• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.119-123
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• 1999

Background and Objectives : Conditions such as muscle atrophy, stretching of strap muscles, and continued craniofacial growth factors have been cited as contributing to the changes observed in the vocal tract structure and function in elderly speakers. The purpose of the present study is to compare F$_1$ and F$_2$ frequency levels in elderly and young adult male and female speakers producing a series of vowels ranging from high-front to low-back placement. Material and Methods : The subjects were two groups of young adults(10 males, 10 females, mean age 21 years old range 19-24 years) and two groups of elderly speakers(10 males, 10 females, mean age 67 years : range 60-84 years). Each subject participated in speech pathologist to be a speaker of unimpared standard Korean. The headphone was positioned 2 cm from the speakers lips. Each speaker sustained the five vowels for 5 s. Formant frequency measures were obtained from an analysis of linear predictive coding in CSL model 4300B(Kay co). Results : Repeated measure AVOVA procedures were completed on the $F_1$ and $F_2$ data for the male and female speakers. $F_2$ formant frequency levels were proven to be significantly lower fir elderly speakers. Conclusions : We presume $F_2$ vocal cavity(from the point of tongue constriction to lip) lengthening in elderly speakers. The research designed to observe dynamic speech production more directly will be needed.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.1146-1157
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• 2005

As individual family has fewer children, market sectors targeting children's goods upgrade their products quality and price. Children's wear used to be for casual activity or going to school. Recently, occasions in which children are dressed up are getting increase, such as wedding, concert or family gathering. Therefore, the industry sector of formal wears for school boys are growing. The purpose of this study is to research and grading of formal wears for school boys to improve their fit and comfort. The selected items as formal wear were tailored jacket, tuxedo, tail coat and pants. Based on the grading increments of the industry, grading was done far 7 years and 11 years old school boy for each item. Like the pattern alteration, grading increments were tested and altered through wearing tests. The final increments were suggested as the 'researched grading increments'. The results and conclusions are: 1. Appropriate size allowance, ease amount and lengths for boys are different from those far adults. The difference should be applied for boy's wear. 2. Grading increments for an age group are different from other age group. For example increments of 7 from 9 are different from that of 11 from 9. It is because a certain part grows faster during a certain age whereas other part grows faster during different period. Therefore grading for children should reflect their growth rather than same size increments which is common in adult size chart.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.93-99
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• 2018

Lysozyme is present in tears and has the ability to inhibit bacterial growth. In addition, it acts as a physiological scavenger for harmful substances. In the present study, sixteen tear samples from people of different ages were evaluated for their antibacterial spectrum against selected bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica Typhi). A radial diffusion assay was used to evaluate the antibacterial potential of tear samples. To correlate the antibacterial activities of these tear samples, the concentration of lysozyme in the tear samples was also determined. Ampicillin was used as a standard drug. The zone of inhibition (mm) was used to measure the antibacterial property of the tears. All samples showed good antibacterial activities. The tear samples of children showed antibacterial activities in the range of 4.40~5.00 mm inhibition zones against the selected bacterial strains. The tear samples from the young and adults showed good antibacterial potential with a zone of inhibition in the range of 3.20~4.00 and 4.00~5.50 mm, respectively. The tear samples from the old age group showed inhibition zones from 1.50~5 mm. The adult tear samples showed the maximum inhibition against the selected bacterial strains among all groups. The lysozyme concentration was 1.7 mg/mL, 1.95 mg/mL, 2.13 mg/mL, and 1.76 mg/mL for children, young, adults, and elderly, respectively. In conclusion, the tears from adults have the high inhibition potential. In addition, this data also showed that the lysozyme contents in the tear sample increased with age until 40~42 years.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.107-115
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• 1992

This retrospective study was conducted to investigate the growth of children and their care person's weaning behaviors and its relation between the growth and care person's attitude and behaviors about weaning. 272 subjects who had child under 2 years old at that time were randomly selected and answered the special questionnaire. Results were as follows: Using to Kaup index, 13.4% of children were estimated undernutrition, 60.6% were normal and 26.0% were estimated overnutrition. 97.6% of respondant (children's mother) were recognized the need of weaning and the first prurpose of weaning was supplement of nutrients, and the next one was to set up normal food habits. 39.1% of subjects were used normal adult foods as weaning food. 60.9% of subjects were proepared special foods (making at home or buying commercial weaning food). The socioeconomic status was major factor to influence mother's behaviors about weaning. Vegetable and meat gruel was the most commen weaning food and the next one was fruits puree and rice with soup. The correlationship were found between Kaup index and the score of mother's weaning behaviors, between momer's eductional level and the score of weanig behaviors. 96% of subjects wanted nutritional education about weaning. They wanted to know about desirable weaning process and correct informations of commercial weaning foods mid the convenient cooking methods. According to the difference of socioeconomic status subjects were wanted different eductional methods. Upper socioeconomic group wanted special books about weaning and lower class wanted to be educted through the mass media especially television programs.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.77-86
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine the household characteristics, the actual residential environment of the elderly living with their offsprings together in Gwangju. We also evaluated their satisfaction with the needs for remodeling of their houses and the different opinions about those things between the elderly and their off springs. We used comparative and descriptive T-test in statistical analysis. The results were as follows. There were more families living in the detached houses than those living in the apartments. The average size of the houses was 100.8 square meters. The mean residence period was 13.5 years. The sons were usually the legal householders. The residents who experienced remodeling before reassigned the furniture and installed the bathtub, which was designed to be sat on comfortably in a common. A few residents installed safety system such as alarms for incident fire or gas, convenient knobs for handling and faucets for running hot or cold water separately. After the installation of alarms, convenient knobs of windows or door, Customer satisfaction for those things were quite high. But that for the installation of safety bar were the lowest in contrast. The most things the old wanted to change were to rearrange bedrooms and bathrooms on the first floor and to decorate them in westernized styles. They didn't need to set up safety bars or shower instrument for modulating heights. The second generation wanted to install the blinds or curtains more than the third generations.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.43-47
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• 2014

Eagle's syndrome is a disease caused by an elongated styloid process or calcified stylohyoid ligament. Eagle defined the disorder in 1937 by describing clinical findings related to an elongated styloid process, which is one of the numerous causes of pain in the craniofacial and cervical region. The prevalence of individuals with this anatomic abnormality in the adult population is estimated to be 4% with 0.16% of these individuals reported to be symptomatic. Eagle's syndrome is usually characterized by neck, throat, or ear pain; pharyngeal foreign body sensation; dysphagia; pain upon head movement; and headache. The diagnosis of Eagle's syndrome must be made in association with data from the clinical history, physical examination, and imaging studies. Patients with increased symptom severity require surgical excision of the styloid process, which can be performed through an intraoral or an extraoral approach. Here, we report a rare case of stylohyoid ligament bilaterally elongated to more than 60 mm in a 51-year-old female. We did a surgery by extraoral approach and patient's symptom was improved.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.187-191
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• 1998

Aplastic anemia is a disease characterized by general lack of bone marrow activity; It may affect not only the red blood cells but also the white blood cells and platelets, resulting in pancytopenia. Spontaneous gingival hemorrhage is present in some cases and it is related to the blood platelet deficiency. This case report presents the periodontal treatment of a patient with aplastic anemia. A 43-year-old female was referred for continuous gingival bleeding after periodontal treatment. Periodontal findings revealed generalized gingival imflammation, oozing of blood from gingival crevice, and it was diagnosed as adult periodontitis. Root planing and extraction of the upper left third molar with poor prognosis were put into operation after elevation of the platelet count with platelet transfusion. The extraction socket was sutured with 3-0 silk. Bleeding continued even after digital compression at the upper right second premolar, second molar, and left canine areas, which presented severe inflammation. Although platelets were transfused repeatedly, platelet count did not stay elevated since survival rate of the transfused platelets were low due to alloimmunization. Thrombin gauze packing was not effective. Bleeding ceased 3 days after treatment with transfusion of donor platelets. 20 days after the treatment, the gingiva was generally healthy except upper right second premolar and lateral incisor areas. The result of periodontal treatment was good, but bleeding control after treatment was troublesome. In the periodontal treatment of patient with aplastic anemia, elevation of the platelet count with platelet transfusion seems to be the best method for hemorrhage control.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.177-185
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• 1998

치주염환자에서는 치아의 회전이나 순측경사등으로 인한 상악 정중부 이개 등의 심미적, 기능적 문제들이 자주 수반되어 후속 적인 교정치료를 요하는 경우가 많다. 이러한 경우 보조적인 교정치료로도 치료가 가능한데, 안정된 후방구치에서는 교정력을 가하지 않고 고정 원으로써 작용하게 하고 해당 치아만을 이동시켜야만 한다. 그러나 성인교정에서는 제한점들이 많기 때문에 비교정전문의에게는 섣불리 교정치료를 하기가 어렵다. 더구나 정확히 브라켓을 장착하는 것이 중요한데 간단한 문제는 아니다. Silverman등이 indirect bonding technique을 소개하면서 이런 문제점들을 해결하는데 도움을 주게 되었다. 그후 여러 사람 들에서 다양한 방법들이 소개되었지만 기본적인 원리는 구강 외에서 이상적인 위치에 브라켓을 위치시키고 tray를 이용해서 구강내 치아면에 재현하는 방법이다. 이런 방법을 이용함으로써 molar uprighting, forced eruption, 악교정술시 surgical arch wire 장착, 설측교정술 등에도 쉽게 적용할 수 있다. 이러한 관점에서, 비교정전문의들도 보다 쉽고, 정확하게 브라켓을 위치시킬 수 있는 indirect bonding technique를 이용한다면 보조적인 교정치료 뿐만 아니라 포괄적인 교정치료도 가능하리라 사료된다.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.13-17
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• 2012

PURPOSE. We aimed to identify a more esthetic width-to-length ratio by analyzing maxillary central incisor of Korean adult population. Information regarding tooth ratio in the Korean population may be useful to clinicians when restoring anterior teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A total of 40 men and 40 women were included in this study. The NON-MEDIA group included 40 non-celebrities, who were healthy and 25 to 39 years old, with normal dentofacial appearance. The MEDIA group consisted of 40 celebrities selected only on the basis of their soft-tissue facial appearance. The facial photographs of 40 celebrities were collected from the Internet websites. The width and length of the maxillary central incisor were measured using Adobe $Photoshop^{(R)}$ 7.0, a software for analysis, measurement and edition of photographs. Data were analyzed statistically using the Independent t-test at 5% statistical significance level. RESULTS. The mean ratio for the MEDIA group was 0.77, whereas that of the NON-MEDIA group was 0.88. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant. No significant gender differences were found in the width-to-length ratio in MEDIA group. In NON-MEDIA group, however, there were significant differences between female and male. CONCLUSION. After analyzing maxillary anterior teeth of Korean adults, our results were in accordance with the general Western standards of esthetics. A dentist restoring the natural look and beauty of teeth will have to consider those standards.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.203-216
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• 2014

The purpose of the current report is to present 6-year long-term stability and 10-year follow-up data for an adult patient who was treated with a tongue elevator for relapsed anterior open-bite. The 19-year-old male patient presented with the chief complaint of difficulty in chewing his food. Collectively, clinical and radiographic examinations revealed an anterior open-bite, low tongue posture, and tongue-tie. The patient opted for orthodontic treatment alone, without any surgical procedure. A lingual frenectomy was recommended to avoid the risk of relapse, but the patient declined because he was not experiencing tongue discomfort. Initial treatment of the anterior open-bite with molar intrusion and tongue exercises was successful, but relapse occurred during the retention period. A tongue elevator was used for retreatment, because the approach was minimally invasive and suited the patient's requirements regarding discomfort, cost, and time. The appliance changed the tongue posture and generated an altered tongue force, which ultimately resulted in intrusive dentoalveolar effects, and a subsequent counterclockwise rotation of the mandible. The results showed long-term stability and were maintained for six years through continual use of the tongue elevator. The results of this case indicated that a tongue elevator could be used not only as an alternative treatment for open-bite, but also as an active retainer.