• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.154-157
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• 2005

Purpose : We evaluated the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of mycoplasma pneumonia. Methods : A total of 559 medical records of children with mycoplasma pneumonia admitted to The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, were retrospectively analyzed. Results : The mean annual number of cases was 51. There was a higher occurrence in autumn (September-November, 41.7%) and in winter(26.7%). Outbreaks of mycoplasma pneumonia were noted in 1993-94, 1997, 2001, and 2003. The age distribution showed a peak frequency of 5-6 years of age and 68.2 percent of patients were in 3-8 years of age. The male-to-female ratio was 1.2 : 1. In comparison between 1994 and 2003, there was a difference in age distribution with a peak frequency of 5-6 years of age in 1994, and of 3-4 years of age in 2003. There were outbreaks during autumn and winter in 1993-94, and during summer and autumn in 2003. Conclusion : Outbreaks of mycoplasma pneumonia occurred every 2-4 years in Daejeon in accordance with nationwide epidemics during 1993-2003. The peak incidence of age in the recent outbreak was younger than in the outbreak which occurred 10 years ago, and in outbreaks in Western countries.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.29 no.1B
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• pp.23-33
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• 2009

Climate change, abnormal weather, and unprecedented extreme weather events have appeared globally. Interest in their size, frequency, and changes in spatial distribution has been heightened. However, the events do not display regional or regular patterns or cycles. Therefore, it is difficult to carry out quantified evaluation of their frequency and tendency. For more objective evaluation of extreme weather events, this study proposed a rainfall extreme weather index (STARDEX, 2005). To compare the present and future spatio-temporal distribution of extreme weather events, each index was calculated from the past data collected from 66 observation points nationwide operated by Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). Tendencies up to now have been analyzed. Then, using SRES B2 scenario and 2045s (2031-2050) data from YONU CGCM simulation were used to compute differences among each of future extreme weather event indices and their tendencies were spatially expressed.The results shows increased rainfall tendency in the East-West inland direction during the summer. In autumn, rainfall tendency increased in some parts of Gangwon-do and the south coast. In the meanwhile, the analysis of the duration of prolonged dry period, which can be contrasted with the occurrence of rainfall or its concentration, showed that the dryness tendency was more pronounced in autumn rather than summer. Geographically, the tendency was more remarkable in Jeju-do and areas near coastal areas.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.1711-1717
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• 2011

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of glutathione (GSH) on health, solid feed consumption, nutrient intake, body weight gain (BWG), feed efficiency, blood metabolites and the occurrence of diarrhea in Holstein neonatal calves. The calves were fed plain milk as a control (CON) or milk with GSH supplementation. Sixteen calves were separated from their mothers immediately after birth, moved into individual cages and fed colostrum for the first three days. For GSH supplementation, three grams of GSH powder were mixed in 1.8 L of heat-treated milk and placed in a plastic bottle with a rubber nipple. The calves were fed GSH-supplemented milk only once out of four daily feedings. For the first 25 d, calves were fed 1.8 L of milk four times per day. Milk feeding frequency was reduced to three times per day from days 26 to 30, followed by twice a day from days 31 to 44, and once a day from days 45 to 49, after which they were weaned at day 50. Body weight gain (BWG), feed consumption, and growth performance were monitored until day 70. The dietary supplementation of GSH had no effect on daily feed intake and growth performance in growing calves. Hematological results revealed red blood cell distribution width (RDW) was lower, and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was significantly higher in calves fed GSH. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations were lower in calves fed GSH. Rectal temperature at day 70 was higher in calves that did not receive GSH, while mean frequency of diarrhea and enteritis was less in calves fed GSH. It is concluded from the present study that BW gain, total dry matter intake (DMI), feed efficiency, and breathing rate did not differ between groups. However, there were some positive blood parameters and the mean frequency of diarrhea and enteritis was less in calves fed GSH compared to CON which did not receive GSH. With the results obtained, supplementation of GSH is highly recommended.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.316-325
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• 2010

Harmonic analyses are carried out in order to obtain the major frequency components of the air temperature (AT) and surface water temperature (SWT) data monitored in the Middle Area of the Yellow Sea (Yellow Sea monitoring buoy). The analysis shows the annual and semi-annual components are predominant and the higher frequency components are relatively weak with contribution to the short fluctuations, i.e. below $0.2{\sim}0.5^{\circ}C$, in the AT and SWT. The standard deviation of the AT residual is 2.4 times larger than that of the SWT residual and the occurrence frequency distributions of the AT and SWT residual components are both closely fitted to a normal-distribution function. The variation pattern on the AT-SWT plane forms the clear continuous hysteresis loop in anti-clockwise direction which is composed of the AT-SWT rising period, AT-SWT falling period, and the constant SWT period in winter season.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.201-209
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• 2003

This study was carried out to select proper species fur early stage replantation in forest road cut-slope. From one to fifteen years elapsed forest roads in four regional areas of Gyeongsangnam-do and Jeollanam-do, sample plots were selected, and their vegetations and environmental factors were investigated. Invaded species and plant coverage have increased with elapsed years. The occurrence rate of herbs have decreased, while the occurrence of trees have increased with elapsed years. The ordination analysis showed that distribution of species was influenced by the elapsed year, the slope angle of the cut-slope, elevation, and the direction angle of the cut-slope. Dactylis glomerata, Poa pratensis, Amorpha fruticosa, Lespedeza sp., Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Duchesnea chrysantha, Miscanthus sinensis, Pueraria thunbergiana, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Rhus chinensis, and Weigela subsessilis were considered as proper species for replantation in forest road cut-slope, besides the species used already. Seventy seven family, 190 genus, 233 species, 38 variety, and 271 species in total were counted as invaded plant species in the survey zone. Naturalized plants were 18 species. Invaded species are, with high frequency first, Rubus crataegifolius, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Pueraria thunbergiana, Pinus densiflora, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Lysimachia clethroides, Lespedeza bicolor, Youngia denticulata, Miscanthus sinensis, and Erigeron annuus.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.464-473
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• 2001

Since DCT algorithm divides an image into blocks uniformly in both the spatial domain and the frequency domain, it has a weak point that it can not reflect HVS(Human Visual System) efficiently To avoid this problem, we propose a new algorithm, which combines only the merits of DCT and wavelet transform. The proposed algorithm uses the high compaction efficiency of DCT, and applies wavelet transform mode to DCT coefficients, so that the algorithm can utilize interband and intraband correlations of wavelet simultaneously After that, the proposed algorithm quantizes each coefficient based on the characteristic of each coefficient's band. In terms of coding method, the quantized coefficients of important DCT coefficients have symmetrical distribution, the bigger that value Is, the smaller occurrence probability is. Using the characteristic, we propose a new still image coding algorithm of symmetric and bidirectional tree structure with simple algorithm and fast decoding time. Comparing the proposed method with JPEG, the proposed method yields better image quality both objectively and subjectively at the same bit rate.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.297-303
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• 1996

The regional distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells in the GIT of the snakehead, Channa(Oph icephalus) argus were studied immunohistochemically. Five kinds of endocrine cells and one kind of nerve cell were identified in this study. A few numbers of secretin-immunoreactive cells were restricted to the cardia and fundus of the stomach. Moti-lin- and GRP-immunoreactive cells were rare in the epithelium of the distal and proximal intestines. PYY-immunoreactive cells were found in a few number in the pyloric caeca and were rare in the distal intestine. Substance P-immunoreactive cells were distributed relatively numerous from the fundus to the distal intetsine. Also, their nerve cells were detected in occurrence in the lamina propria in the distal intestine. No neurotensin-, met-Enk- and GIP-immunoreactive cells were found in the GIT of the snakehead.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.619-623
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• 2016

Ameloblastoma is the most common epithelial odontogenic tumor. It may show locally invasive behavior resulting in recurrence and malignancy. Therefore, appropriate diagnosis of this tumor is necessary. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinicopathological characteristics of ameloblastomas in an Iranian population. We present a 40-year retrospective study of patients diagnosed from 1971 to 2010 in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad, Iran. Information gathered from patient records included age, gender, tumor location and histologic type. The frequency of odontogenic tumors among all lesions was 2.08% and ameloblastoma with 88 samples demonstrated the greatest prevalence (41.5%). Regarding gender, 60% of samples occurred in males. The mean age of studied patients was $33.02{\pm} 15.74years$ with a peak of occurrence in the third decade of life. The most frequent location of tumor was the mandibles (93.2%). Eighty five (96.6%) tumors were recorded as benign and 3 (3.4%) as malignant. Of benign tumors, 62 (72.9%), 20 (23.5%) and 3 (3.6%) cases were of conventional, unicyctic and peripheral types, respectively. In contrast to most previous studies, the most common histologic subtype in the present study was plexiform. Knowledge of the incidence of ameloblastoma and its clinicopathologic features including most common location, gender and age distribution in different ethnogeographic backgrounds is necessary for accurate diagnosis and proper treatment.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.18
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• pp.8377-8382
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• 2016

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate any association between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3) (rs738409, C>G) and the development and prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and Methods: Two hundred heathy controls and 388 HCC cases were included: 211 with HBV, 98 patients with HCV, 29 with alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and 52 with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The SNP was determined by real-time PCR based on TaqMan assays. Results: The prevalence of rs738409 genotypes CC, CG and GG in controls was 91 (45.5%), 88 (44.0%), and 21 (10.5%), respectively, while the corresponding genotypes in all patients with HCC was 158 (40.7%), 178 (45.9%), and 52 (13.4%). The GG genotype had significantly higher distribution in patients with ASH/NASH-related HCC compared with controls (OR=2.34, 95% CI=1.16-4.71, P=0.018), and viral-related HCC cases (OR=2.15, 95% CI=1.13-4.08, P=0.020). However, the frequency of the GG genotype was similar between controls and patients with viral-related HCC. At initial diagnosis, HBV-related HCC were larger and at more advanced BCLC stage than the other HCC groups. There were no significant differences between the GG and non-GG groups regarding clinical characteristics, tumor stage and overall survival. Conclusions: These data suggest an influence of the PNPLA3 polymorphism on the occurrence of HCC in patients with ASH/NASH but not among those with chronic viral hepatitis. However, the polymorphism was not associated with the prognosis of HCC.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.76-91
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• 2005

Stroke patients often develop post stroke sequelae when they survive. Post stroke fatigue and emotional disturbances including depression are common along with motor dysfunction. However, medical personnel have paid relatively little attention to emotional changes and the presence of fatigue following strokes. Post-stroke fatigue was common, occurring in 57% of the patients in our series. The post-stroke fatigue appears to be related to the pre-stroke fatigue, physical disability and post stroke depression (PSD) although the relation to the lesion location remains elusive. The prevalence of post-stroke emotional disturbance has been reported to range from 12% to 64%. The wide variation in the frequency of post stroke depression may be related to methodological heterogeneity in items such as the criteria for depression, the timing of assessment, and the study population. Emotional incontinence, which is characterized by inappropriate or excessive laughing or crying is also common. The incidence of and factor related to this post-stroke emotional incontinence (PSEI) also remains unclear. We reported that out-patients with single, unilateral stroke, 18% had PSD and 34% had PSEI. Although both PSD and PSEI were related to motor dysfunction and location (anterior vs. posterior cortex) of the lesion, the latter was a stronger determinant for PSD. PSEI was more closely associated with subcortical strokes than was PSD. Another manifestation of post stroke patients is the occurrence of post stroke anger proneness (PSAP). They may become easily irritated, impulsive, less generous, and prone to be angry or aggressive at others. We also have reported the PSAP which seems to be closely associated with the presence of PSEI. The lesion distribution appears to be also similar. Both PSEI and PSAP respond well to serotonin reuptake inhibitors suggesting that these symptomsmay be possibly related to the alteration of serotonin after brain injury. Likewise, PSAP also produces a great deal of frustration and embarrassment among patients and caregivers. In summary, emotional disturbances such as depression, emotional incontinence, anger-proneness and fatigue are fairly common but under-recognized sequelae of stroke. These emotional disturbances decrease the quality of life of the patients and caregivers, and may adversely affect the overall prognosis. Therefore, these problems must be appropriately recognized and alleviated. Finding strategies to relieve the symptoms is imperative by understanding the causative factors in individual patient.