• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.419-425
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• 2009

Recently, the number of shallow tunnel construction increases to improve the structural safety and environment-friendliness. In Semi-Cut and Cover Method, ground is excavated to the crown arch level and braced rib arch is set to backfill before the excavation of lower face. Semi-Cut and Cover Method is proposed to solve the problems occurred by the conventional Cut and Cover Method, such as unstability, high-cost and the large cutting slope to be reinforced. In this paper, the behaviors of Braced Rib Arch in shallow tunnel excavated by semi-cut and cover method was studied. Model tests in 1:10 Scale were performed in real construction sequences. The distance between supports of rib arch was 1.8 m and the length of spacer was 1.0 m. the size of test pit was 4.0 m (width)$\times$3.3 m (length) 4.0 m (height) in dimension. Tests results show that backfill load acting on arch was smaller than that in the conventional Open-Cut Method.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.738-747
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to construct a knowledge structure for the application of physical education in ecological marine sports. As specific exercises, a volleyball game (beach volleyball) and open water swimming were set, and a knowledge structure analysis framework was used for the study. Expert consultation was conducted to secure the validity of the study. The study results are as follows. First, a knowledge structure based on the 2022 revised physical education curriculum was prepared. Second, the basis for the application of physical education classes for ecological marine sports was prepared. Third, learning contents in the knowledge·understanding domain, process·functional domain, and value·attitude domain of beach volleyball were proposed. Fourth, learning contents of knowledge·understanding domain, process·function domain, and value·attitude domain of sea swimming were proposed. This study is meaningful in that it prepared in advance for the realization of the 2022 revised physical education curriculum to be introduced in the future.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.105-114
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• 2023

In this paper, we propose a deployment and operation scheme of UxNB network toward mobile IAB. By operating a UxNB network based on SDN(Software Defined Network), UxNBs are deployed in areas where mobile communication services are desired. After deploying UxNB in the service area, IAB can be set up to perform mobile communication services. For this purpose, this paper first proposes a UxNB Network Controller consisting of a UAV Controller and an SDN Controller, and proposes the necessary functions. Next, we present a scenario in which a UxNB network can be deployed and operated in detail step by step. We also discuss the location of the UxNB network controller, how to deliver control commands from the UAV controller to the UxNB, how to apply IAB for UxNB networks, optimization of UxNB networks, RLF(radio link failure) recovery in UxNB networks, and future research on security in UxNB networks. It is expected that the proposed UxNB Network Controller architecture and UxNB network deployment and operation will enable seamless integration of UxNB networks into Mobile IAB.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.202-207
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• 2024

In this study, we undertook detailed experiments to increase hydrogen production efficiency by optimizing the thickness of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) thin films. TiO₂ films were deposited on p-type silicon (Si) wafers using atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology. The main goal was to identify the optimal thickness of TiO₂ film that would maximize hydrogen production efficiency while maintaining stable operating conditions. The photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties of the TiO₂ films of different thicknesses were evaluated using open circuit potential (OCP) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) analysis. These techniques play a pivotal role in evaluating the electrochemical behavior and photoactivity of semiconductor materials in PEC systems. Our results showed photovoltage tended to improve with increasing thickness of TiO₂ deposition. However, this improvement was observed to plateau and eventually decline when the thickness exceeded 1.5 nm, showing a correlation between charge transfer efficiency and tunneling. On the other hand, LSV analysis showed bare Si had the greatest efficiency, and that the deposition of TiO₂ caused a positive change in the formation of photovoltage, but was not optimal. We show that oxide tunneling-capable TiO₂ film thicknesses of 1~2 nm have the potential to improve the efficiency of PEC hydrogen production systems. This study not only reveals the complex relationship between film thickness and PEC performance, but also enabled greater efficiency and set a benchmark for future research aimed at developing sustainable hydrogen production technologies.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.635-646
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• 2024

In this research work, we introduce and investigate four innovative types of soft spaces, pushing the boundaries of traditional spatial concepts. These new types of soft spaces are named as soft T_b space, soft T^#_b space, soft T^##_b space and soft_αT^#_b space. Through rigorous analysis and experimentation, we uncover and propose distinct characteristics that define and differentiate these spaces. In this research work, we have established that every soft $T_{\frac{1}{2}}$ space is a soft _αT^#_b space, every soft T_b space is a soft _αT^#_b space, every soft T^#_b space is a soft _αT^#_b space, every soft T_b space is a soft T^#_b space, every soft T^#_b space is a soft T^##_b space, every soft $T_{\frac{1}{2}}$ space is a soft ^#T_b space and every soft T_b space is a soft #T_b space.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1583-1598
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• 2024

With the popularization and application of artificial intelligence technology in daily life, new ethical and moral problems constantly appear in human society. These ethical and moral problems have been associated with people's moral behavior and have become crucial issues. In traditional social situations, researches have proved that moral intensity affects people's moral behavior. However, in the context of applying artificial intelligence technology, the mechanism between moral intensity and moral behavior is unknown. Therefore, this study focuses on the relationship between moral intensity and moral behavior in the context of applying artificial intelligence technology, and introduces a new concept - technology moral sense (TMS) into the theoretical model. Research method: We set various situations of applying artificial intelligence technology and adopt the situational experiment method to analyze the relationship between moral intensity and moral behavior in different application scenarios. The results show that moral intensity has a significant influence on moral behavior, while the technology moral sense performs a mediating function.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2024

Objectives : The aim of this study is to set out case series study protocol to complete clinical pathway (CP) of hip and finger degenerative arthritis by applying CP, based on Korean medicine clinical practice guideline developed by clinical experts, to clinical field. Methods : The treatments included Manual acupuncture, acupoint injection, electroacupuncture, laser acupuncture, cupping, moxibustion, chuna, and physiotherapy. They were conducted in the 2nd week of admission and 4th week of out patient department (OPD) days. We carried out 10-point Likert scale questionnaires on the clinical usefulness and the satisfaction of patients and staff after applying CP. Appropriateness and improvement on patients were conducted using a 10-point Likert scale. An open-ended questionnaire was also conducted to ask if there was any requirement to be added. Results : In past research studies, there were no related studies about Korean medicine CP on hip and finger degenerative arthritis. Final version of CP is going to be completed based on the questionnaire. Conclusions : This evidence-based case series study protocol is expected to contribute development of hip and finger degenerative arthritis.

• Annals of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.238-247
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• 2024

Backgrounds/Aims: Prolonged use of steroids after liver transplantation (LT) significantly increases the risk of diabetes or cardiovascular disease, which can adversely affect patient outcomes. Our study evaluated the effectiveness and safety of early steroid withdrawal within the first year following LT. Methods: This study was conducted as an open-label, multicenter, randomized controlled trial. Liver transplant recipients were randomly assigned to one of the following two groups: Group 1, in which steroids were withdrawn two weeks posttransplantation, and Group 2, in which steroids were withdrawn three months posttransplantation. This study included participants aged 20 to 70 years who were scheduled to undergo a single-organ liver transplant from a living or deceased donor at one of the four participating centers. Results: Between November 2012 and August 2020, 115 patients were selected and randomized into two groups, with 60 in Group 1 and 55 in Group 2. The incidence of new-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT) was notably higher in Group 1 (32.4%) than in Group 2 (10.0%) in the per-protocol set. Although biopsy-proven acute rejection, graft failure, and mortality did not occur, the median tacrolimus trough level/dose/weight in Group 1 exceeded that in Group 2. No significant differences in safety parameters, such as infection and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma, were observed between the two groups. Conclusions: The present study did not find a significant reduction in the incidence of NODAT in the early steroid withdrawal group. Our study suggests that steroid withdrawal three months posttransplantation is a standard and safe immunosuppressive strategy for LT patients.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.299-309
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• 2024

This study aimed to assess the competency of artificial intelligence (AI) in pediatric dentistry and compare it with that of dentists. We used open-source data obtained from the Korea Health Personnel Licensing Examination Institute. A total of 32 item multiple-choice pediatric dentistry exam questions were included. Two AI-based chatbots (ChatGPT 3.5 and Gemini) were evaluated. Each chatbot received the same questions seven times in separate chat sessions initiated on April 25, 2024. The accuracy was assessed by measuring the percentage of correct answers, and consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Both ChatGPT 3.5 and Gemini demonstrated similar accuracy, with no significant differences observed between them. However, neither chatbot achieved the minimum passing score set by the Pediatric Dentistry National Examination. However, both chatbots exhibited acceptable consistency in their responses. Within the limits of this study, both AI-based chatbots did not sufficiently answer the pediatric dentistry exam questions. This finding suggests that pediatric dentists should be aware of the advantages and limitations of this new tool and effectively utilize it to promote patient health.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2005

In order to find out the environmental factors influencing movement of common grey mullet, Mugil cephalus in funnel net fishing ground of the Dolsan-do, Yeosu southern sea area, the oceanographic factor such as the water temperature, isobath and tidal current were observed respectively, the water temperature was compared with the amount of common grey mullet caught by funnel net. Also, to investigate the movement direction of common grey mullet in same sea area, 160 common grey mullets of body length 22 to 51cm caught at funnel nets of the Dolsan-do southern sea area were marked and then released at 5 positions in 5 times. The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1. The water temperature at the funnel net fishing ground of Dolsan-do in 2002 was ranged from 6.9 to 27.4$^{\circ}C$. The water temperature was displayed a maximum value in August to increase from March and a minimum value in February of the ensuing year to decrease from September. The catches of gray mullet caught by funnel net were generally abundant from March to September, but decreased sharply from October. The optimum range of water temperature for the funnel nets fishing was situated between 15.0 to 25.0$^{\circ}C$. 2. The isobath from 6m to 13m in coast sea set up funnel nets were densely distributed and the depth more than 14m of isobath were widely spreaded to the open sea at Dolsan-do southern sea area. 3. The tidal current of the coast sea set up funnel nets flowed southward and northward along the coast ato ebb and flood tide respectively. The direction of tidal current to the open sea was southeast at ebb tide with the mean speed 43cm/sec, but northwest at flood with the mean speed 25cm/sec. 4. The recapture rate through the experiment duration showed 9.4%. The recapture rate in Gyedong area was very high value with 33.3% as compared with others. The movement of common grey mullet in Dolsan-do southern sea area trended toward a inner bay and north bound mainly.