• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.441-450
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• 2009

The prevalence of obesity in children has steadily risen during recent years in developed countries. Child obesity has become a major concern to health providers since it has grown to epidemic proportions over the past few decades. This study was conducted to investigate the biochemical status, dietary habits and life styles according to the obesity degree among obese children residing in the Gyungbuk area. The subjects were 148 elementary school students (boy 103, girl 45) and classified as mildly obese (n = 56), moderately obese (n = 61) and severely obese (n = 31) by the obesity index. The average body weight and height increased significantly according to the obesity degree (p < 0.05, p < 0.001). Serum cholesterol concentration came under the normal level in all groups. Serum AST activity increased according to the obesity degree but it was not significant. Serum ALT activity increased according to the obesity degree (p < 0.05). Dietary habit score was lower significantly according to the obesity degree (p < 0.01). Life style of the subjects was significantly different for the level of 'healthy state (p < 0.05)', 'body perception (p < 0.01)', 'watching TV and video (p < 0.05)', 'normal sleeping hour (p < 0.05)' and 'degree of stress (p < 0.05)' according to the obesity degree. A positive relationship between obesity index and blood pressure, ALT has been shown in the subjects. Obesity index and dietary habit scores were negatively associated. Therefore, these results suggest that a practical nutrition-exercise education program for the prevention of child obesity should be provided to elementary school children. (Korean J Community Nutrition 14(4) : 441${\sim}$450, 2009)

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.317-322
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• 2010

Prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing significantly worldwide due to energy imbalance perhaps stemming from undesirable dietary behavior and physical activity level. The objective of the study was to examine the effects of physical activity level on nutritional status in elementary school students. The subjects were comprised of 287 elementary school students between 4th and 6th grades in Seoul, Korea. The level of physical activity was scored with a modified Godin leisure-time exercise questionnaire and was categorized as active, moderately active, and sedentary. Dietary intakes were obtained using a 24-hour food recall method. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to test for global significant differences of nutrient intakes by physical activity level. Boys were more active than girls. Daily intakes of energy in moderately active boys were significantly higher than in the sedentary group, but intakes of calcium and iron in moderately active boys were lower than active boys. For girls, physical activity level did not affect nutrient density at all. Intakes of calcium, vitamin C, and folate for both boys and girls were below 50% of recommended intake. Physical activity did not affect nutrient density and our participants were exposed to nutritional imbalance. Therefore, the results suggest that nutrition education regarding balanced diet and optimum physical activity is required for children's health and growth.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.571-579
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to investigate the effect of a 12-wk intervention with behavioral modification on clinical characteristics and dietary intakes of young and otherwise healthy obese and to identify factors for successful weight loss. The goal was to lose 0.5 kg per week by reducing 300-500 kcal/day and by increasing physical activities. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Forty four obese subjects (BMI > 25) and 19 normal weight subjects (BMI 18.5-23) finished the 12-week intervention. Obese subjects participated in 5 group educations and 6 individual counseling sessions. Normal weight subjects attended 6 individual counseling sessions for evaluations of dietary intake and exercise pattern. Anthropometric and clinical characteristics and 3-day dietary records were evaluated at baseline and week12. RESULTS: Weight and serum triglyceride and free fatty acid concentrations in obese group decreased significantly with intervention. Intakes of energy, fat, and cholesterol decreased significantly in the obese. Active participation, realistic weight loss goal setting, and weight gain after high school graduation not during childhood were identified as key factors for successful weight loss. CONCLUSIONS: The 12-week intervention with behavioral modification resulted in reduced energy and fat intakes and led to significant weight loss and improvements of clinical characteristics in the obese. The finding that those who became obese during childhood lost less weight indicates the importance of 'early' intervention.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affected with health promoting lifestyle of teachers to provide the data for efficient health management of teachers. The subjects of this study were 809 teachers, who were chosen in Choong-Buk province. Data were collected by written questionnaires by mail and visiting from September 1 to 30, 1997. Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA using SPSS/PC(v.4.01) program. The results are as follows; 1. The mean scores of Health Promoting Lifestyle was 2.53 on the average, self-actualization 2.97, nutrition 2.90, interpersonal relationship 2.52, stress management 2.33, exercise 1.91, health responsibility 1.82. Total Health Promoting Lifestyle was significantly different by sex, age, marital status, career, teaching load, monthly income education, number of children. 2. Income was the factors affect with self-actualization, age, marital status, teaching load, number of children, career, education, income were the factors significantly affect with Nutrition. Sex, marital status were the factors affect with stress management, sex, age, career were the factors affect with exercise, and sex, age, marital status, career, teaching load, income, education, number of children were the factors affect with health responsibility. 3. Marital status, sex, age, income, number of children, living with family were the factors significantly affect with Family Function. 4. Sex affected with Self Efficacy. The above findings indicate the need to develop nursing intervention to improve Self-Efficacy, Family Function to improve Health Promoting Lifestyle. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and to determine factors which significantly influence Health Promoting Lifestyle of teachers.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.272-280
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• 2006

This study examined the weight control and food habits in 160 obese children and 191 normal-weight children in 4th, 5th and 6th graders of some elementary schools in Gumi city. Regarding the subjects' self-recognition of their body shape, 27.8% of the normal weight group and 92.5% of the obese group acknowledged themselves to be obese. 58.9% of the normal weight group and 61.0% of the obese group were not satisfied with their own body shape and the difference between two groups was very small, 23.6% of the normal weight group and 87.5% of the obese group have tried to reduce weight. The main causative factor of weight gain that children themselves recognized was a sedentary life style. All the students showed a high rate of irregular and unbalanced diet. The obese children showed a significantly higher rate of skipping meals and eating meals faster than the normal weight children. More obese children disliked exercise, and did less excercise than the normal weight children. There was a negative correlation between the obesity index and the food habit score. In other words, they frequently skip a meals, eat in a hurry and dislike vegetables and dairy products. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the student's BMI and the parents' BMI. Overall, many normal weight children showed a high level of self-consciousness of being obese or underweight. Both groups showed a low degree of satisfaction with their own body shape. Therefore education for the distorted perception of body shape is needed because, even normal weight children have tried to reduce their weight. Obese children should be encouraged to exercise, not skip a meals and eat slowly. They also need a systematic education program on weight reduction and weight maintenance. Moreover, education on a healthy diet, healthy food habits, and healthy body shape are necessary for elementary school children.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.43 no.12 s.214
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• pp.125-134
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• 2005

This study was conducted to develop a comprehensive program for improving obese children's living habits such as wearing clothing and eating, and their self-esteem. Thirteen obese elementary school children, six boys and seven girls in the 4th to 6th grade, voluntarily participated in a ten-week intervention program. During the program, the obese children filled out a checklist consisted of daily ambient temperature inside the house, weight of clothing, meal diary, time taken for physical exercise, time taken for watching TV, etc. After carrying out the program, its effect was testified and evaluated. Percent body fat of the children measured using a body composition analyzer was reduced by $1.9\%$ after the program (p<.01). Wearing behavior of clothing was positively changed in view of the high correlation between ambient temperature and clothing weight (r=-.917, p<.01). Ability of dietary self control was improved and eating time was lengthened. Self-esteem was improved in global self-worth, athletic competence, and behavior/conduct. It was suggested that active interest of the family would be helpful and that an intervention program over longer than ten week would be necessary to improve childhood obesity.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.95-103
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to identify convergence factors related to glycemic control in workers with diabetes mellitus. A secondary data analysis was conducted using the data of "The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009-2013." The survey included 44,085 adults aged over 19 under 65 years with diabetes mellitus and 764 samples with worker were used for this study. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 18.0 program and descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlations, and multiple regression analyses were performed. The general characteristics variables shown statistically significant difference between the good and the poor glycemic control group was gender. The Health behavior-related and disease-related variables shown statistically significant difference between the good and the poor glycemic control group were diabetes mellitus duration, diabetes mellitus treatment, hypertension diagnosis, smoking, moderate physical activity, walking exercise practice. Factors related to glycemic control were gender, diabetes mellitus treatment, walking exercise practice. These findings suggest that researchers need more active treatment and walking exercise as important factors affecting glycemic control of Korean worker with diabetes mellitus and intervention focusing on the issues needs to be developed in workplace environment.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.541-549
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• 1997

This study was done to describe health promoting lifestyle and determine affecting factors in elderly based on the Heath Promotion Model by Pender. Cognitive-perceptual factors that were included in this study were self-efficacy and hardiness. Modifying factors were demographic characteristics (sex, age, partner, previous illness, education level. income and religion). The specific purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of self-efficacy, hardiness and the demographic chasteristics to health promoting lifestyle and to determine causal factors affecting the elderly. The subjects were a volunteer sample of 98 elderly in one city in? The instruments for this study were Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile(47items, 4scale), Health Related Hardiness Scale(22i1ems, 6scale), general Self-Efficacy Scale(13i1ems, 5scale). Frequency, percentage, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient and Stepwise Multiple regression technique with SAS program were used to analyse the data. The Results of the study are as follows : 1) The average item score for the health promoting lifestyle was 2.63, the highest score on the subscales was interpersonal support (M=3.3), followed by self-actulization(M=2.9), nutrition(M=2.8), stress management(M=2.7), health responsibility(M=2.1) with the lowest bring exercise(M=2.0) 2) A significant difference between education level, income, religion and health promoting lifestyle were found. 3) All of the subscales on health promoting lifestyle were positively related to total hardiness (r=0.330, p<0.001). The hardiness subscale of control was positively related to self-actulization(r=0.276, p<0.01), and commitment was positively related to self-actualization(r=0.315, p<0.001), exercise /nutrition(r=0.245, p<0.01), interpersonal support(r=0.278, p<0.01), stress management(r=0.250, p<0.01). Challenge was positively related to self-actualization(r=0.315, p<0.001), exercise /nutrition(r=0.245, p<0.01). There was no significant correlation between self-efficacy and all of the subscales of health promoting lifestyle. Self-efficacy showed a significant correlation only with control(r=0.469, p<0.001), comittment(r=0.507, p<0.001), challenge (r=0.489, p< 0.001). 4) Comittment, self-efficacy and income explained 25.01% of the variance for the total health promoting lifestyle. The results of this study show that commitment, self efficacy and income predicted the health promoting lifestyle of the elderly. So health promoting programs that increase commitement and self-efficacy should be developed to promote a healthy lifestyle of the elderly, especially those who have low income.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.70-78
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the effect of 12-week weight control program including nutrition education, diet therapy and regular exercise on body weight, obesity degree, BMI and blood lipid levels among middle aged obese women. The 31 middle aged obese women participated in the weight control program for 12-week. The body weight, body composition, blood lipid levels and food habit were measured before and after the weight control program. Changes in body weight after 12 week weight control program showed the slight reduction from $67.4{\pm}10.8kg\;to\;65.1{\pm}9.2kg$. Obesity degree and BMI were decreased from $128.4{\pm}19.1%,\;27.8{\pm}3.9\;to\;123.4{\pm}15.7%,\;26.8{\pm}3.0$, respectively. Waist-hip ratio was also decreased from $0.98{\pm}10.16\;to\;0.94{\pm}0.04$. LBM was also slightly reduced from $39.9{\pm}5.6kg\;to\;37.0{\pm}8.5kg$ with the reduction of body fat. The levels of systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and triglyceride were slightly decreased, HDL-chol level was significantly increased from $43.1{\pm}14.1mg/dL\;to\;50.4{\pm}16.5mg/dL$. Waist-hip ratio was also slightly decreased after 12 weeks. Food habit score was significantly increased after nutriton education and personal counseling about their eating behaviors and nutritional status.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.214-224
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• 1996

본 연구는 비만아동을 위한 효과적인 운동 및 식이 요법에 관한 자료를 얻기 위하여 실시하였다. 대상자는 8~12세의 비만아동(체지방 $36.1\pm1.3%)과$ $정상아동(18.9\pm1.3%)$ 각각 5명이었으며 3일간 실험환경에 적응하기 위한 대조기간(Control : C)을 거친후 1주간은 운동은 부하하되 에너지는 제한하지 않는 운동기간(Exercise without energy deficit : EEN)와 다음 1주간은 비만아동만을 대상으로 운동부하와 동시에 에너지를 제한하는 에너지 제한 운동기간(Exercise with energy deficit : EED)으로 나누어 실시하였다. 운동강도는 60~75%HRmax이었으며 에너지 제한량은 493kcal/day이었다. 각 실험 조건별 대사에너지 섭취량, 체중, 체성분, 체내 보유 에너지, 에너지 소비량의 변화를 측정하였다. 체지방량은 생체 전기저항 지방측정기를 이용하여 측정하였다. 대변 및 소변으로의 에너지 손실량으로부터 측정한 1일 평균 대사 에너지량(ME)은 정상아동이 대조기간(C) 및 운동기간(EEN)별로 각각 $1802\pm50kcal$ 및 $1771\pm72kcal이었고$ 비만아동이 대조기간(C) 및 운동기간(EEN) 및 에너지 제한 운동기간(EED)별로 각각 $2152\pm138kcal,$ $1861\pm138kcal$ 및 $1368\pm87kcal이었다.$ 대조기간(C)에 비만 아동은 정상아동에 비해 대사에너지량(ME)이 높았으나 무지방조직(LBM) kg당 섭취량은 정상아동이 79kcal이며 비만아동이 70kcal로 오히려 비만아동의 경우가 낮았다. 대체로 운동에 의해 에너지 섭취량은 감소되었다. 동일한 운동 부하로 정상아동 및 비만아동의 체중은 각각 $1.00\pm0.20kg$ 및 $1.24\pm0.22kg씩$ 감소되어 정상아동에 비하여 비만아동의 체중감소가 더 많았다. 비만아동에서 에너지 제한(493kcal)으로 인한 체중감소량은 0.52kg이었고 체지방조직량(FM)은 0.46kg이었다. 운동기간(EEN)중 체성분 변동량으로부터 산출한 1일 1인당 체내 에너지 변동량은 정상아동이 1092kcal, 비만아동이 1270kcal 감소디어 비만아동의 에너지 소모량이 더 많았다. 비만아동에 있어 에너지제한 운동기간(EEN)에 정상아동이 $2863\pm58kcal,$ 비만아동이 $3131\pm158kcal이었으며,$ 에너지 제한 운동기간(EED)에 비만아동은 $3153\pm151kcal이었다.$ 이상의 성적으로 보아 본 실험에 적용한 운동 프로그램은 체중 감소에 효과적으로 작용하나 일부 부지방조직(LBM)의 감소를 동반하는 것으로 보아 다소 운동 부하량이 과도한 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 에너지 제한량(500kcal)은 체중감소에 매우 효율적인 것으로 평가되어 이후 비만아동의 체중조절에 본 실험의 에너지제한 운동 프로그램중 운동 부하량만을 다소 줄여 적용하면 매우 효과적일 것이라 생각된다.