• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.169-181
• /
• 1990

The development of eggs and larvae, and minute scale-like tubercles on the skin surface of larval Acantlaorhodeus gracilis from Korea were observed. They spawned from late March through the middle of June. A fish spawned at least 5 times and the number of eggs averaged 304 per oviposition. Unfertilized eggs are nearly ovoid-shaped(mean$\pm$SD=$2.09{\pm}0.04\;mm$ in length with range of 2.05 to 2.13 mm and mean$\pm$SD=$1.26{\pm}0.02\;mm$ in breadth with range of 1.24 to 1.30 mm measured for the 50 eggs) and opaque yellow color. The tip of egg membrane at the animal pole side swelled and formed a few hilly projections. The shape of the eggs was just like a loquat. Most of embryos began to hatch out in thirty-eight hours after insemination at $22{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ in water temperature. As regards the morphological characters of the eggs and larval development, Acan. gracilis was similar to Acan. asmussi, Acheilognathus rhombeus, A. longipinnis and Pseudoperilampus typus. The larvae of this species is unique particularly in the following two characters, i.e., 1) scale-like tubercles ellipsoided in a diagonal cross section on the whole body and 2) incessant wiggly movement pattern as that of fly maggot, with the larvae of the above mentioned species. These characters seem to reflect the phylogenetic relationships among acheilognathine fishes. On the other hand, this species and Acan. asmussi are spring-summer spawning bitterlings. And also these species never retard the larval growth in such larval stage as the duration from Stage B to Stage D.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.185-209
• /
• 1997

Granitic rocks in the Cheongsan area cosist of three plutons-Baegrog granodiorite, Cheongsan porphyritic granite, and two mica granite. Amphilboles from the Baegrog granodiorite belong to the calcic amphilbole group and show compositional variations from magnesio-hornblende in the core to actinolitic hornblende in the rim. Biotites from the three granites represent intermediate compositions between phlogopite and annite. Muscovites from the two mica granite are considered to be primary muscovite in terms of the occurrence and mineral chemistry. Each granitic rock reveals systematic variation of major oxide contents with $SiO_2$. Major oxide variation trends of the Baegrog granodiorite are fairly different from those of Cheongsan porphyritic granite and two mica granite. The latter two granitic rocks are also different with each other in variation trends for some oxides. Thus three granitic rocks in the Cheongsan area were solidifield from the independent magmas of chemically different, heterogeneous origin. The granitic rocks in the area show calc-alkaline nature. The whole rock geochemistry shows that the Baegrog granodiorite and Cheongsan porphyritic granite belong to metaluminous, I-type granite, whereas the two mica granite to peraluminous, I/S-type granite. The opaque mineral contents and magnetic susceptibility represent that the granitic rocks in the area are ilmenite-series granite, indicating that each magma was solidified under relatively reducing environment. The tectonic environment of the granitic activity in the area seems to have been active continental margin. Alkali feldspar megacryst in the Cheongsan porphyritic granite is considered to be magmatic, judging from the crystal size, shape, arrangement, and distribution pattern of inclusions. The petro-graphical characteristics of the Cheongsan porphyritic granite can be explained by two stage crystallization. Under the smaller degree of undercooling the alkali feldspar megacrysts rapidly grew owing to slow rate of nucleation and fast growth rate. At the larger degree of undercooling the nucleation rate and density drastically increased and the small crystals of the matrix were formed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
• /
• v.9 no.7
• /
• pp.529-533
• /
• 2015

VCUG(Voiding Cystourethrography) study is being performed to check urinary reflex symptom from bladder to ureter or kidney in the method of filling the bladder with radiation opaque contrast agent. However, VCUG study have been performed impersonally, patients have to be naked and open their legs and then void. This method is so impersonal that it is immediately needed to improve the way of testing and crete new aid. Therefore, this study through producing underwear for VCUG, analysis and compares the test time of VCUG, patient radiation dose and patient satisfaction. The target of this study was 79 Male and Female patients who visited genitourinary clinic of PNUYH for their VCUG tests AXIUM Iconos R200(Siemens Medical System : Germany) and self-produced plastic underwears made by vinyl and plasic molding machine were used. The 79 patient were divided into two groups : experiment of patient and comparison group of we patient (using aid) in order to compare, testing time, DAP (dose area product) and patient satisfaction. There was time reduction, from 35.3min of comparison group to 27.8min experimentation group by 7.5min decrease. And comparison group of $4566.6{\mu}Gym^2$(DAP) decreased experimental group (using aid) of $3411.9{\mu}Gym^2$ by $1154.7{\mu}Gym^2$. In the case of patients satisfaction study, anxiety had a drop by 3.45 of comparison group to 2.51 experimentation group by 0.94 decrease. in experimental group. And shame had a drop by 4.02 of comparison group to 3.08 experimentation group by 0.94 increase. in experimental group. Difference of the smooth voiding had a drop by 1.90 of comparison group to 2.84 experimentation group by 0.94 increase. in experimental group. In addition satisfaction had a rise by 1.19 in experimental group. There were also other opinions of uncomfortableness on it and troublesome to wear. VCUG is one of the sensitive care required test. Therefore staff and the aid can give patients such comfortable and the aid can consentive on voiding. As a result test time and DAP can be reduced. It is needed to make testing at more comfortable for patients.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.151-156
• /
• 1984

The Chili fish, one of the most common species of the freshwater fishes, is distributed in the river basins of the western coast of Korea. However, any studies on this fish, especially its development or life history, have not been made so far. The authors, therefore, carried out an experiment to reveal some characteristics of egg develoment and fry in this fish. For accomplshing this study, we caught some adult Chili fish by means of a casting net at raceway in the vicinity of Kunsan in June and July, 1983; then, we injected 0. 1 cc Gonadotrophic hormone 1,000 unit solution (Puberogen) in order to induce the spawning on the abdominal cavity of male and female respectively, Approximately 12 hours after injection, the artificially fertilized eggs by using of the dry method and the naturally fertilized eggs were observed simultaneously in the aquarium ($30{\times}50{\times}70cm$). The fertilized eggs, in spherical shape, were sperative, demersel, adhesive nature and $1.38{\sim}1.59\;mm$ in diameter. The light yellow yolk was opaque and $1.17{\sim}l.27\;mm$ in diameter. The hatching of eggs took place at 29.5 hours after fertilization under the condition of $23.5{\sim}25.0^{\circ}C$ water temperature. Basically there were not found so many different aspects in comparison with the common species of Cyprinidae in the development process of eggs : however, there were a few noticable characteristics, that is, pigment cells, eye balls and blood circulation are invisible, or the velocity of egg development is rapid, seemed similar to the Loach's egg. Newly hatched larvae with the yolk sac (2.39 mm in size) were $3.87{\sim}3.99\;mm$ in total length and their myotome number was expressed as 28+15=43. About 20 hours after hatching, a caudal and a pectoral fin as well as an anus began to orgin. In addition, a few malanophore showed on the upper regin of the yolk sac of the larvae whose size was 4.73 mm in total length. The larvae developed about 5.02 mm in total length, and the median fin fold in the abdomen extended forward to two thirds or beyond of the yolk sac at 50 hours after hatching. Simultaneously, the eye balls and mouth also appeared. After 3 days, the yolk sac nearly disappeared, and the larvae (5.4 mm in total length) with perfect eye balls began to swim for themselves for the first time. Also, the specialization between the gill arches and the ailmentary canal, the development of each fins except dorsal fin as well as the blood circulation obviously distinguished in this stage. The larvae whose total length was 5.68 mm was very brisk: also, the development of the dorsal fin rudiment, nearly perfect formation of each organs and the function of the upper and lower jaws were noticeably observed 5 days after hatching.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.279-288
• /
• 2011

To suggest the weed management technique for environment friendly rice cultivation, we investigated occurrence patterns of weeds, the actual condition of weed management, and rice yield at the environment friendly agricultural complex located in Honam and Chungnam regions. The practical performance of weed management was relatively satisfactory in decreasing order of agricultural technique with golden-apple-snail (GAS) > agricultural technique with duck (Duck) > agricultural technique with rice bran (RB) > agricultural technique with soft-shelled turtle (ST). In the rice fields employed by agricultural technique with GAS, the dominant weeds were Echinochloa crus-galli, Ludwigia prostrata, Monochoria vaginalis, Sagittaria trifolia, and Aneilema keisak. However, E. crus-galli, M. vaginalis, L. prostrata, Aeschynomene indica and Bidens frondosa were found as dominant weeds at the fields using the Duck and E. crus-galli, M. vaginalis, L. prostrata, Polyganum hydropiper and Eleocharis kuroguwai at the fields using RB. In comparison of rice yield ($5.2\;MT\;ha^{-1}$) obtained from the conventional cultivation using herbicides, about 93% was reached by Duck, about 91% by GAS, about 92% by RB, and about 78% by ST. When rice qualities obtained from environment friendly rice cultivation were compared with those from the conventional cultivation, the producing rates of perfect kernel, immature kernel, immature opaque kernel, cracked rice, and damaged kernel were lower in the former cultivation, whereas contents of protein, amylose, and fatty acid were similar in the two cultivation methods. The problems found in the environment friendly agriculture were poor plowing and harrowing, carless irrigation management, and geological poor condition as cultivation area with cold water. These have caused severe infestation of weeds, frequent incident of disease and insect pest, and rice lodging. This resulted in reduction of rice yield as high as about 32 to 79% as compared with the conventional cultivation using herbicides.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.86-94
• /
• 2000

In order to develop the enzymatic hydrolysis system concerned with taste and flavor, strains having the high hydrolyzing activity on the soy protein were selected from some traditional Mejus. Two molds and one bacterium producing enzymes which were different in character of hydrolysis were isolated and identified. Leucine and azodye enzyme activities of both M4 and M5 were relatively high among in the isolated molds. And, leucine enzyme activity of B16 was the lowest in the isolated bacteria. These strains were isolated as microorganisms having a dissimilar hydrolysis pattern on the soy protein by enzymatic reactions. Mold M4 on the culture solid media was mycelium colors of white and its sclerotia colors were changed from white to black. According to the result of slide culture, radial conidial head, subclavate vesicle, conidia of subglobose, stipes of uncolored with smooth walls and metula and phialides were existed. Because M4 was taxonomically similar to the characteristics of Aspergillus oryzae (ahlburg) species, M4 was identified and named as Aspergillus oryzae M4.Mold M5 showed white and black mycelium on the MEA medium. Mold M5 colony exhibited grayish-green color and have long(7 mm) sporangiophores at slide culture. Sporangia became brownish-gray and the wall of larger sporangia was broken to form small collars, and smaller sporangia were fomed continually from large basal membrane. Columella is globose and hyaline, and sporangiospores are ellipsoidal of small diameter$(80\;{\mu}m)$. Because M5 was taxonomically similar to the Mucor circinelloides of zygomycetes, M5 was was identified and named as Mucor circinelloides M5. Bacteria B16 colony was opaque white, circular and lobate, and had rod shaped endospore. B16 was found positive in stain, catalase, ${\beta}-glucosidse$ and V-P tests. B16 was found to utilize D-fructose, ${\alpha}-D-glucose$, maltose, D-mannose, D-raffinose, stachyose and sucrose. By the morphological and physiological results, the characteristics of B16 was thought to correspond to that of Bacillus megaterium. However, fatty acid composition was similar to Paenibacillus marcerans, requiring further study for the definite identification. Accordingly, Bacteria B16 was provisionally classified and named as Bacillus megaterium B16.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.345-350
• /
• 1991

Rough rice samples of Chucheongbyeo, Bongkwangbyeo and Hwaseongbyeo were collected by the National Agricultural Products Inspection Office. Drying methods of rough rice were sun drying and forced ventilation drying by an oven dryer and temperature of the oven dryer was set to 43, 60, 70, or 8$0^{\circ}C$. Moisture content of samples was reduced from ca. 20% to 15% at the end of drying, and additionally to 12.5 % for the drying at 8$0^{\circ}C$. Characteristics related to rice grain quality, milling recovery, ratio of broken and cracked rices, percentage of germination, and sensory scores of the cooked rices were evaluated. Yielding percentage of brown rice and polished rice remarkably decreased by drying at 8$0^{\circ}C$. Percentages of cracked rice and broken rice were within the criterion of the second grade government brown rice (20%) only in the sun dried and the rices dried at 43$^{\circ}C$, on the basis of damaged rice, opaque kernel rice and colored rice. Broken rice percentage of the polished rice was within the criterion for the standard of government rice (5%) in the sun dried and the rices dried at 43$^{\circ}C$. Germination percentage of rough rice was higher than 80% in sun drying and drying at 43$^{\circ}C$, but remarkably decreased by drying rice at 6$0^{\circ}C$ and over. Sensory palatability of the cooked rice decreased with increase in drying temperature. The present governmental method of judging rough rice on the basis of moisture content and appearance of the rough rice appears to be improved to include the ratio of broken and cracked rices.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.40 no.5
• /
• pp.675-689
• /
• 2007

Kilauea volcano's summit area was formed by continuous ind/or sporadic eruption activities for several hundreds years. In this study, we mainly focused on the trace elements characteristics through systematic sample rocks erupted from 1790 to September of 1982. Under the microscope it can be observed some main minerals such as olivine, clinopyroxene. and plagioclase with minor opaque minerals including Cr-spinel and ilmenite. Zr, V, Y, Ti elements show incompatible activities with MgO while Ni, Cr, Co elements show highly compatible properties. Elements like as Ba, Rb, Th, Sr, Nd are highly incompatible to show positive trends with $K_2O$. In the REE diagram LREE is more enriched than HREE suggesting typical Oceanic Island Basalt(OIB) type. It can be suggested that Sr have an effect on the fractionation of plagioclase from the kink in the $K_2O$ variation diagram. Y/Ho ratio diagram shows there was no fluids effect in the historical Kilauea volcano but Zr/Hf ratio diagram shows a significant difference between Kilauea lavas and PuuOo lavas. There are distinctive changes of trace element contents showing in particular abrupt changes of temporal variations between 1924 and 1954. Moreover, PuuOo lavas which had been erupted since 1983 follow these decreasing trends of trace element variation. Therefore, it is strongly suggested that these abrupt changes of trace elements trends result from the huge collapse geological event which formed Halemaumau crater in 1924 causing contamination effects of crustal contents into magma chamber and from the changes of parental magma composition injected into Kilauea volcano's summit magma reservoir.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.47 no.3
• /
• pp.312-319
• /
• 2009

Statement of problem: Delamination of veneering porcelain from underlying ceramic substructures has been reported for zirconia-ceramic restorations. Colored zirconia cores for esthetics have been reported that their bond strength with veneered porcelain is weaker compared to white zirconia cores. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the shear bond strength by manufacturing the veneering porcelain on the colored zirconia core, using the layering technique and heat-pressing technique, and to evaluate the clinical stability by comparing the result of this with that of conventional metal ceramic system. Material and methods: A Metal ceramic (MC) system was tested as a control group. The tested systems were Katana zirconia with CZR (ZB) and Katana Zirconia with NobelRondo Press (ZP). Thirty specimens, 10 for each system and control, were fabricated. Specimen disks, 3 mm high and 12 mm diameter, were fabricated with the lost-wax technique (MC) and the CAD-CAM (ZB and ZP). MC and ZB specimens were prepared using opaque and dentin veneering ceramics, veneered, 3 mm high and 2.8 mm in diameter, over the cores. ZP specimens were prepared using heat pressing ingots, 3 mm high and 2.8mm in diameter. The shear bond strength test was performed in a Shear bond test machine. Load was applied at a cross-head speed of 0.50 mm/min until failure. Mean shear bond strengths (MPa) were analyzed with the One-way ANOVA. After the shear bond test, fracture surfaces were examined by SEM. Results: The mean shear bond strengths (SD) in MPa were MC control 29.14 (2.26); ZB 29.48 (2.30); and ZP 29.51 (2.32). The shear bond strengths of the tested systems were not significantly different (P > .05). All groups presented cohesive and adhesive failures, and showed predominance of cohesive failures in ceramic veneers. Conclusion: 1. The shear bond strengths of the tested groups were not significantly different from the control group (P >.05). 2. There was no significant different between the layering technique and the heat pressing technique in the veneering methods on the colored zirconia core. 3. All groups presented cohesive and adhesive failures, and showed predominance of cohesive failures in ceramic veneers.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.41 no.11
• /
• pp.834-841
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study is to investigate the properties of traditional Korean ash glazes by using locally available sources; 10 kinds of grain stems,2 kinds of husks (pod, chaff), and 4 kinds of vegetables (spinach, radish leaf and stem, pumpkin leaf and stem, pepper stem), and to develop their practical uses as ash glazes. The test results of these ash glazes indicate that these ashes can be classified into four categories. The first group, which includes perilla stem ash, sesame stem ash, black bean stem ash and red-bean stem ash, shows strong milky white due to relatively lower content of $SiO_2$, and relatively higher content of CaO and P$_2$O$\_$5/ content (10% higher than others), and their glazes were found to be suitable for opaque glaze as they show relatively stable bright greenish color. The second group includes pepper stem ash, spinach ash, pod ash, radish leaf and stem ash, and bean stem ash, and this group was found to contain even quantity of every component. And their glaze show somewhat greenish color because of especially high content of MgO and more than 2% of Fe$_2$ $O_3$. They were found to be suitable for basic glaze of IRABO glaze. The third group, which includes com stalk ash, white bean ash, pumpkin leaf and stem ash, has more $SiO_2$ and Al$_2$ $O_3$ than other ashes, and it also contains 3～5% of Fe$_2$ $O_3$. As a result of those components, this third group shows the greatest change of color and chroma, and was found to be suitable glazes as basic glaze of Temmoku and black glazes. The fourth group (reed ash, rice straw ash, indian millet stalk ash and chaff ash) has as much as 45～82% of $SiO_2$ and relatively lower content of Fe$_2$ $O_3$ and P$_2$ $O_3$. This group shows blue or greenish white color, and was found to be suitable as the basic glaze of white glaze.