• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.103-109
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• 2008

Purpose: This review illustrates an importance of oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generation in association with eye disease, especially of cataract, and discusses an important role of lipid peroxide as a mediator of oxidative stress-related ocular dysfunction. Methods: Oxidative stress, resulted from the cellular production of ROS and RNS, is known to cause various forms of cellular damages such as protein oxidation, DNA breaks, apoptosis, and lipid peroxidation. These damages can be developed to human diseases. Accumulating evidence strongly suggests that continuous or constant exposure of eye tissues to oxidative stress is a main cause of cataractogenesis. Therefore, we investigated the action of oxidative stress in ocular dysfunction. Results: The ocular lens is continuously attacked by ROS inevitable generated from the process of cellular metabolism and the chronic exposure to ultraviolet. Excessive generation of ROS, resulting in degradation, oxidation, crosslinking and aggregation of lens proteins, is regarded as an important factor in development of cataract. Conclusions: These oxidative stress and oxidant/antioxidant imbalance produces the excess ROS which can lead to eye dysfunction. Even though known results, it should be noted that there is limited information on the molecular mechanism which can be better defined with the interrelation of oxidative stress and optic abnormalities.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.232-235
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• 2018

Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked, recessively inherited, rare, progressive, disorder of glycosphingolipid metabolism affecting multiple organs resulting in organ dysfunction. It is rare to find only one FD affected subject with a de novo mutation. Here we report a case of a 41-year-old Asian male diagnosed with de novo FD. Comprehensive ophthalmological evaluation was performed using slit lamp, color fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine green angiography. On slit lamp examination, cornea verticillata and slightly tortuous, and aneurysmal dilatation of inferior bulbar conjunctival vessels were observed. Other imaging modalities showed unremarkable findings. Cornea verticillata and inferior bulbar conjunctival vascular abnormalities may be detected earlier than other ocular abnormalities in de novo FDs like hereditary FDs.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.84-89
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• 2022

Vestibular dysfunction has rarely been reported in MELAS syndrome. A 40-year-old male with long-term diabetes and hearing loss experienced a stroke-like episode with hemisensory disturbance and lactic acidosis. Brain MRI showed temporo-parieto-occipital cortical lesions, and a final diagnosis was made of MELAS syndrome with the mitochondrial 3243A>G mutation. Neuro-otologic evaluations revealed anterior-canal-sparing bilateral impairments of the vestibulo-ocular reflex in the video head impulse test and no caloric paresis. This unique pattern of vestibular dysfunction may aid in diagnosing MELAS syndrome.

• The Journal of the Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.85-89
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• 2014

■ Objectives The purpose of this clinical study is to evaluate the effect of Traditional Korean Medicine(TKM) on a patient with abnormal eye movement. ■ Methods A patient with abnormal eye movement of limbs diagnosed with midbrain infarction was treated with herbal medication, acupuncture, moxa, and herbal medical injection. Then we evaluated the improvement by measuring range of eye movement. ■ Results Increase of range of eye movement and improvement of symptom of diplopia were observed after the TKM treatment. ■ Conclusion This study proved the effect of TKM treatment on abnormal eye movement due to midbrain infarction.

• Journal of Audiology & Otology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.103-111
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• 2019

Background and Objectives: Dizzy patients with abnormal otolith function tests, despite a normal caloric response, are defined as having specific (isolated) otolith organ dysfunction. This study was performed to compare the differences in clinical presentation between isolated otolith dysfunction (iOD) patients with lab- and Sx-based iOD group and lab-based iOD symptoms. Subjects and Methods: The medical records of 23 iOD patients with normal caloric response but abnormal cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP), ocular VEMP, or subjective visual vertical were reviewed. Non-spinning vertigo was considered as otolith-related symptoms. The patients' age, onset of dizziness, Numeric Rating Scale on the severity of dizziness, and concomitant vestibular disorders were analyzed. Results: Patients in the lab-based iOD group were significantly older than those in the lab- and Sx-based iOD group. Known vestibular disorders were significantly more common in the lab-based iOD group (83.3%) compared to the lab- and Sx-based iOD group (18.2%). Despite the normal caloric response, catch-up saccade was found in the video head impulse test in more than half (54.5%) of the lab-based iOD group patients. There was no catch-up saccade in the lab- and Sx-based iOD group. There were no significant differences in gender ratio, frequency of dizziness attacks, and duration of illness. Conclusions: We propose new definitions of definite iOD (lab- and Sx-based iOD) and probable iOD (lab- or Sx-based iOD). These new definitions may help researchers to identify patients who are more likely to have true iOD, and facilitate comparisons of results between different studies.

• Korean Journal of Audiology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.103-111
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• 2019

Background and Objectives: Dizzy patients with abnormal otolith function tests, despite a normal caloric response, are defined as having specific (isolated) otolith organ dysfunction. This study was performed to compare the differences in clinical presentation between isolated otolith dysfunction (iOD) patients with lab- and Sx-based iOD group and lab-based iOD symptoms. Subjects and Methods: The medical records of 23 iOD patients with normal caloric response but abnormal cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP), ocular VEMP, or subjective visual vertical were reviewed. Non-spinning vertigo was considered as otolith-related symptoms. The patients' age, onset of dizziness, Numeric Rating Scale on the severity of dizziness, and concomitant vestibular disorders were analyzed. Results: Patients in the lab-based iOD group were significantly older than those in the lab- and Sx-based iOD group. Known vestibular disorders were significantly more common in the lab-based iOD group (83.3%) compared to the lab- and Sx-based iOD group (18.2%). Despite the normal caloric response, catch-up saccade was found in the video head impulse test in more than half (54.5%) of the lab-based iOD group patients. There was no catch-up saccade in the lab- and Sx-based iOD group. There were no significant differences in gender ratio, frequency of dizziness attacks, and duration of illness. Conclusions: We propose new definitions of definite iOD (lab- and Sx-based iOD) and probable iOD (lab- or Sx-based iOD). These new definitions may help researchers to identify patients who are more likely to have true iOD, and facilitate comparisons of results between different studies.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.12
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• pp.994-999
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• 2010

Purpose: Mitochondrial dysfunction can present with various symptoms depending on the organ it has affected. This research tried to analyze the ophthalmologic symptoms and ophthalmologic examination (OE) results in patients with mitochondrial disease (MD). Methods: Seventy-four patients diagnosed with mitochondrial respiratory chain complex defect with biochemical enzyme assay were included in the study. They were divided into 2 groups based on the OE results by funduscopy and were analyzed on the basis of their clinical features, biochemical test results, morphological analysis, and neuroimaging findings. Results: Thirty-seven (50%) of the 74 MD patients developed ophthalmologic symptoms. Abnormal findings were observed in 36 (48.6%) patients during an OE, and 16 (21.6%) of them had no ocular symptoms. Significantly higher rates of prematurity, clinical history of epilepsy or frequent apnea events, abnormal light microscopic findings in muscle pathology, diffuse cerebral atrophy in magnetic resonance imaging, and brainstem hyperintensity and lactate peaks in magnetic resonance spectroscopy were noted in the group with abnormal OE results. Conclusion: Although the ophthalmologic symptoms are not very remarkable in MD patients, an OE is required. When the risk factors mentioned above are observed, a more active approach should be taken in the OE because a higher frequency of ocular involvement can be expected.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.223-229
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• 2006

[ $PGE_1$ ]-ethyl ester intraurethral solutions were prepared in ethanol/propylene glycol mixture with penetration enhancer and viscosity-enhancing agent. The stability of $PGE_1$-ethyl ester in intraurethral solution was investigated at various temperature. Simultaneous determination of $PGE_1$-ethyl ester and $PGE_1$ was performed using a validated HPLC technique. In pentobarbital anesthetized cats, increase in intracavernous pressure(ICP), increase in penile length and duration of erectile response were determined after intraurethral application of $PGE_1$-ethyl ester solutions. $PGE_1$-ethyl ester solutions, when instilled into the eyes of rabbits, produces no noticeable irritation, or slight transient conjunctival irritation. From these results, ocular irritation of this solutions was judged as practically non-irritating. The stability study indicates that the therapeutically effective content in solution is well maintained for 46 weeks or longer when they are stored at $4^{\circ}C$. After intraurethral application of $PGE_1$-ethyl ester, ICP was increased and penile erection was induced. $PGE_1$-ethyl ester intraurethral solutions for erectile dysfunction could be developed and evaluated by employing feline erection model.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.146-148
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• 2014

Benign triton tumor (BTT) or neuromuscular hamartoma is an uncommon tumor composed of mature neural and well-differentiated striated muscular elements. Its development is exceptionally rare in the adult and head region. This report describes a case of adulthood BTT that occurred in the orbit. The patient was a 53-year-old woman who presented with right periorbital swelling and pain in eyeball over 2 months. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a well-enhancing mass surrounding optic nerve and ocular muscles in the right retrobulbar area. The tumor was subtotally removed via transcranial approach. Its pathological diagnosis was confirmed to be a neuromuscular hamartoma. She developed diplopia postoperatively. Adulthood BTT should be considered in the differential diagnosis of head and neck tumors. It is also important to make adequate therapeutic strategy to avoid postoperative neural dysfunction.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.189-192
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• 2021

Anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (anti-MOG) syndrome is an immune-mediated inflammatory condition of the central nervous system, which usually involves spinal cord and optic nerves. Herein, we studied the case of a 57-year-old female patient who presented with acute/subacute symptoms of sphincter dysfunction, paraparesis, and ocular pain. The patient was diagnosed with anti-MOG syndrome with findings resembling snake-eye appearance (SEA), characterized by nearly symmetrical round high signal intensity lesions located at anterior horns (gray matter) on T2-weighted image.