• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.89-102
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to seek AEI(Air Environmental Indices), PSI(Pollutant Standard Index) and the urban air quality control goal(the best available alternative energy program) by assessing the best ratio of energy types used in urban enterprises, based on harmful health effect and air quality standard and costs. This study is focused on an urban area(Puchun), where area sourcees are associated with heavy traffic, large population, and its industrial sources with large emissions. In the first step, air modeling, estimation of AEI and PSI, and benefit-cost analysis were carried out. In the second step, we assessed that 660 scenarios about the ratio of B-C oil, light oil and LNG used in urban enterprises with regard to air quality and cost. In the third step, the best available alternative energy program was selected for the ratio of energy species(B-C oil, light oil and LNG) by using the lexicographic method. From the emission analysis, main source of $NO_2$ is identified as industries and air quality is evaluated according to the ratio of B-C oil, light oil and LNG used in urban enterprise. The modeling data of TSP, $SO_2$, $NO_2$, CO, $O_3$, by ISC3 and PBM are respectively $118{\mu}g/m^3$, 0.027ppm, 0.025ppm, 2.0ppm, 0.55ppm in indurstrial area. That data are close to Environmental Air Quality Standard. By means of sensitivity analysis, we obtained the difference in concentration between the areas(Nae-dong, Joong-dong) according to the ratio of B-C oil, light oil and LNG used in the industries. From the result of alternatives assessment the lowest AEI value and cost, the ratio of B-C oil, light oil and LNG are 2.5%, 20%, 77.5%, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of oil dispersant and ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the toxicity of crude oil. The toxicity of water-accommodated fraction (WAF) and chemically enhanced water-accommodated fraction (CEWAF) of Hebei Spirit crude oil was investigated in the embryo of the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum with- and without ultraviolet radiation. The WAF and CEWAF with- and without UV radiation affected significantly the embryonic development of R. philippinarum. The EC50s of WAF without UV, WAF with UV, CEWAF without UV, and CEWAF with UV were 2.82, 0.79, 1.60, and 0.45 g/L, respectively. CEWAF was 1.6 times more toxic than WAF. UV radiation increased crude oil toxicity to 3.6 times for both WAF and CEWAF. The oil dispersant and UV radiation did not affect the acute toxicity to the embryo but retarded the period of embryonic development up to 26%. R. philippinarum proved to be a sensitive species to reflect the toxic effects of oil spill combined with oil dispersant and UV radiation. It is suggested that the chemical analyses on the WAF and CEWAF is important for the identification and quantitative explanation of the phototoxic compounds in crude oil.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 1990

The effect of $Fe^{2+}$ and myoglobin on the oxidative stability of triglyceride molecular species was investigated at $25^{\circ}C$. The molecular species of soybean oil triglycerides were analyzed by capillary column gas chromatography and electron impact ionization mass spectrometry utilizing selected ion monitoring. When $Fe^{2+}$ and myoglobin were added to soybean oil triglycerides, the oxidative stability of each molecular species of triglycerides appeared to decrease in proportion to the increase in the number of double bonds present in the acyl residues, and it was affected by degree of unsaturation of fatty acid when the total degree of unsaturation of triglyceride was the same. But the length of the saturated acyl chain had no influence on the stabilization of unsaturated fatty acid present in the same glyceride when prooxidants were added.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.1156-1164
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• 2010

Structured lipids (SLs) were synthesized by enzymatic interesterification with evening primrose oil (EPO) and rice bran oil (RBO) in a batch-type reactor. The interesterification was performed using a water shaker for 24 hr at $55^{\circ}C$. Mixing speed was set at 200 rpm and Lipozyme RM IM (immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei, 10% by weight of total substrates) was used as a biocatalyst. Rice bran oil and evening primrose oil were interesterified with various molar ratios (RBO : EPO, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5 mol/mol). Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography connected with evaporative light-scattering detector was performed to separate the triacylglycerol (TAG) species of SLs. In the fatty acid analysis, $\gamma$-linolenic acid (7.9 mol%), linoleic acid (67.3 mol%) and oleic acid (13.2 mol%) were the most abundant fatty acids in the SLs. During 24 hr reaction, most of the reaction occurred within 3 hr. TAG compositions, tocopherols and phytosterols were also analyzed. In the TAG species analysis, LLL (ECN=42, L=linoleic acid) dramatically decreased when the reaction time increased.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.1121-1126
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• 2009

This paper describes a pattern recognition method of Magnoliae flos based on a gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) analysis of the essential oil components. The botanical drug is mainly comprised of the four magnolia species (M. denudata, M. biondii, M. kobus, and M. liliflora) in Korea, although some other species are also being dealt with the drug. The GC/MS separation of the volatile components, which was extracted by the simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE), was performed on a carbowax column (supelcowax 10; 30 m{\time}0.25 mm{\time}0.25{\mu}m$) using temperature programming. Variance in the retention times for all peaks of interests was within RSD 2% for repeated analyses (n = 9). Of the 74 essential oil components identified from the magnolia species, approximately 10 major components, which is $\alpha$-pinene, $\beta$-pinene, sabinene, myrcene, d-limonene, eucarlyptol (1,8-cineol), $\gamma$-terpinene, p-cymene, linalool, $\alpha$-terpineol, were commonly present in the four species. For statistical analysis, the original dataset was reduced to the 13 variables by Fisher criterion and factor analysis (FA). The essential oil patterns were processed by means of the multivariate statistical analysis including hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis (DA). All samples were divided into four groups with three principal components by PCA and according to the plant origins by HCA. Thirty-three samples (23 training sets and 10 test samples to be assessed) were correctly classified into the four groups predicted by PCA. This method would provide a practical strategy for assessing the authenticity or quality of the well-known herbal drug, Magnoliae flos.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.202-206
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• 2006

The oxidation stability of fish oil containing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which is very susceptible to oxidative deterioration, needs to be improved before it can be successfully applied to functional foods. The antioxidant activities of 17 species of materials in anchovy oil (AO) were compared and a potent antioxidant was determined to improve the shelf-life of refined AO. Antioxidant activities of the 0.05% (w/w) materials in AO were compared against control during storage at $30^{\circ}C$ for 10 days. While no antioxidant effect was shown in alpha tocopherol against control, 3 species of grapefruit seed extracts (GSEs), astaxanthin (AX), soybean lecithin, and green tea extract showed good antioxidant activities. Especially, GSE B, GSE C, and AX showed significantly high peroxide inhibitory activities (PIAs) of $16.2{\pm}2.1$, $20.{\pm}3.5$, and $17.7{\pm}3.5%$, respectively, after the 4th day (p<0.01). Radical scavenging activities (RSAs) of GSE B, GSE C, and AX were $85.1{\pm}0.8$, $95.3{\pm}0.3$, and $85.9{\pm}0.8%$, respectively. Correlation between PIAs and RSAs was high ($R^2=0.926$) in GSE B, GSE C, and AX. Therefore, we concluded that one of the main antioxidative mechanisms of GSEs and AX must operate through an RSA pathway. The $RC_{50}$ (concentration required for 50% reduction of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, DPPH) of GSE C was $258\;{\mu}g/mL$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1175-1179
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• 2004

Structured lipid (SL) was produced from soybean oil with molar ratio of 1：2：2 (soybean oil：capric acid：CLA) using Chirazyme L-2 lipase (4％ by weight of total substrates). The reaction was conducted for 24 hr at 55$^{\circ}C$ in a 1 L stirred-batch type reactor. SL-soybean oil contained 4.9 mol％ capric acid and 4.1 mol％ CLA, respectively. Iodine value of SL-soybean oil was reduced than that of soybean oil due to the incorporated capric acids. Tocopherol content in SL-soybean oil was 18.2 mg/l00 g. SL-soybean oil appeared more yellowish color than soybean oil. Reverse-phase HPLC showed that SL-triacylglycerol species containing capric acid consisted of about 12.6 area％.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.99-105
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• 1979

This study was carried out using rats weighing $40{\sim}50\;g$ which were devided into seven groups with various diet compositions emphasizing fat levels of perilla seed oil for the period of 41/2 weeks. The levels of fat in the diet were 5%, 10%, 15% and animals were fed ad libitum. The results are as follows : 1) Yellow pjgmentation of both neck and tail was clearly observed in groups fed 10% and 15% level perilla seed oil without vitamin I supplementation (IV and VII). 2) The growth rate in groups fed 15% level perilla seed oil was reduced as compared to that in groups fed 5% or 10% level perilla seed oil. 3) The mean hematocrit values of 15% level perilla seed oil groups tended to be lower than those of control group, tut the differences were not significant. 4) The serum vitamin I concentration showed different value in various groups, the values of control group were significantly higher than those of perilla seed oil groups-15% level with or without vitamin E supplementation (VI and VII) and 10% level without vitamin E supplementation (IV). According to the results, 10% level-perilla seed oil in the diet can be considered safe if vitamin E is not omitted from the vitamin mixture ana the group fed 15% fat with P/S ratio of 1 appeared to be safe during the experimental period. Finally the long-term studios have to be persued in many aspects by using perilla seed oil in the experimental diet. Because rats are known t4 be quite resistant to the experimental diets, comparative studies using various animal species have to he conducted.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.883-895
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• 2024

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of a fatty acid-balanced oil, instead of soybean oil, on reproductive performance, nutrient digestibility, blood indexes, milk composition in lactating sows, and fecal microbial composition in piglets. Methods: Twenty-four sows (Landrace×Yorkshire, mean parity 4.96) were randomly allotted to two treatments with twelve pens per treatment and one sow per pen based on their backfat thickness and parity. The experiment began on day 107 of gestation and continued until weaning on day 21 of lactation, lasting for 28 days. The control group (CG) was fed a basal diet supplemented with 2% soybean oil and the experimental group (EG) was fed the basal diet supplemented with 2% fatty acid-balanced oil. Results: The fatty acid-balanced oil supplementation increased (p<0.05) the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy in sows. The lower (p<0.05) serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and albumin levels of sows were observed in the EG on day 21 of lactation. Dietary supplementation with the fatty acid-balanced oil decreased the fat content, increased the immunoglobulin G level, and changed (p<0.05) some fatty acid content in milk. Moreover, the fatty acid-balanced oil supplementation changed (p<0.05) the fecal microbial composition of piglets, where the average relative abundance of Spirochaetota was decreased (p<0.05) by 0.55% at the phylum level, and the average relative abundance of some potentially pathogenic fecal microorganism was decreased (p<0.05) at the species level. Conclusion: The fatty acid-balanced oil improved nutrient digestibility, changed the serum biochemical indices and milk composition of sows, and ameliorated the fecal microbial composition of piglets.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48
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• pp.41-48
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• 2003

The number of natural products obtained from plants has now reached over 100,000 and new chemical compounds are being discovered ever year. Medicinal and Aromatic plants and their extracts have been used for centuries to relieve pain, aid healing, kill bacteria and insects are important as the antifungal and anti-herbivore agents with further compounds being involved in the symbiotic associations. Although their functions in plants have not been fully established, it is Known that some substances have growth regulatory properties while others are involved in pollination and seed dispersal. The complex nature of these chemicals are usually produced in various types of secretory structures which is an important character of a plant family and also influenced and controlled by genetic and ecological factors. Detailed anatomical description of these structures ave relevant to the market value of the plants, the verification of authenticity of a given species and for the detection of substitution or adulteration. Volatile oils are used for their therapeutic action for flavoring of lemon, in perfumery of rose or as starting materials for the synthesis of other compounds of turpentine. For therapeutic purposes they are administered as inhalations of eucalyptus oil, peppermint oil, as gargles and mouthwashes of thymol and transdermally many essential oils including those of lavender, etc. With these current trend for using volatile components in essential oil will be increasing in the future in Korea and in the world as well.