• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.335-341
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• 2005

This study discusses the effects of infrared thermography in dentistry. Infrared thermography allows the quantification of infrared rays and provides useful data for dental care and research. It has been used for the diagnosis of temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) and proposed as an objective measure of myofascial pain. It is closely related to temperature and produces beneficial objective data. A study of the heat emissions from facial structures has the potential to benefit dental diagnosis of TMD, postoperative inferior alveolar damage, and endodontic and conservative treatments. In this paper, we assessed infrared thermography in dentistry and consider future developments of infrared thermography.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.477-487
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to assess the thermographic differences of craniomandibular area between normal individual and patients with craniomandibular disorders and to compare the differences between clinical and thermographical assessment. The author had used 50 subjects as materials for this study, which was divided into 2 groups (first group included 15 healthy subjects and second group included 35 patients) with craiomandibular disorders; 17 subjects had normal disc-condyle relationship, 13 subjects had disc displacement with reduction and 5 subjects had disc displacement without reduction. Agema 870 thermovision(D.I.T.I.) was used to take thermographs with $0.1^{\circ}C$ difference of gradual temperature shift. The results were as follows : 1. Of 34 patients with craniofacial pain, 15(44%) subjects showed hyperthermia on the pain site in the thermography, 8(23.5%)exhibited hyperthermia on the site opposed to the pain site, and 11(32.4%) did not show any significant thermal change. One patient without craniofacial pain showed hyperthermia on the site opposed to the site of disc displacement without reductin. 2. Of 35 patients with craniofacial pain or disc displacement, 24(68.6%) subjects showed a significant thermal difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic sides of the face, but 11(31.4%) did not show any difference. 3. Of 17 patients with pain but with normal disc-condyle relationship, 8(47.1 subjects showed hyperthermia on the pain site, 4(23.5%) showed on the site opposed to the pain site, and 5(29.4%) did not show any significant thermal change. 4. Or 13 patients with pain and disc displacement with reduction, 6(46.2%) subjects showed hyperthermia on the pain site, 3(23.1%) showed on the site opposed to the pain site, and 4(30.8%) did not show any significant thermal change. 5. 15 healthy subjects did not show any thermal differences between the both sides of the face.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.237-242
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• 2012

Purpose: The objectives of this study were to survey the radiographic exposure parameters, to measure the patient doses for intraoral dental radiography nationwide, and thus to establish the diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) in intraoral dental X-ray examination in Korea. Materials and Methods: One hundred two intraoral dental radiographic machines from all regions of South Korea were selected for this study. Radiographic exposure parameters, size of hospital, type of image receptor system, installation duration of machine, and type of dental X-ray machine were documented. Patient entrance doses (PED) and dose-area products (DAP) were measured three times at the end of the exit cone of the X-ray unit with a DAP meter (DIAMENTOR M4-KDK, PTW, Freiburg, Germany) for adult mandibular molar intraoral dental radiography, and corrections were made for room temperature and pressure. Measured PED and DAP were averaged and compared according to the size of hospital, type of image receptor system, installation duration, and type of dental X-ray machine. Results: The mean exposure parameters were 62.6 kVp, 7.9 mA, and 0.5 second for adult mandibular molar intraoral dental radiography. The mean patient dose was 2.11 mGy (PED) and 59.4 $mGycm^2$ (DAP) and the third quartile one 3.07 mGy (PED) and 87.4 $mGycm^2$ (DAP). Doses at university dental hospitals were lower than those at dental clinics (p<0.05). Doses of digital radiography (DR) type were lower than those of film-based type (p<0.05). Conclusion: We recommend 3.1 mGy (PED), 87.4 $mGycm^2$ (DAP) as the DRLs in adult mandibular molar intraoral dental radiography in Korea.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.271-277
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• 1999

Safety evaluation of LB71350, a new HIV-1 protease inhibitor, was performed in mice, rats and dogs. For the general behavior of mice, LB71350 at an oral dose of 200 mg/kg did not show any significant effects on muscle tone and locomotor activity. In terms of central nervous system, at oral doses of 200 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg, LB71350 inhibited acetic acid-induced pain response approximately 41% and 83% of control. respectively. At oral doses of 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, it reduced the rectal body temperature in rats. Pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure in mice was slightly potentiated by oral administration of LB71350 at doses ranging from 200 mg/kg to 1000 mg/Ag. Single or five day treatment of LB71350 doubled the hexobarbital- induced sleeping time in mice at oral doses ranging from 50 mg/kg to 500 mg/kg. It did not cause any effects on gastric secretion and acidity in rat at oral doses of 200 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg and also it did not change intestinal motility in mice up to 1000 mg/kg. Blood coagulation indices such as prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and thrombin time (TT) in rats were not affected by the treatment of LB71350 up to 500 mg/kg. LB71350 caused no significant effects on the cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, and mean blood pressure when infused intravenously to the anesthetized rats and dogs. Taken together, LB71350 at high oral doses caused significant pharmacological effects on the central nervous system and the hexobarbital-induced sleeping time.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.577-586
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• 1995

This paper was the study of a change in the body temperature of each region(Oral cavity, Axillary, Cubital, Popliteal, Inguinal region)and by time after appling hot(Hot Pack, Infra Red) and cold (Ice Pack, Cooling Pack) to lumbar region. The statistical measures were sampled through 16 senior students in dept. of Physiothrapy, Kim Cheun College and the period for this was from July 13, 1995 to July 20, 1995. There was an increse in the temperature of distal portion besides application area after hot application. The increse in the body temperature according to applied agents and time showed significance statistically(p<0.01, p<0.05). There was just a decrease in the temperature of distal portions besides application area after appling Ice Pack. Furthermore there was an increase in the body temperature after appling Cooling Towel. Therefore, during cold application the appling agents and time did not showed any significance statistically.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.1250-1259
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• 2007

Bambusae Caulis in Liquamen(BCL) has been commonly prescribed for stroke patients in the traditional Oriental medicine. So this study is aims to investigate the anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects of Bambusae Caulis in Liquamen(BCL) manufactured by different production process on the focal ischemia induced by intraluminal filament insertion in rats. The focal ischemia was induced by intraluminal filament insertion into middle cerebral artery. The animals were divided into four groups (n=15 in each group). The ischemia induced and not treated group : Control group, the ischemia induced and oral medication of the three kinds of BCL : BCL-A group, BCL-B group, BCL-C group. BCL-A was produced by heating at a low temperature$(250^{\circ} C)$ in electric kiln and filtering. BCL-B was produced by heating at a high temperature$(900^{\circ} C{\sim}1,000^{\circ}C)$ in yellow earth kiln and refining and filtering. BCL-C was produced by heating at a low temperature$(400^{\circ} C)$ yellow earth kiln and no refining and filtering. The anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects of the oral medication of BCL were observed by Bax, BCL-2, cytochrome c, mGluR5, cresyl violet and ChAT-stain. Our study suggests that BCl-A(was produced by heating at a low temperature in electric kiln and filtering) and BCL-C(was produced by heating at a low temperature in yellow earth kiln and no refining and filtering) show anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects on the focal ischemia induced by intraluminal filament insertion in rats and BCL-C is more effective than BCL-A.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.200-205
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• 2002

Temperature-dependent pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin (CIP) was studied in the cultured olive flounders, Paralichthys olivaceus, and black rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) originally developed for quinolone determination from livestock. Pharmacokinetics of CIP was apparently affected by ambient water temperature. In a two-compartment model for flounders after oral dosage of 20 mg/kg, $K_{01},\;at\;13^{\circ}C$ and $23^{\circ}C$ were 4.18 and 1.20/hr, respectively. The $K_{10},\;T_{max}\;and\;C_{max}\;at\;13^{\circ}C$ were 5.574/hr, l4.37${\mu}g/mL\;and\;3.15{\mu}g/mL,$ respectively. The corresponding values at $23^{\circ}C$ were l2.84/hr, 15.39${\mu}g/mL\;and\;6.38{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The AUC, $T_{1/2} (\alpha)\;and\;T_{1/2}\;(\beta)$ were 278.23 ${\mu}g \cdot hr/mL$, 0.24hr and 47.02hr at $13^{\circ}C$ and 3l7.8l${\mu}g \cdot hr/mL$, 0.30 hrs and 60.78hrs at $23^{\circ}C$ for the flounder, respectively. Similar CIP pharmacokinetics were revealed in the black rockfish after oral dosage of 20 mg/kg under the two water temperature regimes. These pharmacokinetical results have some implication in the optimal usage of recently introduced antibacterials in the farmed fish, which were primarily adapted for poultry and mammalian species.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.49-56
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• 2002

Effects of Temperature on the Pharmacokinetics of norfloxecin (NFX) were studied in the cultured carp,Cyprinus carpio, and cel, Anguilla japonica, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) originally developed for quinolone determination in livesrocks. Pharmacokinetics of NFX was apparently affected by ambiem water temperature. In a two-compaament model for carp after oral dosage of 20 mg/K01 at $13^{\circ}C$ and $23^{\circ}C$ and 5.20/hr, respectively. In carp the $K_{\iota\nu}$, $T_{max}$and $C_{max}$ for carp at $13^{\circ}C$ were 13.30/hr, 17.44 ${\mu}g$/$m\ell$ and 7.00 ${\mu}g$/$m\ell$, respectively. The" correspoeding values at $23^{\circ}C$ were 3.93/hr, 15.40 ${\mu}g$/$m\ell$ and 9.44 ${\mu}g$/$m\ell$, respectively. The AUC and T were 355.66 ${\mu}g$ hr/$m\ell$, and 12.70 hr at $13^{\circ}C$ and 417,24 ${\mu}g$ hr/$m\ell$ and 13.86 hrs at $23^{\circ}C$, respectively. Similar trends were revealed in the NFX pharmacokinetics of eel kept under the two water temperature regimes aftee oral NFX dosage of 20 mg/kg. These pharmacokinetkal results have some implication in the optimal usage of recently introduced antibacterials in farmed fish, which were originally adapted for poultry and mammalian species.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.232-235
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• 2018

Background: This study was conducted to investigate the heat stress and semen quality among male workers in a steel industry in Iran and investigate the relationship between heat stress indices and semen parameters. Methods: The study was conducted on workers exposed (n = 30) and unexposed (n = 14) to heat in a steel industry. After obtaining a brief biography of the selected employees, scrotal temperature, oral temperature, and environmental parameters were measured, and their semen samples were analyzed according to the procedure recommended by the World Health Organization. The heat stress indices, including wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) and predicted heat strain (PHS), in their workplace were calculated according to environmental parameters (ISO 7243:1989 and 7933:2004, respectively). Results: Time-weighted averages of WBGT and PHS ($35.76^{\circ}C$ and 491.56 $w/m^2{\frac{w}{m^2}}$, respectively) for the exposed group were higher than threshold limit values. The mean difference of environmental, physiological, and semen parameters (exception: pH of semen), and also WBGT and PHS indices were statistically significant (p < 0.05) between the two groups. Mean semen parameters were in the normozoospermic range. WBGT and PHS indices showed significantly "negative" correlation with physiological parameters (scrotal and oral temperature) and most semen parameters (semen volume, sperm morphology, sperm motility, sperm count; p < 0.05); moreover, the correlation of WBGT with these parameters was stronger than PHS. Conclusion: Semen parameters of the studied workers exposed to heat were in the borderline level of normozoospermic range, and their semen parameters were significantly lower than controls. For better assessment of occupational environment concerning physiological and semen parameters in steel industries, WBGT can be a more useful index.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.567-574
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• 2022

Immunostimulating effects of fucoidan administration to rockfish Sebastes schlegelii at a concentration of 20 g/kg of diet were evaluated under high water temperature condition. The oral administration of fucoidan mixed with feed at a concentration of 20 g/kg of diet for 2 weeks increased the interleukin 1β gene in the intestine and kidney of fish by 5.7 and 6.3 times, respectively. In addition, when the water temperature was gradually increased from 24 to 31.4℃ for 2 weeks, LT₅₀ delayed by 24 h in the fucoidan treated group compared to that in the control group, and mortality also reduced. Streptococcus iniae infection at a concentration of 1.50×10⁰ CFU/fish at 28℃ delayed LT₅₀ by 12 h in the fucoidan-treated group. Furthermore, the overall survival rate was 0% in the control group and 20% in the fucoidan-treated group. This study confirmed the applicability of dietary additives such as fucoidan as an immune activator of rockfish under high temperature condition.