• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.96-105
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• 2016

This study investigated thermal properties and activation energy ($E_a$) of torrefied oak wood powders treated with various torrefaction times (0, 5, 7.5, 10 min) by using non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis at heating rates of 10, 20, $40^{\circ}C/min$ to check the feasibility of rapidly torrefied oak wood powders as a fuel. As the torrefaction time increases, onset of thermal decomposition temperature, lignin content, and the amount of final residue of torrefied oak wood powders were accordingly increased with reduced hemicellulose content. $E_a$ was determined by using Friedman and Kissinger models and respective R-square values were over 0.9 meaning very good availability of calculated $E_a$ values. The $E_a$ values of the samples were decreased with the increase of torrefaction time and the lowest $E_a$ value ob served in the torrefied oak wood powders treated for 7.5 min showed high feasibility of rapidly torrefied oak wood powder as a biomass-solid refuse fuel.

• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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• v.2
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• pp.229-254
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• 2000

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde versucht, eine $ad\"{a}quate\;Basis\;f\"{u}r$ die Untersuchung der indirekten Sprachhandlung dadurch zu schaffen, die das $Indirektheitsph\"{a}nomen$ konstituierenden sozial-kommunikativen Faktoren ans Licht zu bringen. Dazu $mu{\ss}ten\;zun\"{a}chst$ einige Unstimmigkeiten der Searleschen Theorie der indirekten Sprechakte, die lange Zeit in der linguistischen Pragmatik dominierte, auf ihre $Erkl\"{a}rungskraft$ sowie ihre Haltbarkeit hin $\"{u}berpr\"{u}ft$ werden. In dieser Theorie wird davon ausgegangen, mit einer indirekten $\"{A}u{\ss}erung\;w\"{u}rden zwei\;illokution\"{a}re$ Akte gleichzeitig realisiert. Diese Annahme beruht ihrerseits auf der Auffassung, dem Satz wohne eine $illokution\"{a}re$ Rolle inne, wie z.B. dem Interrogativsatz die Rolle der FRAGE. So ist die bei Tisch oft verwendete $\"{A}u{\ss}$erung 'Kannst du mir das Salz reichen?' einerseits aufgrund des Fragesatztyps FRAGE und andererseits aufgrund der ihr konventionell zuzuordnenden Funktion eine BITTE. Die Frage ist, ob dem sog. $sekund\"{a}r\;illokution\"{a}ren$ Akt, also in diesem Fall der FRAGE, der Handlungscharakter verliehen werden kann. Denn die Handlungsintention des Sprechers liegt eindeutig darin, vom $H\"{o}rer$ das Salz $\"{u}berreicht$ zu bekommen, und nicht darin, sich vom $H\"{o}rer$ etwa uber seine $F\"{a}higkeit$ zum Salzreichen zu informieren. Die schwerwiegendsten $M\"{a}ngel$ der Searleschen Analyse der Indirektheit liegen z.T. darin, bei der Bestimmung des kommunikativen Zwecks einer $\"{A}u{\ss}erung$ von den sprachlichen Eigenschaften des Satzes ausgegangen zu sein und nicht von dem $Proze{\ss}$ der gemeinsamen Sinnkonstituierung durch die Kommunikationsteilnehmer, wie etwa durch die gegenseitige Annahme und die reflexive Intention. In diesem Zusammenhang erweisen sich die-von Grice so genannten­partikularisierten konversationellen Implikaturen als das Musterbeispiel $f\"{u}r$ die Entstehung und Interpretation der indirekten $\"{A}u{\ss}erung$. Hier wird man vor allem - wenigstens auf der abstraktiven Ebene der Gegenstandsanalyse - der kommunikativen $Realit\"{a}t$ gerecht. Die kommunikative Indirektheit in der Alltagskommunikation, so $hei{\ss}t$ der allgemeinere Begriff als etwa die Indirektheit auf der $illokution\"{a}ren$ Ebene, zeichnet sich dadurch aus, $da{\ss}$ sie eine in besonderem $Ma{\ss}e$ partnerorientierte, kooperative und auf die $Intersubjektivit\"{a}t$ unter den Kommunikationsteilnehmem abzielende Handlungsweise darstellt.

• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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• v.9
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• pp.195-215
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• 2004

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die $M\"{o}glichkeit$ der Unterklassifikation des Sprechakttyps untersucht. Zur Klassifikation von Sprechakten hat Searle (1969) $zw\"{o}lf$ Kriterien vorgeschlagen, und mit den folgenden drei Kriterien hat er funf Sprechaktklassen herausgearbeitet: $illokution\"{a}rer$ Zweck, Entsprechungsrichtung und psychologischer Zustand. Bei der Unterklassifikation dieser $f\"{u}nf$ Sprechaktklassen $k\"{o}nnen$ aber die von Searle vorgeschlagenen Klassifikationskriterien kaum gebraucht werden, so dass zur Unterklassifikation jeder Sprechaktklasse neue Kriterien $eingef\"{u}hrt$ werden mussten. Dabei stellt sich die Frage, was als Unterklassifikationskriterien dienen und wie ausdifferenziert eine Spreckaktklasse bzw. ein Sprechakttyp unterklassifiziert werden kann. Im 1. Kapitel werden neben den Klassifikationskriterien von Searle die Kriterien, die in den bisherigen Unterklassifikationen der Sprechaktklassen verwendet wurden, kritisch betrachtet. Im 2. Kapitel wird auf die Frage der Ausdifferenzierungsgrenze $n\"{a}her$ eingegangen, wobei diskutiert wird, ob die Unterklassifikation der Fragehandlung von Hindelang (1981) und die des Insistierens von Franke (1990) genugend ausdifferenziert sind oder es noch $M\"{o}glichkeiten$ besteht, sie noch weiter auszudifferenzieren. Die Frage nach der Ausdifferenzierungsgrenze ist mit der Frage gleichzusetzen, inwieweit eine Sprechhandlung ohne Verlust ihres Handlungscharakters in Untertypen zerlegt werden kann. Um diese Frage zu beantworten, wird der Begriff 'Basishandlung' $eingef\"{u}hrt$, den von Wright (1974) im Rahmen seiner Theorie der Kausalitat entwickelt hat. In Analogie zu diesem Begriff wird der Begriff 'Basis-Sprechhandlung' vorgeschlagen und wie folgt definiert: 1. Obere Grenze: Eine Basis-Sprechhandlung ist die Sprechhandlung, die nicht durch den Vollzug der anderen Sprechhandlungen ausgefuhrt werden kann. 2. Untere Grenze: Durch eine $\"{A}u{\ss}erung$ bzw. einen Teil der $\"{A}{\ss}erung$ kann nur dann eine Basis-Sprechhandlung vollzogen werden, wenn sieler eine $\"{A}nderung$ des Wissens oder der Handlung des $H\"{o}rers$ $herbeif\"{u}hrt$. Diese These wird anhand der Beispiele $\"{u}berpr\"{u}ft$, deren kommunikative $Selbst\"{a}ndigkeit$ schon durch andere Studien $best\"{a}tigt$ wurde. Als weiteres Kriterium zur Entscheidung $\"{u}ber$ die $M\"{o}glichkeit$ der Unterklassifikation wird im 4. Kapitel der Begriff 'kommunikativer Zweck' $eingef\"{u}hrt$ und $dar\"{u}ber$ diskutiert, wie der kommunikative Zweck der Untertypen einer Sprechaktklasse bzw. eines Sprechakttyps definiert und beschrieben werden kann. Dabei wird festgestellt, dass er durch die Spezifizierung des kommunikativen Zwecks der Sprechaktklasse bzw. des Sprechakttyps, zu der/zu dem die Untertypen $geh\"{o}ren$, definiert und beschrieben werden kann, wobei die semantischen, die kontextuellen und die sitiativen Aspekte $mitbe\"{u}cksichtigt$ werden sollen.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2004

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess toxicities of cryoprotectants. Methods: Toxicities of two cryoprotectants, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 1, 2-propanediol (PROH), were investigated using a murine embryo model. Female F-1 mice were stimulated with gonadotropin, induced ovulation with hCG and mated. Two cell embryos were collected and cultured after exposure to either DMSO or PROH. Embryo development was evaluated up to the blastocyst stage. Blastocysts were stained with bis-benzimide to evaluate the cell count and with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick labeling (TUNEL) to assess apoptosis. Results: The total cell count of blastocysts that were treated with DMSO at the 2-cell stage was significantly lower than that were treated with PROH ($75.9{\pm}27.0$) or the control ($99.0{\pm}18.3$) (p<0.001). On comparison of two cryoprotectant treated groups, the DMSO treated group showed a decreased cell count compared with the PROH treated group (p<0.05). Both DMSO ($14.2{\pm}1.5$) and PROH ($11.2{\pm}1.4$) treated groups showed higher apoptosis rates of cells in the blastocyst compared with the control ($6.2{\pm}0.9$, p<0.0001). In addition, the DMSO treated group showed more apoptotic cells than the PROH treated group (p<0.001). Conclusions: The potential toxicity of cryoprotectants was uncovered by prolonged exposure of murine embryos to either DMSO or PROH at room temperature. When comparing two cryoprotective agents, PROH appeared to be less toxic than DMSO at least in a murine embryo model.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.217-223
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• 2004

Objective: To evaluate the effects of recombinant FSH (rFSH) and urinary FSH (uFSH) on the gene expressions of human endometrial stromal cells in vitro. Methods: Endometrial tissue was obtained from a pre-menopausal women undergoing hysterectomy. Primary endometrial stromal cells were isolated and in vitro cultured with FBS-free DMEM/F-12 containing 0, 10, 100, and 1, 000 mIU/ml of rFSH and uFSH for 48 hours, respectively. Total RNA was extracted from the cultured cells and subjected to real time RT-PCR for the quantitative analysis of progesterone receptor (PR), estrogen receptor $\alpha/\beta$ (ER-$\alpha/\beta$), cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), homeobox A10-1 and -2 (HoxA10-1/-2). Results: Both hormone treatments slightly increased (< 3 folds) the expressions of PR, ER-$\beta$ and HoxA10-1/-2 gene. However, ER-$\alpha$ expression was increased up to five folds by treatments of both FSH for 48 hours. The LIF expression by the 10 mIU/ml of uFSH for 12 hours was significantly higher than that of rFSH (p<0.01). After 24 hours treatment of two kinds of hormones, the expression patterns of LIF were similar. The 100 and 1, 000 mIU/ml of rFSH induced significantly higher amount of Cox-2 expression than those of uFSH, respectively (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study represents no adversely effect of exogeneous gonadotropins, rFSH and uFSH, on the expression of implantation related genes. We suggest that rFSH is applicable for the assisted reproductive technology without any concern on the endometrial receptivity.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.209-215
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• 2004

Objective: Embryonic stem (ES) cells could be differentiated into the specific cell types by alternation of culture condition and modification of gene expression. This study was performed to evaluate the differentiation protocol for mouse and human ES cells to insulin secreting cells. Methods: Undifferentiated mouse (JH-I) and human (Miz-hESI) ES cells were cultured on STO feeder layer, and embryoid bodies (EBs) were formed by suspension culture. For the differentiation, EBs were cultured by sequential system with three stage protocol. The differentiating ES cells were collected and marker gene expressions were analyzed by seIni-quantitative RT-PCR in each stage. Amount of secreted insulin levels in culture media of human ES cells were measured by human insulin specific RIA kit. Results: During the differentiation process of human ES cells, GATA-4, a-fetoprotein, glucose transporter-2 and Ngn-3 expression were increased whereas OctA was decreased progressively. Insulin and albuInin mRNAs were expressed from stage IT in mouse ES cells and from stage III in human ES cells. We detected 3.0~7.9 IlU/rnl secretion of insulin from differentiated human ES cells by in vitro culture for 36 days. Conclusion: The sequential culture system could induce the differentiation of mouse and human ES cells into insulin secreting cells. This is the fIrst report of differentiation of human ES cells into insulin secreting cells by in vitro culture with serum and insulin free medium.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.225-232
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• 1997

The performance characteristics of high rate discharge LiSOCl2 cells are highly affected by carbon cathode. During the cell discharge, SOCl2 reduction takes place at the porous carbon cathode, resulting in the precipitation of reaction products, mainly LiCl, within the pores of the substrate. This leads to eventual passivation of the cathode surface and resulting cell failure. To improve the cathode performance, we ex-amined discharge reactions of cathodes (half-cell, 50 mA/$\textrm{cm}^2$ constant current) with various surface density and thickness. The carbon cathode with the optimum capacity for our application is surface density 0.04 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and thickness 1.4mm carbon. The carbon cathode with surface density 0.04g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and thickness 1.4 mm exhibits decreased polarization, increased discharge duration time and capacity (Ah/$\textrm{cm}^2$) as compared with that with surface density 0.04g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and thickness 0.8mm. The porosities analyses on the two carbon cathodes show that total pore volume of the carbon cathode with thickness 1.4 mm is larger than that with thickness 0.8mm. The increased volume of mesopores (0.05$\mu$m~0.5$\mu$m) and macropores(>0.5$\mu$m) is ob-served with the carbon cathode with thickness 1.4mm as compared with that with thickness 0.8mm, which can be related with the observed capacity increase. We observed LiCl crystals, cubic crystallites and fused, plate-like aggregates, and some elemental S as discharge products by EDS and XRD.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.71-81
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• 2014

Objective: The purpose of this study is to ob serve effects of CPM(Continuous Passive Motion) on hand functional and upper-extremity muscular strength rehabilitation for stroke patients. Method: Objects of this study, three patients have the symptoms of hemiplegia due to stroke. These are acute patients, within a 18 months after treatment and correspond in Brunnstrom stage 4~6. This study used single subject (A-B) design for three patients with a stroke and the effect of CPM was measured using Jebsen-Taylor hand function test, Purdue Pegboard test, hand muscular strength test. They received CPM for 3 weeks, 2 per day, 30 minutes for each, total 30 times. Results: Two patients' results of fingertip grip test in hand strength measurements did not change. Results of Jebsen-Taylor hand function test, Purdue Pegboard test and other hand muscular strength test were improved. To validate statistical results nonparametric statistical method, Wilcoxon signed ranks test was performed. P-Values are greater than 0.05 so difference between be fore and after treatment is not statistically significant result. Conclusion: Despite of limitation of short program period and fewer participants, CPM which has been conducted for stroke patients showed the effect on improvement of hand function and muscle strength. This study shows that CPM which is mainly used to treate lower-extremity rehabilitation can be use to improve performance of hand function and strength for patients with stroke.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.22 no.2 s.26
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• pp.223-235
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• 1989

To grasp the idea about how drugs are used under Medical Insurance Scheme, the amount and share of drug cost in the total medical fee have been reviewed and analyzed for different types of patients (in-patient out-patient), medical institutions and frequently seen diseases and following findings were revealed. In 1986, drug cost took 32.78% of total medical fee for in-patients and 32.98% for out-patients averaged over 30% share as a whole. When drug cost per case in 1980 be indexed to 100, it has shown steady growth to become 200 for in-patients and about 150 for out-patients in 1986. The contribution of drug cost to the total medical fee is, regardless of patient type-in-patients and out-patients, the highest in University hospitals and followed by General hospitals, Hospitals and Clinics in decending order That for the most frequent 10 diseases came out the highest,79 a with the essential benign hypertension of out-patients in the General hospitals, 61% for the gastric ulcer of out-patients in Hospitals and 33% for the female genital diseases of out-patients in Clinics. The drug cost of oral formula was contributed the most, 7.93% by cardiovascular agents followed by hepatic detoxicants(5.47%) and out-patients(4.93%), and that of injectable formula was contributed the most by antibiotics(24.17%), followed by protein amino-acid preparations(6.19%). The order of drug usage by specialty for the in-patients was the highest with internal medicine followed by general surgery and E.N.T, and that for the out-parients was in the order of Internal medicine, neuropsychology and Ob/Gy. This study revealed that the drug dependency was characteristically different to specialty. In view of the fact that drug cost on average exceeds over 30% of total medical fee, proper drug administration appears to be vitally important for the stabilization of the financial standing of the Medical Insurance Scheme. As a consequence, drug usage guidelines including antibiotics usage shall be established first of all and the voluntary participation for the regulation of drug usage and propagation of the guidelines to medical institutions are strongly coerced.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.785-789
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• 2006

유역 수자원의 효율적인 관리 및 배분을 위해서는 세밀한 강우-유출관계의 규명이 무엇보다 중요하다. 이를 위해서는 먼저 하천 유출지점의 정확한 유량정보가 획득되어야 하며, 장기간에 걸쳐 신뢰성 있는 유량자료의 확보는 더욱 중요한 사항이다. 본 연구에서는 하천에서 관측된 유량자료를 장기간(1983년${\sim}$2004년)에 걸친 유출성분으로 분리하는 기법을 활용하여 제어지점의 유출량을 검증하였다. 유량자료를 출구지점의 관측유량$(Q_{ob})$을 회귀수$({\alpha}Q_e)$, 상류유입량$(Q_{up})$ 및 관측강우-유출량$({\beta}Q_{Rain})$의 성분으로 구분하여 산정하는 방식으로 유출량을 추정하였다. 여기서, 회귀수$({\alpha}Q_e)$란 유역 및 하도내 용수이용량의 회귀수, 상류유입량$(Q_{up})$은 상류 유출 제어지점의 관측유량으로 대청댐 방류량, 관측강우-유출량$({\beta}Q_{Rain})$은 유역내 강우에 의한 자연유출량이다. 여기서 사용된 수문기초자료는 대청댐 방류량, 대전 및 청주권 취수량, 강우에 의한 자연유출량, 공주관측유량 등으로 각 성분별로 생성된 일자료를 이용하여 공주지점의 월별, 분기별, 년도별 유출량을 산정하였다. 이 결과는 금강유역에 이미 구축되어있는 SSARR모형을 기반으로 한 RRFS(Rainfall Runoff Forecasting System, 유출예측 시스템)의 결과 및 관측치와 비교되었다. 계산결과 RRFS에 의한 유출량과 대청-공주구간의 유출성분분리에 의한 유출량은 관측값과 전반적으로 근사함을 확인하였으며, 검증지점의 정확한 유출율을 산정할 수 있다면, 관측자료의 연속성 및 신뢰도를 파악하는 척도를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.측결과 있는 대상유역에 대한 적용이 요구된다.-Moment 방법에 의해 추정된 매개변수를 사용한 Power 분포를 적용하였으며 이들 분포의 적합도를 PPCC Test를 사용하여 평가해봄으로써 낙동강 유역에서의 저수시의 유출량 추정에 대한 Power 분포의 적용성을 판단해 보았다. 뿐만 아니라 이와 관련된 수문요소기술을 확보할 수 있을 것이다.역의 물순환 과정을 보다 명확히 규명하고자 노력하였다.으로 추정되었다.면으로의 월류량을 산정하고 유입된 지표유량에 대해서 배수시스템에서의 흐름해석을 수행하였다. 그리고, 침수해석을 위해서는 2차원 침수해석을 위한 DEM기반 침수해석모형을 개발하였고, 건물의 영향을 고려할 수 있도록 구성하였다. 본 연구결과 지표류 유출 해석의 물리적 특성을 잘 반영하며, 도시지역의 복잡한 배수시스템 해석모형과 지표범람 모형을 통합한 모형 개발로 인해 더욱 정교한 도시지역에서의 홍수 범람 해석을 실시할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 본 모형의 개발로 침수상황의 시간별 진행과정을 분석함으로써 도시홍수에 대한 침수위험 지점 파악 및 주민대피지도 구축 등에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 있을 것으로 판단되었다.4일간의 기상변화가 자발성 기흉 발생에 영향을 미친다고 추론할 수 있었다. 향후 본 연구에서 추론된 기상변화와 기흉 발생과의 인과관계를 확인하고 좀 더 구체화하기 위한 연구가 필요할 것이다.게 이루어질 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.는 초과수익률이 상승하지만, 이후로는 감소하므로, 반전거래전략을 활용하는 경우 주식투자기간은 24개월이하의 중단기가 적합함을 발견하였다. 이상의 행태적 측면과 투자성과측면의 실증결과를 통하여 한국주식시장에 있어서 시장수익률을 평균적으로 초과할 수 있는 거래전략은 존재하므로 이러한 전략을 개발 및 활용할 수 있으며, 특히, 한국주식시장에 적합한 거래전략은 반전거래전략이고, 이 전략의 유용성은 투자자가 설정한 투자기간보다 더욱 긴