• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 2010

1. Objectives: Leptin is ob-gene originated hormone that is concerned with energy metabolism, obesity and asthma which features are supposed to related with Sasangin's 4 viscera physiological theory of Sasang constitutional medicine(SCM). This study aims to investigate whether serum leptin concentration is associated with Sasangin. 2. Methods: Two Way ANOVA analysis was used on the constitution and serum leptin concentration corresponding with BMI among 1054 cases drawn from the Constitutional Information Bank, which was a database with clinically confirmed constitution cases collected from 21 oriental medical institutes in Korea starting from November 2007 to May 2009. The measurement of serum leptin concentration is implemented through radioimmunoassay by request to SCL. 3. Results: Male subjects showed notable difference(p=0.033) in the comparison between constitution and serum leptin concentration corresponding to BMI levels. Tae-eumins showed the highest serum leptin concentration levels in the normal and overweight groups, followed by Soyangin and Soeumin. As the groups changed from overweight to obese, there was an interaction phenomenon in the order of serum leptin concentration levels(p=0.040). As a result, Soeumins showed the highest serum leptin concentration levels and Tae-eumins and Soyangins followed in place. Female subjects did not show statistically notable differences in comparison between constitution and serum leptin concentration corresponding to BMI levels(p=0.239). Serum leptin concentration levels among overweight and obese groups, resulted in the order of Soeumins, Tae-eumins, and Soyangins. But in the as groups changed from overweight to normal the order resulted in Tae-eumin, Soyangin, and Soeumin(p=0.660). 4. Conclusion: Due to a number of limitations in this study, the examination of the relation between constitution and leptin, a main hormone responsible for the digestion, appetite, and energy metabolism, resulted to be uncertain. But statistically notable differences were confirmed in male Tae-eumins with the consideration of BMI. Further examination of the relation between constitution and leptin is necessary through prospective studies with the restriction of confusion variables in the future.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.240-260
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• 2006

Purpose : The objective of this study is to serve guidelines for the investigation and management of uterine myomas with KM therapies. Methods : English-language articles from PubMed and Korean-language articles from the database of the journal of oriental gynecology were reviewed from 2000 to 2005, using the key words 'uterine myoma', 'uterine leiomyoma', 'fibroid', 'uterine artery embolization', 'endometrial ablation', 'myomectomy', and jagungguenjong(子宮筋腫)'. Results and Limits : The areas of clinical practices considered in formulating this guideline are assessment, KM therapies, medical treatments, myolysis, selective artery occlusion, endometrial ablation and surgical therapies including myomectomy and hysterectomy. Implementation of this guideline would optimize the decision-making process of women with uterine myomas and further investigation or therapy of their KM doctors. But we don't have abundant evidences of clinical trials of uterine myoma treated with KM therapy, though we treat or manage that with every-day clinical practices. Moreover cultural gaps between Korea and other western countries make many differences in the attitude to surgical therapies, especially hysterectomy. So it is very difficult to compare W therapies with other therapies. Moreover it is much difficult to estimate cost-effectiveness and benefit of those therapies in QOL. Conclusions : The majority of uterine myoma is asymptomatic and will not require any intervention or further investigation. But unmarried women who wish to marry and get pregnant want to find safe therapy for their asymptomatic uterine myomas. In that case, most of the patients prefer non-surgical therapy to surgical therapy. So KM herbal medicinal therapy is a good alternative method for those patients. For the symptomatic myomas, hysterectomy offers a definitive solution. However, it is not the best solution for women who wish to preserve their uterus. So KM therapy is a good alternative for them. But the predicted benefits of alternative therapies including KM therapy must be carefully weighed against the Possible risks of these therapies. To improve the quality of life of both women with asymptomatic and symptomatic myomas, selecting and treating patients should be done carefully. Moreover, the effect of KM therapy has to evaluated, comparing the possible situation without treatment and the benefit of constant treatment as a health-care system.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.238-244
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• 2001

A method of estimating the fluid drag of a fishing gear and otter board spread in a midwater trawl on full scale was described by implementing a three-dimensional semi-analytic treatment of the towing cable (warp) of a trawl system with the field experiments obtained with the SCANMAR system. The shape of hand rope, bridle and float(or ground) rope attached behind otter boards in a horizontal plane was assumed to be of form $y_r=Ax_r^B$. The distance between otter boards (otter board spread) obtained by the three dimensional analysis of a towing cable must be equal to that obtained by the functional equation of the shape of ropes behind otter boards, The angle of attack of ropes which can be obtained from the functional equation enables one to estimate the fluid drag of trawl net (net drag) by subtracting the fluid drag of the hand rope and bridles from the drag component of the tension of hand rope attached just behind the otter boards.

• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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• v.5
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• pp.109-141
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• 2002

Die neuere Entwicklung in der Valenzlexikographie $f\"{u}hrt$ hin zum didaktisch orientierten $W\"{o}rterbuch$, in dem die $Valenzeintr\"{a}ge$ neben anderen syntaktischen und semantischen Informationen stehen. Das $Valenzlexikon/-w\"{o}rterbuch$ wendet sich vorrangig an Lehrbuchautoren und Lehrer, die im Bereich Deutsch als Fremdsprache unterrichten, sowie $sekund\"{a}r$ an fortgeschrittene Deutschlemer. Das $Valenzw\"{o}rterbuch\;enth\"{a}lt$, neben den Informationen zur Valenz, genaue morphosyntaktische und semantische Erkl\"{a}rungen$ zu den Verben und ihrer spezifischen Umgebung, ferner Hinweise zur Morphologie, Wortbildung, Passiv- $f\"{a}higkeit$, Stil und Phraseologie. Die Strukturbeschreibungen sind durch zahlreiche Verwendungsbeispiele illustriert. In Helbig/Schenkel(1969, $^{8}1991$) sind die Verben nicht alphabetisch, sondern nach formaler und inhaltlicher $Zusammengeh\"{o}rigkeit$, nach Wortfamilien, Bedeutungsfeldern und Wortbildungsmitteln angeordnet, dagegen sind in Engel/Schumacher(1976, $^{2}1978$) und Bianco{I996) die Verben alphabetisch angeordnet In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden lexikographische Probleme der Verbvalenz- lexika von Helbig/SchenkeJ(1969, $^{8}1991$), Engel/Schumacher(I976, $^{2}1978$) und Bianco(1996) aus der Sicht auslandischer $W\"{o}rterbuchbenutzer$ diskutiert. Hinsichtlich der Lexikoneintragungen (syntaktischer sowie semantischer Informationen) $f\"{u}r$ Verben kann man erkennen, dass zwischen einzelnen Valenzlexika viele Beschreibungsunterschiede $f\"{u}r$ ein bestimmtes Verb bestehen. Man kann feststellen, dass die Informationen zur Valenz, genaue morpho- syntaktische und semantische $Erkl\"{a}rungen$ zu den Verben und ihrer spezifischen Umgebung differieren. Problematisch $f\"{u}r$ nichtmuttersprachliche $W\"{o}rterbuch$benutzer sind die Unterschiede sowohl in Bezug auf Anzahl und Art der $Erg\"{a}nzungen$ als auch in Bezug auf Angabe der $Obligatheit/Fakultativit\"{a}t$ der Korrelate(d.h. der 'Praposi- tionaladverbien' oder der 'Pronominaladverbien'). Auch die $Beispiels\"{a}tze\;mit\;satzformigen\;Erg\"{a}nzungen$(dass-Satz, zu-Inf, ob-Satz, w-Satz) sollten systema- tisch angegeben werden. Das Valenzlexikon soil ein Nachschlagewerk und ein $Lernw\"{o}rterbuch$ zur weiteren Erforschung der syntaktish-semantischen Eigenschaften der deutschen Verben sein. Es ist zu hoffen, dass Valenzlexika als ein wichtiges Hilfsmittel $f\"{u}r$ das Fach Deutsch als Fremdsprache, das sich auf Theone und Praxis des Deutschunterrichts auswirken wird, noch an Bedeutung gewinnen $k\"{o}nnen$.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 1999

The beneficial effect of glucose and phosphate ions in culture medium on the development of human embryos in vitro has not been fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of fertilization and culture of embryos in glucose/phosphate-free m-TALP medium on pregnancy rates in IVF-ET program. The patients in 244 IVF-ET cycles received GnRH agonist + HMG regimens. A does of 10,000 IU HCG was administered when two or more dominent follicles reached 18mm in diameter. Thirty-six hours after HCG, oocytes were recovered transvaginally using ultrasound guidance. Aspirated oocytes were matured for 4 to 6 h in TCM-199 supplemented with 10% follicular fluid (FF). Insemination was carried out with 50,000 motile spermatozoa in TCM-199 + 10% FF or m-TALP + 5% FF + 5% fetal cord serum (FCS) according to experimental design. After 6 h, oocytes were washed 3 to 4 times and cultured in each fresh medium. After 20 h, oocytes were freed from cumulus/corona cells and examined for the presence of pronuclei. Fertilized oocytes were transferred into each co-culture drops and cultured for further incubation. On day 3, embryo transfer was performed with grade 1 and 2 embryos. Monolayers for co-culture of embryos were prepared by plating $1{\times}10^5$ cumulus cells/ml in 10ul drop of TCM-199 + 10% FF or m-TALP + 5% FF + 5% FCS media 24 h prior to the onset of co-culture. Development to 4 to 16 cell stage was observed at 70x magnification following two days of incubation. Pregnancy was confirmed by detecting increasing serum ${\beta}$-hCG concentrations for 11 days following embryo transfer. Data were analyzed by ${\chi}^2$-test. Oocytes from 244 IVF-ET cycles were randomized. The number of cycles and mean age of patients were 97 and 147, 31.3 yrs and 31.2 yrs for TCM-199 (control) and m-TALP groups, respectively. The mean number of retrieved oocytes/cycle, fertilization rates, number of embryos transferred/ET and pregnancy rates were 11.1 and 10.3, 65.1% and 67.3%, 4.1 and 4.7, 28.9% and 43.8% for TCM-199 and m-TALP groups, respectively. Differences in the pregnancy rates were found between control and m-TALP groups (p<0.05). The pregnancy rate of patients divided according to maternal age groups of ${\leq}30$, 31-35, $36{\leq}$ were 44.4% and 49.0%, 26.1% and 41.3%, 29.2% and 41.2% for control and m-TALP groups, respectively. These data indicate that culture of human embryos in glucose/phosphate-free m-TALP medium improves pregnancy rates.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 1998

This study was performed to determine the effects of nitric oxide on human sperm cell function. Semen samples were obtained from normal healthy volunteers. Motile spermatozoas collected by swim-up method were incubated up to 24 hours in Ham's F-10 medium supplemented with a various concentration of sodium nitroprusside (nitric oxide releasing agent). Sperm motility, hyperactivation, acrosome reaction rate, and acrosin activity were determined. The results are as follows; 1. 1mM of SNP resulted in a significant decrease in sperm motility ($44.8%{\pm}8.9%:78.1%{\pm}6.3%$, and hyperactivation $(10.4%{\pm}6.4%:47.7%:{\pm}9.5%)$ after incubation for 3 hours compared with the control group (Ham's F-10 alone), but had no effect on acrosome reaction. 2. At $100{\mu}M$ SNP, sperm motility was reduced after incubation for 6 hours $(54.8%{\pm}3.2%)$ compared with that of the control group $(82.7%{\pm}8.9%)$, but hyperactivation and acrosome reaction were not affected. 3. However, a lower concentration (less than $10{\mu}M$) of SNP had no effect on sperm motility and hyperactivation for 8 hours of incubation but significantly decreased them when incubation periods were increased up to 24 hours compared with the control group. On the other hand, $1{\mu}M$ and $10{\mu}M$ SNP significantly increased the acrosome reaction rate in both acrosomal status ($17.3%{\pm}5.2%$, $23.5%{\pm}4.7%$, respectively) and acrosin activity ($34.3{\mu}IU{\pm}10.5{\mu}IU,\;45.6{\mu}IU{\pm}5.6{\mu}IU$, respectively) as compared with the control group $(7.0%{\pm}4.0%,\;9.5{\mu}IU{\pm}3.4{\mu}IU)$. These results indicate that SNP, NO releasing agent, has a dose-dependent effects on the sperm cell function. Therefore it may positively affect the fertilization by promoting acrosomal reaction at a lower concentration (less than $10{\mu}M$).

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.267-273
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• 2000

Objectives: We have previous reported that thawed testicular sperm and sperm extracted from seminiferous tubule could achieved optimal fertilization and pregnancy in azoospermic patients. However, thawed testicular sperm did not show motility in many cases. Therefore we studied viability of immotile sperm extracted from frozen-thawed seminiferous tubule using hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) test and eosin-Y test. Materials and Methods: After sperm extraction using for ICSI, the remained sections of seminiferous tubules were frozen with a computerized freezer. For thawing and preparation of testicular sperm, the seminiferous tubules were thawed by removing from $LN_2$ and letting them at room temperature for 10 min followed by %37^{\circ}C$ water bath for 10 min. The prepared samples were washed for free of preservation medium and sperm preparation method described previous. Sperm was suspended in 0.1 ml hypoosmotic solution. After 30 minutes, the type of distally coiled sperm were assessed. Results: In 44 cases of cryopreservation of seminiferous tubules in obstructive azoospennic patients, the fertilization rates with 2PN were 71.4% and pregnancy rates were 34.1%. The presence of motile spermatozoa on subsequent post-thaw testicular sperm remarked 15.1% and were increased to 77.3% just before ICSI. After sperm extracted from frozen-thawed seminiferous tubule, 3 hrs later in in vitro culture, the cases of presence of motile sperm, reaction of hypo-osmotic swelling test and viable sperm were 63.6% (28/44), 93.2% (41/44), and 77.3% (34/44), respectively. Conclusions: Just after post-thawed testicular sperm did not showed motility. Although motility was gained after in vitro culture, many cases showed non-motile sperm until optimal insemination time. However, HOS test showed positive reaction in non-motile sperm. Therefore, HOS test is an alternative method for the selection of viable sperm for ICSI.

• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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• v.3
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• pp.35-55
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• 2001

In der Semiotik ist es sehr wichtig, den Rahmenbereich des Zeichens festzustellen, weil der Bereich des Zeichens je nach Wissenschaftler unterschiedlich ist. Dementsprechend muss jedes Forschungsergebnis in der Semiotik hinterfragt werden, um sichergehen zu $k\"{o}nnen$, ob es zur Semiotik $geh\"{o}rt$ oder nicht. Daher besteht $zun\"{a}chst$ die Notwendigkeit, zu bestimmen, was ein Zeichen ist. In diesem Zusammenhang versuchten wir in diesem Aufsatz, damit wir den Begriff 'Zeichen' besser erfassen $k\"{o}nnen$. das Zeichen von C. S. Peirce mit dem van W. v. Humboldt zu vergleichen. Zu Beginn dieses Aufsatzes stellten wir dar, was ein Zeichen ist. Dieser Vorgang ist notwendig, damit mit Hilfe des allgemeinen Begriffes des Zeichens ein Vergleich zwischen Peirce und Humboldt angestellt werden kann. Danach stellten wir die Zeichentheorie von Peirce vor. Nach Peirce ist die Sprache eine Untergattung von drei Zeichensorten, die Ikon, Index und Symbol genannt werden. Nach ihm gehbrt das Symbol zur Sprache. $F\"{u}r$ ihn ist der Interpretant im Zeichenbegriff am wichtigsten, weil ein Zeichen immer eines Interpretantes bedarf, der das Zeichen interpretiert. Aber der Interpretant ist kein Individuum, sondern ein interpretierendes $Bewu{\ss}tsein$, also eine traditionelle Gesellschaft, die ein Muster zum Interpretieren bietet. $Anschlie{\ss}end\;besch\"{a}ftigten$ wir uns mit der Theorie von Humboldt. Er benutzt verschiedene Zeichenbegriffe wie z.B. Schriftzeichen, Lautzeichen, Sprachzeichen, grammatische Zeichen, $h\"{o}rbare$ Zeichen, zeitliche Zeichen und $r\"{a}umliche$ Zeichen. Bei ihm ist die Unterscheidung zwischen Wort und Zeichen besonders wichtig, weil das Wort nicht zum Zeichen $geh\"{o}rt$, wie wir es normalerweise annehmen. Er behauptet, dass das Wort beim Produzieren motiviert ist. Daher ist nach ihm das Wort transsemiotisch. $Dar\"{u}ber$ hinaus muss das Zeichen und das Wort im Zusammenhang zwischen Sprache und Denken betrachtet werden. Wenn man das Wort als Zeichen betrachtet, ist das Wort ein Zwischending zwischen dem Sprechenden und dem Ding. Damit $k\"{o}nnen$ wir schlussfolgern; 1) Bei Humboldt ist das Zeichen em Mittel zum Denken, das sich vom transsemiotischen Wort unterscheidet. 2) Nach Peirce besteht ein Zeichen aus Ikon, Index und Symbol. Im Zeichen, das aus Reprasentamen, Interpretant und Objekt besteht, ist der Interpretant am wichtigsten, denn ein Zeichen, dass keinen Interpretant hat, ist kein Zeichen mehr, das interpretierbar ist.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.397-405
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• 2009

This study compared the effect of an activator, intermediate bonding resin and low-viscosity flowable resin on the microtensile bond strength of a self-curing composite resin used with two-step total etching adhesives. Twenty extracted permanent molars were used. The teeth were assigned randomly to nine groups (n=10) according to the adhesive system and application of additional methods (activator, intermediate adhesive, flowable resin). The bonding agents and additional applications of each group were applied to the dentin surfaces. Self-curing composite resin buildups were made for each tooth to form a core, 5mm in height. The restored teeth were then stored in distilled water at room temperature for 24h before sectioning. The microtensile bond strength of all specimens was examined. The data was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and a Scheffe's test. The application of an intermediate bonding resin (Optibond FL adhesive) and low-viscosity flowable resin (Tetric N-flow) produced higher bond strength than that with the activator in all groups. Regardless of the method selected, Optibond solo plus produced the lowest ${\mu}TBS$ to dentin. The failure modes of the tested dentin bonding agents were mostly adhesive failure but there were some cases showed cohesive failure in the resin.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.10C no.4
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• pp.447-454
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• 2003

Optical burst switching (OBS) has been proposed to reduce the use of fiber delay lines (FDLs) and to realize the optical switching paradigm of the next-generation ail optical networks. The OBS can provide improvements over wavelength routing in terms of bandwidth efficiency and core network scalability via statistical multiplexing of bursts. Recently, another challenging issue is how to upport quality of service (QoS) in the optical burst switching networks. In this paper, we propose a deflection routing scheme to guarantee the QoS for the OBS networks to detour lower priority burst forward to the deflection routing path when congested. A big advantage of the proposed scheme is the simplicity of QoS provision, that comes from the simple QoS provisioning algorithm. Also, the QoS provisioning scheme be able to make efficient networks by fairly traffic distributing with the reduce of the use of FDLs at core routers. The QoS provisioning scheme has been verified to reliably guarantee the QoS of priority 0, 1, 2 burst and to efficiently utilize network resources by computer simulations using OPNET As results, the end-to-end delay of high priority burst is improved, and the network efficiency is also improved.