• Molecules and Cells
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.215-221
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• 2020

The olfactory bulb (OB) has an extremely higher proportion of interneurons innervating excitatory neurons than other brain regions, which is evolutionally conserved across species. Despite the abundance of OB interneurons, little is known about the diversification and physiological functions of OB interneurons compared to cortical interneurons. In this review, an overview of the general developmental process of interneurons from the angles of the spatial and temporal specifications was presented. Then, the distinct features shown exclusively in OB interneurons development and molecular machinery recently identified were discussed. Finally, we proposed an evolutionary meaning for the diversity of OB interneurons.

• Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
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• 제61권11호
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• pp.567-572
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• 2018

The sensory function of the trigeminal nerve is to provide tactile, proprioceptive, and nociceptive afference by chemical stimulation. Various physical responses of the trigeminal nerve to stimuli help to defend against harmful substances. Recently, many studies have been conducted on solitary chemoreceptor cells innervated by trigeminal nerve. Most volatile organic compounds stimulate both the olfactory and trigeminal nervous systems. In general, the trigeminal nervous system is less sensitive than the olfactory nervous system. Studies have shown that sensation of the trigeminal nerve by chemical stimulation results in inhibition of olfaction. This indicates that the olfactory and trigeminal nerves interact with each other in the central nervous system. It is important to study various noxious stimuli acting on the trigeminal nerve in modern society where environmental concerns are intensifying.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.260-267
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• 2023

Due to the development of science and technology in the 4th Industrial Revolution, a variety of content is being developed and utilized through educational courses linked to digital textbooks. Students use smart devices to engage in realistic virtual learning experiences, interacting with the content in digital textbooks. However, while many realistic contents offer visual and auditory effects like 3D VR, AR, and holograms, olfactory content that evokes actual sensations has not yet been introduced. Therefore, in this paper, we designed and implemented 4D educational content by adding the sense of smell to existing content. This implemented content was tested in classrooms through a curriculum-based evaluation. Classes taught with olfactory-enhanced content showed a higher percentage of correct answers compared to those using traditional audio-visual materials, indicating improved understanding.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.63-69
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• 1995

흰쥐에 항정신병약물인 haloperidol과 sulpiride를 장기간 투여한 뒤 줄무늬체와 후결절조직에서의 DA 수용체 의 변동에 대해 조사하였다. 이와 함께 apomorphine 투여에 따른 상동행동점수도 평가하였다. 흰쥐에 haloperidol(0.5mg/kg/day) 이나 sulpiride(40mg/kg/day)를 4주간 투여하고, 3일간의 약물 배설기간을 거친 후에 apomorphine(0.5mg/kg)을 투여하여 상동행동점수를 평가하였다. Haloperidol을 투여한 군에서는 대조군이나 sulpiride를 투여한 군에 비하여 상동행동에 대한 접수가 높게 나타났고, sulpiride를 투여한 군에서는 대조군과 유사한 정도의 상동행동을 나타내었다. 한편 줄무늬체 조직의 [$^3H$]spiperone의 결합에 대한 포화실험에서는 대조군에 비해 haloperidol이나 sulpiride를 투여한 군에서 최대결합치가 유의하게 증가되었다. 해리상수는 sulpiride투여시 줄무늬체에서 유의하게 감소되어 있었다. Sulpiride를 투여했을때 haloperidol 투여 시와 마찬가지의 DA수용체의 증식이 일어나지만, sulpiride 투여군에서만 상통행동 접수가 낮은 것으로 볼 때, 뇌의 DA계에서 sulpiride가 haloperidol과는 다르게 작용한다는 것을 간접적으로 시사하고 있다. 후결절에서는 sulpiride와 haloperidol을 투여한 양군에서 모두 최대결합치가 현저하게 증가되어 있었다. 또한 해라상수도 양군의 후결절에서 유의하게 증가되었다. 더욱이, 대조군은 후결절에서의 해리상수가 37.5pM, 줄무늬체에서는 86.2pM로 나타나, 후결절에서 줄무늬체에서보다 친화도가 두배 이상 높게 측정되었다. 위의 결과로 미루어 볼 때 sulpiride는 후결절에서 DA수용체의 증식을 유도할 뿐만 아니라 높은 친화력을 가진 몇몇 DA수용체 아형과도 상호작용을 한다는 것을 나타낸다. 또한 대조군에서 줄무늬체와 후결절에서의 친화도가 다른 점은, [$^3H$]spiperone에 반응한 DA수용체 아형은 줄무늬체와 후결절에서 각기 다르다는 점을 시사하고 있다.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.227-234
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• 2012

In this study, the masking effect of olfactory stimulus on the awakening state due to sound stimuli while driving using Graphic Driving Simulator was observed through the response of autonomic nervous system. The test was conducted for 11 males in their twenties. The siren of ambulance car was presented to them as auditory stimulus for 30 secs while driving in a situation of high way in the condition of both peppermint and control, respectively, and LF/HF ratio of HRV (Heart Rate Variability), the activity index of sympathetic nerve, and GSR (Galvanic Skin Response) response were examined. The test was proceeded in the order of three stages, that is, sound stimuli (test 1), driving performance, and sound stimuli (test 2), and fragrance stimulus, driving performance, and sound stimuli (test 3), and the physiological signal of GSR, HRV was measured in the whole stages. As a result of test, comparing the results of before and after auditory stimulus test (1) (p < 0.01), test (2) (p < 0.05), and test (3) (p < 0.01), driving performance test (2) (p < 0.01), test (3) (p < 0.01), and olfactory stimulus test (3) (p < 0.05), respectively, GSR response increased, showing significant difference in all the tests. It indicates that when auditory stimulus was presented to the subjects, they were in the awakening state as sympathetic nervous system got activated. As a result of comparing auditory stimulus while driving before and after presenting olfactory stimulus, there was no significant difference in GSR response. The LF/HF ratio of HRV increased, showing a significant difference only in test (2) (p < 0.05), and in driving performance test (2) (p < 0.05) in auditory stimulus, however, it showed no significant difference in olfactory stimulus. As a result of comparing auditory stimulus while driving before and after presenting olfactory stimulus, there was a decrease, showing significant difference (p < 0.05) in LF/HF ratio of HRV. That is, it means that the activation of sympathetic nervous system decreased, and that parasympathetic nervous system got activated. From these results, it was observed that while driving, the awakening level due to auditory stimulus was settled with olfactory stimulus. In conclusion, it was drawn that while driving, olfactory stimulus could have the masking effect on auditory stimulus.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.123-130
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• 2019

한국 고유종 각시붕어 Rhodeus uyekii의 후각기관과 서식처의 물리 및 화학적 특성 그리고 생태적 습성과의 연관성을 알아보기 위해 실체현미경, 광학현미경, 주사전자현미경을 이용하여 해부 및 조직, 세포화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 후각기관의 외부형태는 반원의 전비공과 후비공, 비경계판으로 구성되는데, 특히 전비공의 앞쪽에는 아치형의 조직이 돌출되어 있다. 비강 내에는 14~15개의 후판으로 구성되는 로제트 구조를 보유하며 후판은 감각상피와 비감각상피로 구분된다. 감각상피는 후감각뉴런, 지지세포, 기저세포, 림프구, 형질세포로 구성되는 반면에 비감각세포는 층상상피세포, 점액세포, 비감각섬모세포, 미확인세포가 1종류 확인된다. 점액세포의 세포화학적 특성은 산성 및 중성의 황점액소(sulfomucine)로 나타났다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2015

Objective : Cerebral vessels, such as intracerebral perforating arterioles isolated from rat brain, have been widely used as an ex vivo model to study the cerebrovascular function associated with cerebrovascular disorders and the therapeutic effects of various pharmacological agents. These perforating arterioles, however, have demonstrated differences in the vascular architecture and reactivity compared with a larger leptomeningeal artery which has been commonly implicated in cerebrovascular disease. In this study, therefore, we developed the method for studying cerebrovascular function utilizing the olfactory artery isolated from the mouse brain. Methods : The olfactory artery (OA) was isolated from the C57/BL6 wild-type mouse brain. After removing connective tissues, one side of the isolated vessel segment (approximately $-500{\mu}m$ in length) was cannulated and the opposite end of the vessel was completely sealed while being viewed with an inverted microscope. After verifying the absence of pressure leakage, we examined the vascular reactivity to various vasoactive agents under the fixed intravascular pressure (60 mm Hg). Results : We found that the isolated mouse OAs were able to constrict in response to vasoconstrictors, including KCl, phenylephrine, endothelin-1, and prostaglandin $PGH_2$. Moreover, this isolated vessel demonstrated vasodilation in a dose-dependent manner when vasodilatory agents, acetylcholine and bradykinin, were applied. Conclusion : Our findings suggest that the isolated olfactory artery would provide as a useful ex vivo model to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms of vascular function underlying cerebrovascular disorders and the direct effects of such disease-modifying pathways on cerebrovascular function utilizing pharmacological agents and genetically modified mouse models.

• 감성과학
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2002

향-냄새에 대한 감수성은 종족, 성에 따라 상이하며 냄새에 대한 인지력과 식별력은 가령화에 따라 쇠퇴한다고 한다. 가령화에 따른 향의 평가에 관한 선행보고들은 그 대상이 유아에서 노인에 이르기까지 다양함에도 불구하고 제시 향에 단순 알코올이나 단순 초산염이 주로 사용되었으며, 냄새 인지력이나 식별력 둥 지성적인 측면에서의 평가가 대부분이었다. 본 연구에서는 후각기능이 정상인 19～68세 50명을 대상으로 6종의 천연향에 대해 안정/폐안 상태에서 ECG, 피부저항, 그리고 주관평가를 실시하여 서로 다른 연령층에 따른 변화를 살펴보고자 하였다. 그 결과, 20대, 40대의 청\ulcorner중년층은 lemon을, 60대는 Lavender를 긍정적으로 반응\ulcorner평가하였다. 특히 40대 그룹은 평균 RR 간격, 심박수, 피부저항, 주관평가의 결과에서 가장 높은 상관성을 보여 후각기능이 가장 성숙한 연령대임이 확인되었다. 제시 향에 대해 연령별로 상이하게 반응/평가한 본 연구결과는 연령별로 차별화된 향장품 개발뿐만 아니라 인공냄새 그리고 맛의 개발에도 응용이 가능할 것으로 여겨진다.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제22권53호
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• pp.69-78
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• 1999

We developed an apparatus for odorous stimuli control to record olfactory evoked potentials from human scalp. The characteristics of the apparatus were as follows. 1. Translating the subjects respiration into electric signals with a sensor attached to the nose. The period and timing of odorous stimuli could be adjusted, so that stimuli could be synchronous with respiration. 2. The respirations translated into electric signals were made constant in amplitude by using an auto gain control circuit. 3. The interstimulus interval of odorous could be arbitrarily selected once every 1 to 9 respirations so that adaptation could be prevented. We obtained olfactory - evoked potentials (OEPs) to odorous stimuli using this apparatus from the site of Cz, whose positive peak latencies were approximately $180{\pm}23ms$. Such response were not recorded if oxygen stimuli were used instead of odorous or with click sounds produced by the switching electromagnetic valve.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.17-20
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• 2004

PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) is a dual specific phosphatase antagonizing phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity, and has first been cloned as a tumor suppressor for glioma. Although the role of PTEN as a tumor suppressor has been well studied, little is known about signaling mechanisms regulating expression and/or activity of PTEN in the central nervous system. In this study, we investigated whether PTEN expression is regulated by sensory deprivation. P5 rat pups were unilaterally naris-closed, and olfactory bulbs were immunohistochemically analyzed with PTEN antibody at the $7^{th}$ day after naris closure. PTEN immunoreactivity was found to be down-regulated in both glomerular, external plexiform and subependymal cell layers, suggesting that odor deprivation signals down-regulate expression of PTEN in the olfactory bulb. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to suggest that PTEN expression is regulated by sensory deprivation signals in neonatal rats.