• Korean Journal of Rural Living Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.109-119
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• 1995

The objectives of this study were 1) to identity the living conditions of old women at rural area, 2) to inquire of the activities for extra income 3) to Provide information on the social service program development for old rural women. Data were collected by interview with the questionaire from 396 old rural women in Korea. In analyzing data, $x^2$-test has been produced by S A S program package at Rural Development Administration. The major results were as follows ; 1. The average age was 69.7years old of the subjects, illiteracy was 54.1%, widows was 58.6%, and the 18.4% of elderly have led a solitary life. Also, the degree of health care was very low. 2. The source of living costs in most old rural women lay on agricultural income. Also, because of the educational expenditure for their children, etc., they led to poverty, and then could not provide for their old age. 3. In spite of the 60.4% of the old women did farming, a lot of them wishes to have a side job. The reasons why they wish to do a side job were making money, spending their time in working, being proud before their children, etc.. 4. According as they rely on their husband, the eldest son and his wife, for the psychological, physical, economical support, their position among family was low. Therefore, only the 43.3% of old women were satisfied with their life. 5. Finally, in the result of this case study, the old women, who particpate in the extra income promoting program, were satisfied with their rural life, and their social position were high rather than elswhere.

• Korean Journal of Rural Living Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.37-51
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• 1999

The objectives of this study were to understand the working stress of rural women and their coping strategies, and to provide basic data related with rural welfare policy. The data were obtained through 318 samples of rural women under sixty years old who work full-time at their farms with their husbands. The questionnaire employed Likert-type scale with four-point, and then the data were analyzed by statistical methods of frequency, percentage, mean score, analysis of variance, t-test and Duncan test through SAS program. The significance level was p ＜ .05. The results of this study are as follows ; 1) The average stress level of rural women was over 2.9 points out of 4. 2) The stress level showed meaningful correlation with such variables as age, education, perception on economic status, and recognition by their husbands and other family members. The rural women who are over forty years old, below high school, disregarded from their family members were marked high stress level. 3) The level of rural women's stress coping strategies was quite as low as 1.95 out of 4. 4) The level of coping strategies showed meaningful correlation with such socio-demographic variables as age, perception on economic status and job satisfaction level. Those who aged over 40, perceives low economic staus, lives together with husbands'parents, and shows “average” job satisfaction scored significantly lower coping strategy levels. 5) The level of stress didn't indicate significant relation with the type of coping strategy.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.509-515
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to assess the rural women's general status in relation with low back pain. This survey was done after teaching them the prevention and treatment of low back pain with Meckenzie Method. 84 rural resident women including rural life guidance. The results were as follows. 1. The average age of rural were $35{\sim}50$ years old and the guidance's age were $21{\sim}25$ years old. The educational level of rural women were highest in primary school(46.67 %) and the home extension worker were college education(83.67 %). 2. 75 % of rural woman complained low back pain while 17.33 % of the home extension worker had back pain. 3. The home extension worker feel the necessity of the education in low back pain(100 %) while 88.89 % of the rural woman agreed. 4. All the rural women and the home extension worker had the concept of back pain and its prevention(100 %). 5. After this education, the confidence in prevention and treatment were each 78.79 % with rural women and 91.84 % with home extension worker. 6. The necessity for the treatment of low back pain were : first, the correction of posture, second, the activity posture correction, third, the supportive roll of back curve. 7. There were no statistical significant outcome specifically.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.141-149
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• 2002

In order to promote well-being during old age, it is important to start preparing early on for the later life. Based on this thesis, this study examined attitudes of the middle-aged women residing in rural towns on their preparation for old age as well as related variables. For this purpose, survey data from 200 individuals were analyzed using a SAS program. The overall degree of preparation for old age was quantified as about 67 points out of a 100 possible points. The variables that affected the level of preparedness include attitude toward using a paid nursing home ($\beta$=.23), type of agricultural work they engage in ($\beta$=-.21), who do you think is a supporter during your old age($\beta$=.20)］, type of decision-making in the household ($\beta$=.17). The explanatory power of such variables as standards of living ($\beta$=.18), family type ($\beta$=-.18), recognition of the entrance of old age ($\beta$=.17), and preparation behavior for old age ($\beta$=.15) were partially proved in three sub-areas (economical, emotional, and leisure areas) of preparation. The groundwork of this study could be used as basic materials to develop an educational program to improve the attitudes toward preparation for old age.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.6-14
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was done to investigate the need to develop health promotion programs for adult women and to compare lifestyle, health status and quality of life in adult women in urban and rural areas. Method: The participants were women over 20 years old, 451 living in 3 cities and 436 living in 1 rural areas. Data collection was conducted from April 6 to August 30, 2004. Results: For lifestyle, the percentage of women having regular medical examinations, cholesterol tests, regular exercise, and high alcohol intake were significantly higher for urban women compared to the rural women. For health status, the percentage of women with health problems such as arthritic pain, urinary incontinence, pregnancy and postpartum complications, and the experience of violence were significantly higher for rural women compared to urban women. Rural women had significantly lower scores for health perception compared to urban women. For quality of life, rural women had significantly higher scores for quality of life, especially for the psychological wellbeing and stability subscales. Conclusion: The above findings indicate that it is necessary to develope a health promotion program which reinforces healthy lifestyle and health status for rural women, and quality of life, for urban women.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.51-65
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• 2003

Objectives： To examine the regional mortality differences in The Republic of Korea according to geographic location. Methods： All 232 administrative districts of the Republic of Korea in 1998 were studied according to their geographic locations by dividing each district into three categories； "metropolis," "urban," and "rural". Crude mortality rates for doth sexes from total deaths as well as the three major causes of death in Korea (cardiovascular disease, cancer, and external causes) were calculated with raw data from the "1998 report on the causes of death statistics" and resident registration data. Standardized mortality ratios (SMR) were calculated using the indirect standardization method. Poisson regression analyses were performed to examine the effects of geographic locations on the risk of death. To correct for the socioeconomic differences of each region, the percentage of old ($\geq$ 65 years old) population, the number of privately owned cars per 100 population, and per capita manufacturing production industries were included in the model. Results： Most SMRs were the lowest in the metropolis and the highest in the rural areas. These differences were more prominent in men and in deaths from external causes. In deaths from cancer in women, the rural region showed the lowest SMR. In Poisson regression analysis after correcting for regional socioeconomic differences, the risk of death from all causes significantly increased in both urban (OR＝1.111) and rural (OR＝1.100) regions, except for rural women, compared to the metropolis region. In men, the rural region showed higher risk (OR＝1.180) than the urban region (OR＝1.l51). For cardiovascular disease and cancer, significant differences were not found between geographic locations, except in urban women for cardiovascular disease (OR＝1.151) and in rural women for cancer (OR＝0.887), compared to metropolis women. In deaths from external causes, the risk ratios significantly increased in both urban and rural regions and an increasing tendency from the metropolis to the rural region was clearly observed in both sexes. Conclusions： Regional mortality differences according to geographic location exist in The Republic of Korea and further research and policy approaches to reduce these differences are needed. to reduce these differences are needed.

• Korean Journal of Rural Living Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.115-125
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to provide useful data for developing adult education program by assessing educational needs of rural women in home improvement educational contents. Data of this study were collected by interview from 500 home makers who are under 65 years old in 20 areas in Korea. The results are as follows : 1) Winter was favorite season, and good time band during a day was afternoon. Favorite teaching hours were 2∼3 hours a day and 1∼3 days per term. And they wanted village convention center or rural gidance office as educational place, and prefered lecturer is home improvement extension worker. 2) Among relationship between needs for education method and individual variables, is only corelated with rural women's living and educational degree significantly. To improve educational effect, teaching method is more prefered for the participatory education than lecture. It should be provided with exclusive educational place, and be increased professional field workes with obligation and power.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.10-17
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• 1978

There are numerous reports on menarche age in korea and other countries but only few reports are available on menopausal age. This is a result of surveys on 509 women for menarche and 341 women for manopause among the rural areas of Choongnam and Kyungbuk province. For those born between 1894 and 1929. aver age ageof menarche was 16.63 years. The earliest was 13 years and latest was 22 years old. Majority (78.8%) had their menarohe at the age of between 15 and 18. It was noted that there was gradual advancement of menarche age among those born in later years than earlier. More menarche started in the months of October and April and fewest was in the month of June. Spring was the time when the largest number of women had menarche and this was followed by Autumn. Winter, and Summer. The most common menstrual cycle was 39 days type which is followed by 28 days and 26 days. The average monpausal age among rural korean women was 46.97 years. The number of years between menarche and menopause appears to be dependent upon individual physical and mental condition. socioeconomical circumstances. and also hereditary as well as ethnic differences. 87.1 % of rural korean women had menstrual ages of between 20 to 35 years according to this statistics and the average was 29.67 years.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.15
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• pp.6365-6373
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• 2015

Background: Tobacco consumption has become pandemic, and is estimated to have killed 100 million people in the 20th century worldwide. Some 700,000 out of 5.4 million deaths due to tobacco use were from India. The era of global modernization has led to an increase in the involvement of women in tobacco consumption in the low income and middle-income countries. Tobacco consumption by females is known to have grave consequences. Objectives: To assess: (1) the tobacco use among urban and rural women; (2) the discrepancy in the knowledge, belief and behavior towards tobacco consumption among urban and rural women in Durg-Bhilai Metropolitan, Chhattisgarh, Central India. Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of 2,000 18-25 year old young women from Durg-Bhilai Metropolitan, Chhattisgarh, Central India, from both urban and rural areas. Data were collected using a pretested, anonymous, extensive face to face interview by a female investigator to assess the tobacco use among women and the discrepancy in the knowledge, belief and behavior towards tobacco consumption among urban and rural individuals. Results: The prevalence of tobacco use was found to be 47.2%. Tobacco consumption among rural women was 54.4% and in urban women was 40%. The majority of the women from urban areas (62.8%) were smokers whilst rural women (77.4%) showed preponderance toward smokeless tobacco use. Urban women had a better knowledge and attitude towards harms from tobacco and its use than the rural women. Women in rural areas had higher odds (1.335) of developing tobacco habit than the urban women. Conclusions: Increased tobacco use by women poses very severe hazards to their health, maternal and child health, and their family health and economic well-being. Due to the remarkably complex Indian picture of female tobacco use, an immediate and compulsory implementation of tobacco control policies laid down by t he WHO FCTC is the need of the hour.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.609-614
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• 2016

Background: Although breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, economic evaluation of breast cancer screening is not fully addressed in developing countries. The main objective of the present study was to analyze the cost-effectiveness of breast cancer screening using mammography in 35-69 year old women in an Iranian setting. Materials and Methods: This was an economic evaluation study assessing the cost-effectiveness of a population-based screening program in 35-69 year old women residing in rural areas of South east Iran. The study was conducted from the perspective of policy-makers of insurance. The study population consisted of 35- to 69-year old women in rural areas of Kerman with a population of about 19,651 in 2013. The decision tree modeling and economic evaluation software were used for cost-effectiveness and sensitivity analyses of the interventions. Results: The total cost of the screening program was 7,067.69 US$ and the total effectiveness for screening and no-screening interventions was 0.06171 and 0.00864 disability adjusted life years averted, respectively. The average cost-effectiveness ratio DALY averted US$ for screening intervention was 7,7082.5 US$ per DALY averted and 589,027 US $ for no-screening intervention. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio DALY averted was 6,264 US$ per DALY averted for screening intervention compared with no-screening intervention. Conclusions: Although the screening intervention is more cost-effective than the alternative (noscreening) strategy, it seems that including breast cancer screening program in health insurance package may not be recommended as long as the target group has a low participation rate.