• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.269-273
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• 1990

Blood glucose and total lipid levels in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes were determined after intraperitoneal administration of methanolic extract of Ixeris dentat whole plants and its main component, cynaroside (=luteolin 7-O--$\beta$-D-glucoside). From the data obtained, it was concluded that intraperitoneal administration of the methanolic extract produced a significant hypoglycemic effect. Total blood lipids were also decreased. Cynaroside in the streptozotocin-diabetic rats failed to exhibit hypoglycemic effect but a significant hypolipemic activity was observed. Thus, it is suggested that this methanolic extract may contain one or more hypoglycemic and hypolipemic principles including the main flavone glucoside, cynaroside, which can significantly reduce the levels triglyceride and total cholesterol in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.113-116
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• 1990

People in some tropical countries used to use some plant extracts in folklore medicine as treatment of diabetes melitus. Of these plants is Calligonum comsum ("orta"). The present work deals with the biochemical effects of the whole plant water extract given orally to the albino rats, normals and alloxan diabetics, as to fulfil its hypoglycemic effects on rats. The results showed that "orta" extract produced a hypoglycemic effect indicated by the decrease in blood sugar level. It was observed that the diabetic state in rats treated with 300 mg/kg body weight of "orta" extract, was alleviated, showeing normal levels of blood glucose, liver fat and cholesterol contents. Liver proteins were still below the normal level in the rats. Gibenclamide, a hypoglycemic drug, was used for comparison with "ora" extract. Although it did alleviate the diabetic state, yet the liver fat and cholesterol contents were still higher than those of normal. Also the liver proteins were lower than the control levels.

• Proceedings of the KSCN Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.180-180
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• 2005

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.491-494
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• 2009

Within the secondary metabolite class of flavonoids, which consist of more than 10,000 known structures, flavones define one of the largest subgroups. The diverse function of flavones in plants as well as their various roles in the interaction with other organisms offers many potential applications including in human nutrition and pharmacology. We used two genes, flavone synthase (PFNS-l) that converts naringenin into apigenin and flavone 7-O-methyltransferase (POMT-7) that converts apigenin into 7-O-methyl apigenin, to synthesize 7-O-methyl apigenenin from naringenin. The PFNS-l gene was subcloned into the E. coli expression vector pGEX and POMT-7 was subcloned into the pRSF vector. Since both constructs contain different replication origins and selection markers, they were cotransformed into E. coli. Using E. coli transformants harboring both PFNS-l and POMT-7, naringenin could be converted into 7-O-methyl apigenin, genkwanin.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.265-274
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• 2013

The growth, reproduction, gametophyte(G)/tetrasporophyte(T) ratio, and diseases of Chondrus ocellatus populations were examined at 3 sites (Samcheok, Youngduk, Pohang) of East coast and at 2 sites (Hakampo, Manripo) of West coast in between July and August, 2013. Average plant lengths were 6.10~9.69 cm and it was minimum at Manripo and maximum at Pohang population. In general, average plant length and weight of C. ocellatus were greater on East coast than West coast populations. The proportion of vegetative plant was between 26.7~66.7 %, and G/T ratio of total plants including vegetative plants after testing resorcinol method was 3:2 on the East coast where is gametophyte dominant area. However, G/T ratio was 1:1 at Hakampo and 1:2.3 at Manripo representing tetrasporophyte dominance. In the present study, Korean C. ocellatus have various diseases (white colour and green colour), an endophytic alga(Ulvella sp.), and many epiphytic macroalgae and diatoms. Healthy C. ocellatus plants were about 20~40 % in summer population and most of plants had disease. Chondrus ocellatus had a filamentous green alga, endophytic Ulvella sp. which was not identified. The endophyte is easily observed in C. crispus growing in Europe and Canada and it is recognised as a pathogen destroying population and reducing yield of C. crispus. Thus more interest and research on the endophytic algae and disease of C. ocellatus are required.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.695-701
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• 2009

This study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of biological critical control points using the genetic profile of Escherichia coli isolates from pork cutting plants. Samples were collected from carcasses, equipment (knife, table, glove, transport belt, boning and skinning machine), the environment (wall and floor), and meat cuts during the cutting process from two plants. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to characterize the E. coli isolates. An identical genotype was detected from the carcasses, equipment, environment, and final meat cuts, and showed that the incoming carcasses, which were contaminated during transportation from slaughterhouses, were a major source of E. coli that was spread throughout processing. Also, consistent cross-contamination due to improper cleaning and disinfection procedures was another possibility. As a result, incoming carcasses and cleaning procedures should be considered critical control points in pork cutting plants, since a heating step is not used to inactivate microorganisms. Furthermore, the high rate (59.6%) of E. coli isolation indicates E. coli can be a good indicator in livestock processing plants even though it has genetic diversity.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.357-368
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate soil inorganic N concentrations and N uptake efficiency of sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) as affected by organic nutrient sources from 2009 to 2011. The treatments included chemical fertilizer, compost, oilcake, alfalfa hay mulch, and control. Nutrient applications were made at rates equivalent to approximately 210 kg of actual N per hectare. The precipitation during the growth period from May to September was higher in 2011, followed by 2009, and 2010. Oilcake had the lowest C:N ratio in the raw materials. Compost treatment slowed N-mineralization rate in soil during the measured years. Soil mineral nutrition and dry matter production were not consistently affected by treatments, but the dry matter production was negatively correlated with the amount of precipitation from May to September for three years. Chemical fertilizer treatment increased N efficiency in plants in the first two years, observing with lower N efficiency in plants treated with compost for 3 years. Increased precipitation from June to August improved N efficiency in sudangrass plants treated with compost but reduced the efficiency with the chemical fertilizer. Total dry matter production and N efficiency in plants were not affected by the C:N ratio of the raw materials rather than weather condition.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1062-1062
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• 2001

The concept of “precision agriculture” or “site-specific farming” is usually confined to the fields of soil science, crop science and agronomy. However, because plants grow in soil, animals eat plants, and humans eat animal products, it could be argued (perhaps with some poetic licence) that the fields of feed quality, animal nutrition and animal production should also be considered in this context. NIR spectroscopy has proved over the last 20 years that it can provide a firm foundation for quality measurement across all of these fields, and with the continuing developments in instrumentation, computer capacity and software, is now a major cog in the wheel of precision agriculture. There have been a few giant leaps and a lot of small steps in the impact of NIR on the animal world. These have not been confined to the amazing advances in hardware and software, although would not have occurred without them. Rapid testing of forages, grains and mixed feeds by NIR for nutritional value to livestock is now commonplace in commercial laboratories world-wide. This would never have been possible without the pioneering work done by the USDA NIR Forage Research Network in the 1980's, following the landmark paper of Norris et al. in 1976. The advent of calibration transfer between instruments, algorithms which utilize huge databases for calibration and prediction, and the ability to directly scan whole grains and fresh forages can also be considered as major steps, if not leaps. More adventurous NIR applications have emerged in animal nutrition, with emphasis on estimating the functional properties of feeds, such as in vivo digestibility, voluntary intake, protein degradability and in vitro assays to simulate starch digestion. The potential to monitor the diets of grazing animals by using faecal NIR spectra is also now being realized. NIR measurements on animal carcasses and even live animals have also been attempted, with varying degrees of success, The use of discriminant analysis in these fields is proving a useful tool. The latest giant leap is likely to be the advent of relatively low-cost, portable and ultra-fast diode array NIR instruments, which can be used “on-site” and also be fitted to forage or grain harvesters. The fodder and livestock industries are no longer satisfied with what we once thought was revolutionary: a 2-3 day laboratory turnaround for fred quality testing. This means that the instrument needs to be taken to the samples rather than vice versa. Considerable research is underway in this area, but the challenge of calibration transfer and maintenance of instrument networks of this type remains. The animal world is currently facing its biggest challenges ever; animal welfare, alleged effects of animal products on human health, environmental and economic issues are difficult enough, but the current calamities of BSE and foot and mouth disease are “the last straw” NIR will not of course solve all these problems, but is already proving useful in some of these areas and will continue to do so.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.420-426
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• 2004

In this study, among 10 medicinal plants extracted with 50%-ethanol, antimicrobial activities measured by paper disc method were showed in Scutellaria baicalensis (Sb) on Leu mesenteroides and in Phellodendron amurene (Pa) on Lac. plantarum and Leu. mesenteroides. While 0.05∼0.2% of Pa extracts showed also relatively strong growth inhibition of both strains of lactic acid bacteria cultured in MRS broth for 24 hours at 3$0^{\circ}C$, Sb extract at concentration of 0.1% showed similar inhibitory effect on Leu mesenteroides to that of 0.05% of Pa extract. Addition of 0.02∼0.04% of Pa extracts to kimchi lowered effectively extents of pH decrease and acidity increase, and numbers of lactic acid bacteria and total bacteria compared to those of control during fermentation at 4$^{\circ}C$. This extending effect on fermentation period was obtained by adding 0.04% in case of Sb. Mixed extracts of Pa and Sb (Pa-Sb) by ratio 1 : 1 delayed also fermentation of kimchi at 0.03∼0.04%. In sensory evaluation kimchi containing 0.04% of Pa extract were less sour than kimchi containing 0.02% of Sb extract and/or control at late stage of fermentation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.745-752
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• 2001

Wild edible plants are consumed as raw or processed. Analytical data for raw biologically functional compounds were relatively well established. The changes on functional compounds during processing are, however, not well studied. This study was carried out to investigate the change of the quality of wild edible plants, Chamchwi, blanched at various conditions. Samples were blanched at the salt concentration of 0%, 1% or 2% for 1, 3, and 5 minutes each. The biologically active compounds, vitamin C, ${\beta}-carotene$, chlorophyll, flavonoids, polyphenols and minerals were analyzed. The concentration of vitamin C in Chamchwi did not show any significant change under various blanching conditions. Beta-carotene in Chamchwi was not significantly affected by blanching time. Higher salt concentration of blanching water, however, resulted in the increased concentration of ${\beta}-carotene$ in the blanched Chamchwi. Higher salt concentration of blanching water also reduced the loss of total flavonoids and total polyphenols from the blanched Chamchwi. The change of colors in the blanching water seemed to be corresponding to those of total flavonoids and total polyphenols concentrations in the blanching water.