• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.109-115
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• 2010

A main technology of opening and closing a sluice gate is accurate synchronous and position control for the two cylinders when they are moving with the sluice gate together over 10[m]. Since the supply flow and supply pressure of cylinders are not constant and a nonlinear friction force of the piston in cylinders exists, a difference will be made between the displacement of two cylinders. This difference causes the sluice gate to deform and abrade, and even it may be out of order. In order to solve this problem we design two kinds of fuzzy PI controllers. The former is for a position control of two cylinders, the latter is for their synchronous control. We show some simulation results compare the performance of fuzzy PI controller to the conventional PID controller.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.295-304
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• 1992

The author investigated the 162 patients with the condylar fractres of the mandible who were admitted in Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Chosun Dental School from January 1985 to September 1992 clinically, including fracture incidennce, age and sex of the patients, causes of injures, associated injures, treatments and complications and obtained the following results. 1. Of the 449 patients with mandibular fractures, 162patients suffered condylar fractures(36.1%). 2. Of the 162 patients, males with condylar fractures were 128 patients, by a ratio of 3.8 : 1. 3. The most frequently affected age group was the third decade(32.7%). 4. Falls were ranked as the predominant cause(50.6%), followed by traffic accident(27.8%) and violence (16.0%). 5. The incidence of single condylar fractures was 28% and symphysis fractures were the most commomest of the concomittant injuries(60%). 6. The subcondylar fractures occurred most frequently(41.6%) and anteromedial displacement of the condylar fragments occurred most frequently(45.4%) 7. Of the all condylar fracture patients, children under 15 of age comprized 31 patients(19.1%) and condylar head fractures occurred most frequently at those children. 8. Of the managetments in condylar fractures, open reduction was 52.5% and remainder were closed reduction(47.5%). 9. Complications ensured such as TMJ ankylosis, limitation of mouth opening and mandibular movements, TMJ dysfunction, and anterior open bite.

• Composites Research
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.40-53
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• 1999

The interlaminar facture behavior of multidirectional carbon-fiber/epoxy composite laminates under low and high rates of test, up to rate of about 11.4m/s has been investigated using the double cantilever beam specimens. The mode I loasing with rates above 1.0m/s had considerable dynamic effects on the load-time curves and thus revealed higher values of the average crack velocity than thet expected from a simple proportional relationship with the test rate. The modified beam analysis utilizing only the opening displacement and crack length exhibited an effective means for evaluating the dynamic fracture energy $G_{IC}$. Flexural modulus increased gradually with an increase of the test rate, which was utilized in the evaluation of $G_{IC}$. Values of $G_{IC}$ at the crack initiation and arrest were scarcely changed with increasing test rate up to 1.0m/s. However the maximum $G_{IC}$ was much enlarged at 11.4m/s due to the large amount of fiber bridging the crack tip. The larger the initial crack length, the smaller the maximum $G_{IC}$ at high rate.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.15-22
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• 2003

The fatigue crack growth model is derived and the retardation model is proposed. The fatigue crack growth model considers the residual plastic stretch on the crack surface which results from the plastic deformation at the tip of fatigue crack. The fatigue crack growth rate is calculated by using the cumulative fatigue damage and plastic strain energy in the material elements at the crack tip. This model gives the crack growth rate in reasonable agreement with test data for aluminum alloy AL6061-T651 and 17-4PH casting steel. The fatigue crack growth retardation model is based on the residual plastic stretch produced from a tensile overload which reduced the plastic strain range of the following load cycles. A strip-yield model of a crack tip plasticity is used for the calculation of a plastic zone size. The proposed retardation model characterized the observed features and delayed retardation of the fatigue crack growth under tensile overload.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.7-13
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• 1993

Fracture behavior of pre-cracked compact tension specimens made of AISI 4130 steel was investigated using acoustic emission (AE) and ultrasonic C-scan measurements. While each specimen was loaded up to a certain level, various acoustic emission parameters were recorded together with the crack opening displacement (COD). An elastic-plastic finite element analysis was performed to calculate COD and the damage (plastic) zone size ahead of crack tip. Ultrasonic C-scans, in a pulse-echo, immersion mode, were done for mapping the damage zone size. The agreement between the finite element results and the measured COD was satisfactory. Based on AE results, the test specimens were found to show ductile behavior. The slope of the total ringdown counts vs. COD curve was useful to determine the crack initiation. The preliminary C-scan images showed evidence of changes in the amplitude of ultrasonic signal in the damaged region, and the shape and size of the damage zone matched qualitatively with the finite element results. A further work on the damage zone sizing was also pointed out.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.82-87
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• 2011

The pulp infection of primary tooth is often caused by dental caries or trauma. But, if it is not managed properly, it can be produce the periapical lesion. The periapical lesion can cause some complications such as enamel hypoplasia, displacement, root dilaceration and impaction. Treatment options of displaced permanent successor are clinical and radiological follow-up after extraction of primary teeth, surgical opening, orthodontic traction, transplantation and extraction. In these cases, the premolars with abnormal eruption path caused by periapical lesion of the primary tooth have shown successful spontaneous eruption just as a result of extraction of infected primary tooth and space maintenance.

• Special Issue of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• 2007.09a
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• pp.118-127
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• 2007

SAW(Submerged Arc Welding) process is generally applied to a wide range of welding area in the fabrication of steel structure. This process has a good characteristic properties such as the high quality of welds and the high deposition rates, but in case of welding on a thick steel plate, it also has higher cold crack susceptibility than that of a thin steel plate. The purpose of this research is to find the main factor of crack generation and clarify the countermeasure for crack prevention, and then establish the optimum welding condition in a heavy thick steel plate. The results of this study are as follows, 1. The cause of crack generation is found the diffusible hydrogen penetrated into weld metal by decomposition of the remained moisture in SAW flux during welding. 2. For the removal of diffusible hydrogen, the raw materials of SAW flux are to be dehydrated at the high temperature in the initial manufacturing stage. 3. Mechanical properties of weld metal welded with the dehydrated SAW flux were evaluated very excellent, furthermore the weld metal has been proved to have low diffusible hydrogen content with 3.1ml /100g. 4. The weldability and quality welded with thick steel plates were improved by establishing the new optimum welding condition.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.81-87
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• 2000

In this study, CT specimens were prepared from ASTM SA516 Gr. 70 which was used for pressure vessel plates for room and low temperature service. And we got the following characteristics from fatigue crack growth test carried out in the environment of room and low temperature at $25^{\circ}C,\;-60^{\circ}C,\;-80^{\circ}C\;and\;-100^{\circ}C$ and in the range of stress ratio of 0.05 by means of opening mode displacement. At the constant stress ratio, the threshold stress intensity factor range ${\Delta}K_{th}$ in the early stage of fatigue crack growth (Region I) and stress intensity factor range ${\Delta}K$ in the stable of fatigue crack growth (Region II) was increased in proportion to descend temperature. It assumed that the fatigue resistance characteristics and fracture strength at low temperature is considerable higher than that of room temperature in the early stage and stable of fatigue crack growth region. The straight line slope relation of logarithm $d{\alpha}/dN\;-{\Delta}K$ in Region II, that is, the fatigue crack growth exponent m increased with descending temperature at the constant stress ratio. It assumed that the fatigue crack growth rate $d{\alpha}/dN$ is rapid in proportion to descend temperature in Region II and the cryogenic-brittleness greatly affect a material with decreasing temperature.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.22-31
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• 1985

Hot straining embrittlement is one of the most important factors which cause the brittle fracture initiation even in the service temperature in the case of mild steel and high tensile steel. Therefore it is necessary to analyze thoroughly the hot straining embrittlement occurred in weld HAZ of the structural steels. The behaviors of plastic deformation and fracture toughness at the notch tip of the hot strained weld HAZ in structural steels (SB 41 KS, SA 588-Grade A ASTM) have been studied by the recrystallization technique and crack opening displacement (COD) test method. The obtained results are summarized as follows; 1. The plastic zone is formed at the notch tip of weld HAZ owing to nomotonic and cyclic hot stran, and the maximum plastic strain increases with the accumulated hot straining amounts. 2. The distribution of the effective strain at the plastic deformed zone in HAZ can be determined as follows; (.epsilon. over bar $_{p}$ )$_{\chi}$=.epsilon. over bar $_{cr}$ ( $R_{/chi}$/.chi.)$^{m}$ where, .epsilon. over bar $_{cr}$ : (SB 41; .epsilon. over bar $_{cr}$ = 0.2, SA 588; .epsilon. over bar $_{cr}$ = 0.1) 3. The embrittlement of weld HAZ in SB 41 and SA 588 is influenced by hot strain, and the degree of embrittlement becomes deeper with hot straining amounts. 4. The embrittlement of weld HAZ of SB 41 is not influenced by the hot straining amounts until .epsilon. over bar $_{max}$ = 0.36, $R_{\chi}$ = 0.065mm, however the embrittlement of structure in SA 588 is considerably influenced even by a small quantity of the hot straining amounts.s.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.224-227
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• 2001

In this study, CT specimens were prepared hem ASTM SA516 which was used for pressure vessel plates for room and low temperature service. And we got the following characteristics from fatigue crack growth test carried out in the environment of room and low temperature at $25^{\circ}C$, -3$0^{\circ}C$, -6$0^{\circ}C$, -8$0^{\circ}C$, -l$0^{\circ}C$ and -l2$0^{\circ}C$ and in the range of stress ratio of 0.1, 0.3 by means of opening mode displacement. At the constant stress ratio, the threshold stress intensity factor range $\Delta K_{th}$ in the early stage of fatigue crack growth ( Region I ) and stress intensity factor range $\Delta$K in the stable of fatigue crack growth ( Region II) was increased in proportion to descend temperature. It assumed that the fatigue resistance characteristics and fracture strength at low temperature is considerable higher than that of room temperature in the early stage and stable of fatigue crack growth region. The straight line slope relation of logarithm da/dN - $\Delta$K in Region II, that is, the fatigue crack growth exponent m increased with descending temperature at the constant stress ratio. It assumed that the fatigue crack growth rate da/dN is rapid in proportion to descend temperature in Region H and the cryogenic-brittleness greatly affect a material with decreasing temperature.