(77년 조성) 내 클론간 높은 타가교배율이 확인됨으로써 채종원산 종자의 유전적 품질은 자가교배로 인한 근교약세가 원인이 되는 불량형질이 발생할 가능성이 낮을 것으로 기대된다. 안면도 소나무 채종원(77년 조성) 내 교배양식 연간 분석을 통해서 확인된 결과가 향후 진전세대 채종원 조성 및 관리에 유용한 정보를 제공할 것으로 기대된다.