• Land and Housing Review
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.67-77
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• 2015

Now that it is the current situation that the smooth supply and demand are necessary for 2nd phase of beginning construction and stable development of Gaesung Industrial Complex, this study was willing to offer the planning criteria and model to establish the lodging for the workers in Gaesung Industrial Complex based on the agreement that both South and North Korea agreed in 2007. Regarding the plan, its standard and the alternative were reviewed considering welfare of workers, economic efficiency, technical validity, possibility of agreement and long-term development. The exclusive area per capita was calculated through Labor Standards Act of Korea and status survey of lodging for the workers provided to border line area between China and North Korea and the economic alternative based on one room for 6 persons with the public restroom was compared with that of development type based on one room for 4 persons with indoor restroom. Especially regarding the proposed site, the area with the optimized position was set by considering gradient, accessibility and convenience of development out of the area of Dongchang-ri where was agreed already and the priority of the proposed site that can keep the existing building site and provide was offered. The necessary period for whole construction was set as approximately 36 months. Regarding construction method, RC Rahmen method was selected as the optimized alternative considering the workmanship of manpower of North Korea and conditions of supply and demand of materials and cluster-type vehicle allocation plan based on 4~6 units considering the efficiency of supplying service facilities and convenient facilities along the simultaneous accommodation of 15,000 people was offered. It was analyzed that total business expenses of approximately 80~100 billion Korean Won would required though there were the difference for each alternative in the charged rental way that the development business owner develops by lending the inter-Korea Cooperation Fund and withdraws the rent by the benefit principle. The possibility of withdrawing the rent was analyzed assuming that the period of withdrawing the investment is 30 years. Especially for the operation management after moving, the establishment of the committee of operating the lodging for the workers of Gaesung Industrial Complex (tentative name) was offered with the dualized governance that the constructor takes charge of operational management, collecting fees and management of infrastructure and human resource management is delegated to North Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1280-1286
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• 2006

Three different virgin activated carbons made of each coal(Calgon), coconut(Samchully) and wood(Picabiol) based activated carbon(AC) were tested for an adsorption performance of 1,4-dioxane in a continuous adsorption column. Breakthrough behavior was Investigated that the breakthrough points of coal, coconut and wood based AC were observed as 3600 bed volumn(BV), 1440 BV and 144 BV respectively. Adsorption capacity(X/M) of coal, coconut and wood based AC was observed. The reported results of adsorption capacity showed that coal based AC was highest(578.9 ${\mu}g/g$), coconut based AC was intermediate(142.3 ${\mu}g/g$) and wood based AC was lowest(7.4 ${\mu}g/g$) due to increasing specific surface area. Moreover, carbon usage rates(CURs) for coal, coconut and wood based AC had been shown as 0.48 g/day, 1.41 g/day and 6.9 g/day respectively. The constant characteristic of the system, k of coal based AC was found to be 91.5 and k of coconut based AC was found to be 17.9. Removal efficiencies of 1,4-dioxane with different ozonation dosages(2 and 5 mg/L) for 20 min ozonation had been shown 38% and 87% respectively. There was no observation for biological removal of 1.4-dioxane by attached micro-organisms when used(3.1 years and over 5 years) biological activated carbon(BAC) without pretreatment of oxidation were employed. When a combination of ozonation(2 mg/L and 5 mg/L) and BAC process for $10{\sim}30$ min was applied, removal efficiency for 1,4-dioxine increased only $2{\sim}6%$ compared to only applying ozonation. Therefore removal efficiency of BAC process prior to using oxidation was proven to negligible. Consequently, the results presented in this paper provide a better insight into the adsorption performance of 1,4-dioxane. This observation suggests that using virgin activated carbon made of coal is the best selection for removal of 1,4-dioxane in the water treatment for an advanced treatment. It is clear from this research that longer EBCT for ozonation or higher ozone concentration are more effective operation methods for removal of 1,4-dioxane than longer EBCT in the BAC process.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.997-1006
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• 2009

Organic removal efficiency and methane production rate, a feasibility of power generation from biogas, and the optimum conditions for membrane operation were evaluated for the pilot scale (5 tons/day) two-phase anaerobic digestion coupled with ultra filtration (TPADUF) system fed with garbage leachate. The TPADUF system is consisted of a thermophilic acidogenic reactor, a mesophilic methanogenic reactor, and an UF membrane. When garbage leachate with 150 g/L of TCOD was fed to the TPADUF up to organic loading rate (OLR) of 11.1 g COD/L/d, the effluent TCOD was lower than 6 g/L and the average removal efficiencies of TCOD and SCOD were higher than 95%. The methane composition of the gas was 65%, and the methane yield was 39 $m^3/m^3$ garbage leachatefed, 260 $m^3$/tons $COD_{added}$, or 270 $m^3$/tons $COD_{removed}$, even there was some gas leak. The power production per consumed gas was 0.96 kWh/$m^3$ gas or 1.49 kWh/$m^3$ methane. This lower power production efficiency mainly due to the small capacity of gas engine (15 kW class). The membrane was operated at the average flux of 10 L/$m^2$/hr. When the flux decreased, washing with water and chemical (NaOCl) was conducted to restore the flux. In the TPADUF system, optimum pH could be maintained without alkali addition by recycling the membrane concentrate or mixed liquor of the methanogenic digester to the acidogenic reactor. Also, partial production of methane in the acidogenic reactor had a positive effect on lowering the OLR of the methanogenic reactor.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.176-189
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• 2003

Background : Gastric cancer is the most common malignant tumor in Korea. Surgical operation is one of the major treatment modalities for gastric cancer patients. Therefore, gastrectomy is one of the most common procedures in General Surgery. There were variation in length of hospital stay and medical treatment for gastrectomy between three surgeons at Asan Medical Center. Clinical pathways have received considerable attention as a tool for reducing the medical practice variation, increasing the efficiency of care process, and improving the quality of care. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a clinical pathway for gastrectomy in gastric cancer patients. Methods : The clinical pathway for gastrectomy was developed and implemented by a multidisciplinary group in Asan Medical Center. A computerized clinical pathway program was developed and revised after a pilot test. A total of 145 patients underwent gastrectomy by three surgeons at Asan Medical Center. We compared the length of hospital stay, patient satisfaction, and the unplanned readmission rate between the pre-pathway group (n=67) and the post-pathway group (n=78). We also investigated the degree of satisfaction among the physicians and nurses who were main end-users of the clinical pathway. Results : The clinical pathway was applied to all target patients. The average length of hospital stay was shortened from 12.7days to 10.6days (p<0.01). The degree of patient satisfaction with the care process changed from 90.3% to 89.2% after the implementation of the clinical pathway, but the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.761). Unplanned readmission rate was 2.9% in the pre-pathway group and 0% in the post-pathway group. More than 90% of physicians and nurses answered that the clinical pathway had been a useful tool in their medical practice. Conclusions : The findings of the study demonstrated that implementation of the clinical pathway for gastrectomy produced substantial reduction in the length of hospital stay while improving the quality of patient outcomes. The computerized clinical pathway program can be used as one of the powerful patient management tools for reducing the practice variations and increasing the efficiency of care process in Korean hospital settings.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.344-350
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• 2003

In this paper, we propose a novel sharing method ordering the events occurring between users collaborated with the common telecomputing environment. We realize the sharing method with multimedia data to improve the coworking effect using teleprocessing network. This sharing method advances the efficiency of communicating projects such as remote education, tele-conference, and co-authoring of multimedia contents by offering conveniences of presentation, group authoring, common management, and transient event productions of the users. As for the conventional sharing white board system, all the multimedia contents segments should be authored by the exclusive program, and we cannot use any existing contents or program. Moreover we suffer from the problem that ordering error occurs in the teleprocessing operation because we do not have any line-up technology for the input ordering of commands. Therefore we develop a method of retrieving input and output events from the windows system and the message hooking technology which transmits between programs in the operating system In addition, we realize the allocation technology of the processing results for all sharing users of the distributed computing environment without any error. Our sharing technology should contribute to improve the face-to-face coworking efficiency for multimedia contents authoring, common blackboard system in the area of remote educations, and presentation display in visual conference.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 2012

Today each hospital is trend that change rapidly by up to date, digitization and introducing newest medical treatment equipment. So, we introduce new CR system and supplement film system's shortcoming and PACS, EMR, RTP system's network that is using in hospital harmoniously and accomplish quality improvement of medical treatment and service elevation about business efficiency enlargement and patient Accordingly, we wish to introduce our case that integrate reflex that happen with radiation oncology here upon to PACS using CR system and estimate the availability. We measured that is Gantry, Collimator Star Shot, Light vs. Radiation, HDR QA(Dwell position accuracy) with Medical LINAC(MEVATRON-MX) Then, PACS was implemented on the digital images on the monitor that can be confirmed through the QA. Also, for cooperation with OCS system that is using from present source and impose code that need in treatment in each treatment, did so that Order that connect to network, input to CR may appear, did so that can solve support data mistake (active Pinacle's case supports DICOM3 file from present source but PACS does not support DICOM3 files.) of Pinacle and PACS that is Planning System and look at Planning premier in PACS. All image and data constructed integration to PACS as can refer and conduct premier in Hospital anywhere using CR system. Use Dosimetry IP in Filmless environment and QA's trial such as Light/Radition field size correspondence, gantry rotation axis' accuracy, collimator rotation axis' accuracy, brachy therapy's Dwell position check is available. Business efficiency by decrease and so on of unnecessary human strength consumption was augmented accordingly with session shortening as that integrate premier that is neted with radiation oncology using CR system to PACS. and for the future patient information security is essential.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.207-220
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• 2012

There are around 7,500 manure tanks to treat the manures from pigs in Korea. In the tank, there are too much sediments deposited on the base and wall, which causes low efficiency of stock capacity and manure fermentation. In order to minimize sediments and to ferment manure effectively, we developed a 2-fluid jet mixer for mixing sediments in liquid livestock manure tank. For developing the prototype, we tested a factorial experimental system with various nozzles, and simulated CFD models with two kinds of nozzle arrangement. From the results of factorial experiment and CFD simulation, we concluded the dia. ratio of primary : secondary nozzle should be 1:2 and the nozzles should be arranged at the same distances toward to the circumferential direction. With this results, we manufactured a 2-fluid jet mixer which is consists of four 2-phase nozzles, centrifugal slurry pump and root's type air blower. And, we carried out the performance test of the prototype in the round shaped liquid manure tank in the farm. The performance test results showed that the uniformity of TS (Total Solid) and VS (Volatile Solid) was raised from 21.3 g/L, 13.3 g/L In steady state to TS and VS to 23.0 g/L, 14.1 g/L in the mixing operation. Therefore, we could conclude that the prototype of 2-fluid mixer could make the solid material which could be sediments in the tank not to be deposited in the tank and to be contacted to air bubbles which could enhance the efficiency of the fermentation of livestock manure.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.212-218
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• 2015

In South Korea, various nature-like fishways recently been installed for use by a wide variety of fish species. However, limited attempts have been made to monitor the fish utilization. The present study was conducted to ascertain the frequencies and patterns of utilization of the fishway installed at Beakjae Weir. We collected fish species that use the fishway by installing a fyke net at the exit of the fishway at least once a month from April 2013 to October 2013. Additionally, in order to identify all fish species that can potentially use the fishway, we investigated the fish fauna downstream to Beakjae Weir (mainstream of the Geum River). We found that 10 species belonging to 2 families used the fishway; this accounted for 64% of the total species inhabiting the mainstream. The species that used the fishway most frequently were Microphysogobio jeoni, followed by Squaliobarbus curriculus and Opsariichthys uncirostris amurensis. The highest number of fish using the fishway was observed in August, which was positively correlated with the water temperature (Spearman rank correlation, $r_s$=0.743, P=0.035). The sizes of the fish using the fishway varied widely, with the total body length ranging from 39 mm to 550 mm. Analysis of the time-dependent utilization frequency revealed that most fish used the fishway during the night (20:00~08:00). Compared to other fishways installed along the Geum River, the fishway installed at Beakjae Weir was used by fewer species and fish. This may be attributed to the structural inadequacy of the fishway, thereby resulting in a low attraction efficiency. Therefore, measures should be adopted to enhance the fishway attraction and passage efficiency. The results of this study can be used to ensure efficient operation and management of the Beakjae Weir fishway as well as serve as basic data for developing and building nature-like fishways tailored to Korean situations.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.34-34
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• 1978

To find out the power tiller's travel and tractive characteristics on the general slope land, the tractive p:nver transmitting system was divided into the internal an,~ external power transmission systems. The performance of power tiller's engine which is the initial unit of internal transmission system was tested. In addition, the mathematical model for the tractive force of driving wheel which is the initial unit of external transmission system, was derived by energy and force balance. An analytical solution of performed for tractive forces was determined by use of the model through the digital computer programme. To justify the reliability of the theoretical value, the draft force was measured by the strain gauge system on the general slope land and compared with theoretical values. The results of the analytical and experimental performance of power tiller on the field may be summarized as follows; (1) The mathematical equation of rolIing resistance was derived as $$Rh=\frac {W_z-AC \[1+ \frac{sl}{K} \(\varrho ^{-\frac{sl}{K}-1\)\] sin\theta_1}} {tan\phi \[1+ \frac{sl}{K} \(\varrho ^{-\frac{sl}{K}-1\)\]+\frac{tan\theta_1}{1}$$ and angle of rolling resistance as $$\theta _1 - tan^1\[ \frac {2T(AcrS_0 - T)+\sqrt (T-AcrS_0)^2(2T)^2-4(T^2-W_2^2r^2)\times (T-AcrS_0)^2 W_z^2r^2S_0^2tan^2\phi} {2(T^2-W_z^2r^2)S_0tan\phi}\] $$and the equation of frft force was derived as$$P=(AC+Rtan\phi)\[1+ \frac{sl}{K} \(\varrho ^{-\frac{sl}{K}-1\)\]cos\phi_1 ? \frac {W_z ?{AC\[ [1+ \frac{sl}{K} \(\varrho ^{-\frac{sl}{K}-1\)\]sin\phi_1 {tan\phi[1+ \frac{sl}{K} \(\varrho ^{-\frac{sl}{K}-1\]+ \frac {tan\phi_1} { 1} ? W_1sin\alpha $$The slip coefficient K in these equations was fitted to approximately 1. 5 on the level lands and 2 on the slope land. (2) The coefficient of rolling resistance Rn was increased with increasing slip percent 5 and did not influenced by the angle of slope land. The angle of rolling resistance Ol was increasing sinkage Z of driving wheel. The value of Ol was found to be within the limits of Ol =2? "'16?. (3) The vertical weight transfered to power tiller on general slope land can be estim ated by use of th~ derived equation: $$R_pz= \frac {\sum_{i=1}^{4}{W_i}} {l_T} { (l_T-l) cos\alpha cos\beta ? \bar(h) sin \alpha - W_1 cos\alpha cos\beta$$The vertical transfer weight $R_pz$ was decreased with increasing the angle of slope land. The ratio of weight difference of right and left driving wheel on slop eland,$\lambda= \frac { {W_L_Z} - {W_R_Z}} {W_Z} $, was increased from ,$\lambda$=0 to$\lambda$=0.4 with increasing the angle of side slope land ($\beta = 0^\circ~20^\circ) (4) In case of no draft resistance, the difference between the travelling velocities on the level and the slope land was very small to give 0.5m/sec, in which the travelling velocity on the general slope land was decreased in curvilinear trend as the draft load increased. The decreasing rate of travelling velocity by the increase of side slope angle was less than that by the increase of hill slope angle a, (5) Rate of side slip by the side slope angle was defined as $ S_r=\frac {S_s}{l_s} \times$ 100( %), and the rate of side slip of the low travelling velocity was larger than that of the high travelling velocity. (6) Draft forces of power tiller did not affect by the angular velocity of driving wheel, and maximum draft coefficient occurred at slip percent of S=60% and the maximum draft power efficiency occurred at slip percent of S=30%. The maximum draft coefficient occurred at slip percent of S=60% on the side slope land, and the draft coefficent was nearly constant regardless of the side slope angle on the hill slope land. The maximum draft coefficient occurred at slip perecent of S=65% and it was decreased with increasing hill slope angle $\alpha$. The maximum draft power efficiency occurred at S=30 % on the general slope land. Therefore, it would be reasonable to have the draft operation at slip percent of S=30% on the general slope land. (7) The portions of the power supplied by the engine of the power tiller which were used as the source of draft power were 46.7% on the concrete road, 26.7% on the level land, and 13~20%; on the general slope land ($\alpha = O~ 15^\circ ,\beta = 0 ~ 10^\circ$) , respectively. Therefore, it may be desirable to develope the new mechanism of the external pO'wer transmitting system for the general slope land to improved its performance.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 2006

The study was to review methods by which a ship can unfold and tow an oil boom by attaching the opening apparatus to an oil boom through experiments. The shape and dimension of the opening apparatus were designed with the measurement value of the towing tension load of the oil boom and the dimension of winch drum of the oil boom installed in the ship considered. For the field experiment to identify the performance of the opening apparatus, opening apparatuses were prepared to have the dimension of $3.0m^2$ and $6.0m^2$ which is 91% and 75% of the calculation value for type B and C respectively. As a result, T(kg), the value of tension in type B oil boom according to the towing speed(v) change when two ships are towed together were proved to be $T=920v^{1.1}\;and\;T=500v^{0.9}$ in case the distance is 100 m and 50 m. Based on the result, the dimension of the opening apparatus for type B and C oil boom was calculated as $3.3m^2$ and $8.0m^2$ respectively. When unfolding and towing by attaching the opening apparatus and 200 m of towing line at both ends of type B and type C oil boom, the maximum width of the opening apparatus was shown as 114 m and 95 m in average(width of opening/total length of oil boom: 33% and 57%) in the towing speed of 1.5 kt. It was evaluated that the opening apparatus could concentrate the spilled oil in a good performance. However as far as the increase rate of oil boom opening width according to the length of the towing line is debatable, the increase rate is remarkably reduced when it is lengthened from 100 m to 150 m and to 200 m although it showed extreme increase of 31% and 40% when the length of the towing line was changed from 50 m to 100 m. Therefore, it is inferred that the towing line should be maintained more or less 100 m to get good spread efficiency of the opening apparatus. Additionally, if the towing speed is faster than 1.5 kt, the opening width was narrowed because of the reduced spread efficiency and the shape of the oil boom can be unstable because of the partial sinking of the oil boom, run over waves, or flap of skirt. Thus the reasonable towing speed can be within 1.5 kt for the operation of the opening apparatus.