• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.80-86
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• 2003

To evaluate the effect of cyclohexane(CH) treatment on the serum levels of glutathion S-transferase(GST) activity in liver damaged animals, damaged liver was induced with pretreatment of 50% $CCl_4$ dissolved in olive oil (0.1 m1/100g body weight) intraperitoneally 17 times every other day. To $CCl_4$-treated rats, CH (1.56 g/kg body weight, i.p) was injected once and then the animals were sacrificed at 4 hours after injection of CH. The $CCl_4$-treated animals were identified as severe liver damage on the basis of liver functional findings, 1,e, increased serum levels of alanine aminotransferase(ALT), alkaline phosphate(ALP) and xanthine oxidase(XO) activities. On the other hand, $CCl_4$-treated animals injected with CH once($CCl_4$-pretreated animals) showed more decreased serum levels of ALT and XO, and more increased those of ALP rather than $CCl_4$-treated animals. In case of comparing the GST with ALT activity in liver, both $CCl_4$-treated and pretreated animals showed similar changing pattern of enzyme actvity. Especially $CCl_4$-pretreated animals showed significantly increased serum level of GST actvity compared with the $CCl_4$-treated those, whereas those of ALT showed reversed tendency. In aspects of GST enzyme kinetics, $CCl_4$-pretreated animals showed higher Vmax of liver GST enzyme than $CCl_4$-treated animals. In conclusion, injection of CH to the liver damaged rats led to enhanced liver damage and more increased activity of serum GST which may be chiefly caused by the enzyme induction.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.361-370
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• 2006

To evaluate an effect of pathological liver damage on the conjugation of cyclohexane metabolites, rats were pretreated with 50% $CCl_4$ dissolved in olive oil (0.1 ml/100 g body weight) 10 or 17 times intraperitoneally at intervals of every other day. On the basis of liver function, the animals pretreated with $CCl_4$ 10 times were identified as acutely liver damaged ones and the animals pretreated with $CCl_4$ 17 times were identified as severly liver damaged ones. To these liver damaged animals, cyclohexane (a single dose of 1.56 g/kg body weight, i.p.) was administered at 48 hr after the last injection of $CCl_4$. The rats were sacrificed at 4 or 8 hr after injection of cyclohexane. The cyclohexane metabolites, cyclohexanol (CH-ol), cyclohexane-1,2-diol (CH-1,2-diol), cyclohexane-1,4-diol (CH-1,4-diol), and their glucuronyl conjugates and cyclohexanone were detected in the urine of cyclohexane treated rats. The urinary concentration of cyclohexane metabolites was generally more increased in liver damaged animals than normal ones, and the increasing rate was higher in $CCl_4$ 17 times injected rats than 10 times injected ones. And liver damaged.ats, especially $CCl_4$ 17 times treated ones, had an enhanced ability of glucuronyl conjugation to CH-ol analogues compared with normal group. Futhermore, CH-1,2 and 1,4-diol were all conjugated with glucuronic acid in $CCl_4$ 17 times injected animals. On the other hand, the increasing rate of activities of hepatic cytochrome P450 dependent aniline hydroxylase, alcohol dehydrogenase and urine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase was higher in 17 times $CCl_4$-treated rats compared with normal and $CCl_4$ 10 times injected animals. Taken all together, it is assumed that an increased urinary excretion amount of cyclohexane metabolites in liver damaged rats might be caused by an increase in the activities of cyclohexane metabolizing enzymes. And enhanced conjugating ability of CH-ol in liver damaged animals and novel finding of conjugating form of CH-1,2 and 1,4-diol might be caused by increase in the activity of hepatic diphosphouridine glucuronyltransferase.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.454-459
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• 2006

A simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatography assay method for amoxicillin and ampicillin in fish products was developed, evaluated, and validated by monitoring these antibiotics in fish samples obtained from aquaculture and distribution. The recovery rate of this method was higher than those of conventional methods and was 95.3-106.6% for amoxicillin and 81.4-92.4% for ampicillin. Our pretreatment procedure sufficiently removed or reduced materials affecting HPLC analysis, such as low-molecular-weight substances. The performance limit of this method was evaluated as 0.01 ppm of amoxicillin and ampicillin in fish muscle. Finally, 171 fish samples, including olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), common sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus), and black rock fish (Sebastes schlegeli) collected from fish farms in the coastal area between April and September 2005 were analyzed to evaluate the overall efficiency of the method and to monitor the actual of amoxicillin and ampicillin usage in fish farms. The results indicated that the developed method was suitable for analyzing amoxicillin and ampicillin in fish muscle, and determined that those antibiotics were being used for fish farming but were not detected in fish samples during the shipping and distribution stages.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.176-183
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• 2016

In this study, disease surveillance was performed to monitor the prevalence of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) and red seabream iridovirus (RSIV) in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus in 2015. The fish samples were collected in March (60 farms), May (55 farms) and July (52 farms) from different farms in Jeju. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (VHSV) or PCR (RSIV) results showed that VHSV detected in 2 farms, but RSIV has not been detected in any farms. The sequences of the nucleocapsid protein (N) and glycoprotein (G) gene of the 2 VHSV isolates were successfully sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis was included VHSV isolates reported here together with a representative VHSV isolates available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that most of Korea VHSV isolates were closely related to the Japan and China genotype IVa which is clearly distinct from the North American genotype IVb.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.241-247
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• 2006

To evaluate an effect of pathological liver damage on the cyclohexane (CH) metabolism, rats were pretreated with 50% carbon tetrachloride $(CCl_4)$ dissolved in olive oil (0.1ml/100g body weight) 10 or 17 times intraperitoneally at intervals of every other day. To these liver damaged animals, CH (a single dose of 1.56g/kg body weight, i.p.) was administered at 48hr after the last injection of $CCl_4$. The CH metabolites; cyclohexanol (CH-ol), cyclohexane-l,2-diol (CH-l,2-diol) and cyclohexane-l,4-diol (CH-l,4-diol) and cyclohexanone (CH-one) were detected in the urine of CH treated rats. After CH treatment, the serum levels of CH-ol and CH-one were remarkably increased at 4 hr and then decreased at 8hr in normal group. Whereas in liver damaged rats, these CH metabolites were higher at 8hr than at 4hr. The excretion rate of CH metabolites trom serum into urine was more decreased in liver damaged animals than normal group, with the levels of excretion rate being lower in $CCl_4$ 17 times injected animals than 10 times injected ones. It was interesting that the urinary concentration of CH metabolites was generally more increased in liver damaged animals than normal ones, and the increasing rate was higher in $CCl_4$ 17 times injected rats than 10 times injected ones. Taken all together, it is assumed that reduced urinary excretion rate of CH metabolites in liver damaged rats might be resulted from deteriorated hepatic and renal blood flow, and an increased urinary excretion amount of CH metabolites in liver damaged rats might be caused by reduced expiration amount of the metabolites due to lung damage.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.247-252
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• 1995

To evaluate the effect of xanthine oxidase on liver injury by $CCl_4$, liver damage was induced both in allopurinol pretreated rats (500 mg/kg. ip) and control group by twice intraperitoneal injection of $CCl_4$ (0.1 ml/100 g body wt. 50% in olive oil) at interval of one day. Increases in the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and liver weight/body weight (%) by $CCl_4$ were significantly smaller inallopurinol pretreated rats than in control whereas the hepatic microsomal glucose-6-pholphatase activities were significantly higher in allopurinol pretreated rats than control group by $CCl_4$ treatment. These results indicates that allopurinol pretreatment may reduce the liver damage in $CCl_4$ intoxicated rats. In rats either with $CCl_4$or not, hepatic type O xanthine oxidase activities were significantly reduced by allopurinol pretreatment and the increasing rate of these enzymes to each control was remarkably lower in allopurinol pretreated rats than control. Liver cytosolic protein contents and aniline hydroxylase, aminopyrine demethylase activities were higher in allopurinol pretreated rats than coirol rats when animals were treated with $CCl_4$. On the other hand, neither allopurinol pretreated nor $CCl_4$ treatment caused any significant changes in hepatic superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Hepatic glutathione contents were higher in $CCl_4$-treated rats than control, but no significant changes were found in both between the allopurinol treated rats and $CCl_4$-treated rats pretreated with allopurinol, and glutathione and glutathione S-transferase activities were significantly reduced in $CCl_4$-treated rats than control whereas these enzyme activities showed on significant change in both between allopurinel treated and $CCl_4$-treated rats pretreated with allopurinol. It is concluded that xanthine oxidase reaction system augment $CCl_4$ induced liver injury via even oxygen free radical system.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 2017

The glycoprotein of novirhabdoviruses is known to play a critical role in the determination of host specificity. Viral hemorrhagic septicemia viruses (VHSVs) in different genotypes have different glycoprotein sequences and show different preferences for specific cell lines. In this study, to know whether the glycoprotein is solely responsible for the host cell preference of VHSV, a recombinant VHSV expressing vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) glycoprotein instead of VHSV IVa glycoprotein (rVHSV-VSV-G) was generated by reverse genetics and inoculated into several fish cell lines, then, cytopathic effect (CPE) and viral growth caused by rVHSV-VSV-G infection were compared with those caused by rVHSV-wild that was previously generated and has the same genomic sequence with wild-type VHSV except a few nucleotides. The plaque numbers of rVHSV-VSV-G were significantly higher in EPC, BF-2 and GF cells than those of rVHSV-wild. However, in HINAE cells (originated from olive flounder), rVHSV-VSV-G titer was significantly lower than rVHSV-wild titer, and both recombinant VHSVs were not grown well in CHSE-214 cells. Although statistical significances were detected in the titers between rVHSV-wild and rVHSV-VSV-G in several cell lines, the cell line-preference order of rVHSV-VSV-G was not different from that of rVHSV-wild. These results suggest that the replacement of VHSV glycoprotein may not completely change host cell preference, and other regions of VHSV might also involve in the determination of host cell preference.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.312-319
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• 2008

The principal objective of was to assess the effects of herb extracts on the antioxidant activity and quality characteristics of Maejakgwa. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found to be the highest by a significant degree in the rosemary, lavender, thyme, lemon balm and olive samples, in order. With regard to electron donating ability, increasing concentrations of added herbs resulted in a more significant rise in the DPPH radical scavenging effect in a range of concentrations of between $100{\sim}1000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. In particular, the rosemary, lavender, and thyme samples were shown to be lower in antioxidant activity than ascorbic acid, but higher than a-tocopherol, thus the antioxidant activities detected in the rosemary, lavender, and thyme samples were considered to be excellent. With regard to reducing ability, increases in the concentration of added herb extract resulted in significant growth. However, the anti-oxidative activity detected in the rosemary extract was indicated to be superior even to that of $\alpha$-tocopherol when added to concentrations of $500{\sim}1,000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. In our assessment of external appearance, color, flavor, texture, and overall quality, the highest preference was seen in the control group and in the group with 2% added rosemary extract. The lowest score was earned in the group with a 5% addition of rosemary. The functional ingredients and antioxidant activities of the samples were excellent. Our results appear to indicate that rosemary has some value as a natural antioxidant that can prevent oxidation in food.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.281-290
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• 1993

This experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of degree of unsaturation (Experiment 1) and the chain length of constituent fatty acids of dietary fats (Experiment 2) on-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activities in the liver and small intestine of chicks. Chicks were fed experimental diets for 10 days and then killed for the determination of the HMG-CoA reductase activities in the intestinal epithelial cell and hepatic microsomes. The hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity showed the highest value in chicks fed the tallow-containing diet. Chicks fed diets containing safflower or coconut oil resulted in a significantly lower intestinal HMG-CoA reductase activity in comparison with those fed the olive oil-containing diet. The hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity was significantly higher when fat-free and trilaurin were fed than when any other triglycerides were fed. This activity showed the lowest value in the chicks fed the diet containing tristearin. The HMG-CoA reductase activities in the jejunum and ileum were significantly or tended to be higher when trilaurin was fed than when any other triglycerides were fed. Except when trilaurin was fed, the presence of saturated fat in the diet did not have a significant effect on the intestinal HMG-CoA reductase activity, unlike the effect shown when a highly unsaturated fat was added to the diet. There was no significant correlation between the HMG-CoA reductase activities of the liver and intestinal, and the HMG-CoA reductase activity and cholesterol content of the intestinal epithelial cells.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.27-36
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• 1986

The purpose of this study was, to estimate the detergency of commercial detergent and to examine the interrelationship between detergency and detergent characteristics, detergent concentration, fiber characteristics, and Rolling-up phenomenon which is the major removal mechanism of oily soil. A mixture of oleic acid-olive oil was used as oily soil. The detergency was estimated by analysis of oleic acid on cotton ana polyester fabrics before and after washing by means of liquid scintillation counting. The Rolling-up of oily soil from PET film was observed and change of contact angle and removal time were measured. The results were as follows ; 1. In the case of soaps and powder synthetic detergents, the optimum concentrations we-re about $0.2\~0.3\%$. And detergencies of liquid synthetic detergents were considerably low, and the detergency was continually increased up with increasing concentration to $0.5\%$, which seemed to be caused by the lower pH than that of soap and powder synthetic deter-gent solutions. 2. As the effect of external or internal fiber structure; the detergency of cotton was lower than that of polyester. 3. In the observation of Rolling-up, the contact angle increased and the Rolling-up time became shorter with increasing detergent concentrations ($0.05\~0.5\%$). And it was confirmed that detergency was increased with Rolling-up effect. In addition, the study on the actual laundry condition was studied using the questionaire. From the results, about $76\%$ of households used the concentration of detergent roughly or excessively and housewives were highly concerned on the recommended dose, but grade of practice were very low.