• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.230-237
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• 2015

Purpose: Various gastrointestinal factors may contribute to maladaptive behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). To determine the association between maladaptive behavior in children with ASD and gastrointestinal symptoms such as severity, intestinal microbiota, inflammation, enterocyte damage, permeability and absorption of opioid peptides. Methods: This observational cross-sectional study compared children with ASD to healthy controls, aged 2-10 years. Maladaptive behavior was classified using the Approach Withdrawal Problems Composite subtest of the Pervasive Developmental Disorder Behavior Inventory. Dependent variables were gastrointestinal symptom severity index, fecal calprotectin, urinary D-lactate, urinary lactulose/mannitol excretion, urinary intestinal fatty acids binding protein (I-FABP) and urinary opioid peptide excretion. Results: We did not find a significant difference between children with ASD with severe or mild maladaptive behavior and control subjects for gastrointestinal symptoms, fecal calprotectin, urinary D-lactate, and lactulose/mannitol ratio. Urinary opioid peptide excretion was absent in all children. Children with ASD with severe maladaptive behavior showed significantly higher urinary I-FABP levels compared to those with mild maladaptive behavior (p=0.019) and controls (p=0.015). Conclusion: In our series, maladaptive behavior in ASD children was not associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, intestinal inflammation (no difference in calprotectin), microbiota (no difference in urinary D-lactate) and intestinal permeability (no difference in lactulose/manitol ratio). ASD children with severe maladaptive behavior have significantly more enterocyte damage (increased urinary I-FABP) than ASD children with mild maladaptive behavior and normal children.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.80-88
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between body mass index (BMI), satisfaction of perceived somatotype, and eating disorder of 133 female college students from Gyeong-gi province. The average weight is $55.3{\pm}8.8kg$, and the BMI is categorized into three groups: underweight, normal weight, and overweight. In terms of the satisfaction for perceived somatotype, 58.6% of the total respondents replied "unsatisfied," which consists of 14% of the underweight group, 37.6% of the normal weight group, and 6.8% of the overweight group. This reveals that the negative association between the satisfaction levels of perceived somatotype and BMI in the normal weight group is statistically significant (p<0.001). Among three eating disorder scores, the first factor, the drive for thinness, shows significant difference (p<0.005) among groups with 2.82 points in the underweight group, 3.38 points in the normal weight group, and 3.86 points in the overweight group; such result shows that there is a drive for being skinny even within the underweight group. Second, the satisfaction levels of perceived somatotype type shows significant dissatisfaction among all groups with 3.41 points in the underweight group, 4.15 points in the normal weight group and 4.73 points in the overweight group. Third, the bulimia degree reveals a significant difference within each group, 2.15 points in the underweight group, 2.33 points in the normal weight group, and 2.78 points in the overweight group. Overall, more than half of the female college students are dissatisfied with their body shapes despite the fact that they are under or within the normal weight. In addition, the drive for being skinny and dissatisfaction levels of perceived somatotypes appear to be significantly higher with higher BMI levels.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제42권8호
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• pp.682-690
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• 2009

본 연구는 서울 지역 남녀 중학생 1, 2, 3학년 631명을 대상으로 식습관, 간식 및 매식의 섭취빈도, 영양지식, 일반사항을 조사하고 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애 (ADHD)는 코너스 평정 척도 청소년용 단축형 [CASS(S)]으로 조사하였다. 진단분할점 기준 이상인 학생을 ADHD로 진단하였고, '정상군'과 'ADHD군'으로 구분하여 식습관과 영양지식과 ADHD와의 관계를 분석하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 조사대상 학생들의 ADHD 진단결과 '정상군'은 587명 (93%), 'ADHD군'은 44명(7%)로 나타났다. ADHD 군으로 진단된 학생은 성별에 따라 남학생이 56.8%, 여학생이 43.2%이었고, 학년에 따라 1학년은 29.5%, 2학년은 43.2%, 3학년은 27.3%이었다. 2) 조사대상 학생들의 아침 및 간식의 섭취를 분석한 결과 아침식사의 횟수를 묻는 문항에서 '주 5회 이상' 아침을 먹는 학생들은 정상군은 64.7%, ADHD군은 45.4%로 정상군에서 아침식사의 횟수가 더 많았다. 간식의 선택기준을 묻는 문항에서 정상군은 '맛', '가격', '영양', ADHD군은 '맛', '가격', '친구들의 영향'순으로 나타났다. 3) 조사대상자의 간식과 매식의 섭취빈도를 분석한 결과 ADHD군에서 '라면류'와 '식당에서 매식'의 섭취빈도가 유의하게 높았다. 4) 조사대상 학생들의 식습관점수를 분석한 결과 정상군에서 단백질과 해조류의 섭취가 많고, 아침식사를 먹고 편식하지 않는 규칙적인 식습관을 가지고 있는 학생이 ADHD군보다 유의하게 많은 것으로 나타났다. 정상군과 ADHD 군의 식습관 점수는 정상군은 22.02점, ADHD군은 19.57 점으로 정상군에서 유의하게 높았다. 5) 영양지식 문항에 대한 조사대상 학생들의 인식률과 정답률을 분석한 결과 비타민과 무기질, 체중관리와 관련된 문항의 인식률과 비타민과 무기질에 관한 사항과 영양소의 급원식품에 대한 정답률이 정상군에서 ADHD군보다 유의하게 높았다. 영양지식 점수는 정상군은 7.38점, ADHD군은 5.77점으로 정상군에서 유의하게 높았다. 6) 영양지식, 식습관, 간식과 매식의 섭취빈도, 주의력결핍 과잉행동 점수의 상관관계를 분석한 결과 영양지식점수는 식습관 점수와는 양의 상관관계를 보이고, 간식과 매식의 섭취빈도, 주의력결핍 과잉행동 점수와는 음의 상관관계를 보였다. 주의력결핍 과잉행동점수는 식습관점수와 음의 상관관계로 나타났고, 간식과 매식의 섭취빈도와는 양의 상관 관계로 나타났다. 이상의 연구결과 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애군 (ADHD군)에서 정상군보다 아침식사의 섭취횟수가 적고, 간식과 매식의 섭취빈도는 높았다. 또한 식습관과 영양지식 점수는 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 학교에서는 ADHD의 성향을 보이는 학생들을 대상으로 ADHD의 위험성, 식습관과 ADHD와의 관계를 연구한 논문을 제시하여 스스로 식습관 변화에 대한 의지를 갖도록 하고, 가공식품의 문제점, 아침식사의 중요성, 영양소와 급원식품 등에 대한 영양지식을 증가시키고 정확한 영양지식을 갖출 수 있는 적극적인 영양교육이 필요할 것으로 보인다. 또한 중학생들을 대상으로 간식과 매식의 올바른 식품선택 방법, 바람직한 식품을 섭취할 수 있도록 구체적인 방안을 제시하는 지속적인 영양교육이 시행되어야 할 것이다. 가정통신문을 통하여 가족구성원의 지지를 높이고 학교매점에서 가공식품의 판매를 줄이는 등의 환경의 변화로 영양교육의 효과를 높여야 할 것이다.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1349-1361
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• 2009

The present study was designed to analyze the relationship of dietary behavior change and nutrient intake status owing to a depression degree for 143 people over 65 years old living in Echeong and Hansan islands area, South Korea. The depression degree was classified into non depression, minor depression and depressive disorder groups using. The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale for 143 subjects. The results are as follows; the depression degree significantly made differences according to sex (p<.001), marital status (p<.05), self-related economic status (p<.001) and living expenses (p<.05). The stage of dietary behavior according to the depression degree was as follows; the non depression group was 57.6%, the minor group was 46.8% and the depressive disorder group was 27.1% of the subjects. The intake frequency of the cereal group (p<.05) and fruit group (p<.01) was significantly different among food group intake status owing to the depression degree. Mean adequacy ratio(MAR)[13], MAR[10], and MAR[4] of the depressive disorder group were significantly lower than that of the non depression and minor depression groups. Each average of MAR[13], MAR[10], and MAR[4] for the subjects were $0.68{\pm}0.2$, $0.67{\pm}0.2$, and $0.55{\pm}0.2$. Concerned about the nutrients over 1.0 index of nutritional quality(INQ) 8 nutrients of protein, Phosphorous, iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin $B_6$, niacin and vitamin C belonged to the non depression group. Additionally, 6 nutrients of protein, Phosphorous, iron, zinc, vitamin $B_6$ and niacin were included for minor depression and depressive disorder groups.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.128-133
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• 2015

We present a case of an 8-year-old boy with visceral autonomic neuropathy complicated by Guillain-Barre syndrome. In this pediatric patient, gastroparesis was the major symptom among the autonomic symptoms. Due to the gastroparesis, there was no progress with the oral diet, and nutrition was therefore supplied through a nasojejunal tube and gastrojejunal tube via Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). After tube feeding for 9 months, the patient's gastrointestinal symptoms improved and his oral ingestion increased. The pediatric patient was maintained well without gastrointestinal symptoms for 3 months after removal of the PEG, had repeated vomiting episodes which lead to the suspicion of cyclic vomiting syndrome. Then he started treatment with low-dose amitriptyline, which resulted in improvement. Currently, the patient has been maintained well for 6 months without recurrence, and his present growth status is normal.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.44-56
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• 2012

This study investigated dietary behavior and nutrient intake in children with developmental disorders as compared with non-disabled children and assessed the relationship between dietary behavior and nutrient intake. The survey was conducted on 118 students ($4^{th}$ and $5^{th}$ grade) of four special education schools and 244 students of an elementary school (control group). The survey was carried out using a questionnaire and an interview. Of the disabled children, children with a mental disorder comprised 72.9% and those with emotional disorders including autism comprised 26.3%. The average percentages of height and weight to standards for age were significantly lower in the disabled female children as compared with the non-disabled female children. Scores for table utensil handling skills, eating behavior, and an unbalanced diet were lower in the disabled children compared with those in the non-disabled children. Dietary behavior scores were not significantly different by either gender or age in the disabled children. Mean energy intake was less than the estimated energy requirement in both groups. Nutrients taken at less than the recommended intake level were calcium, iron, vitamin A, and folate in both groups. Food behavior score at mealtime, personal hygiene score at mealtime, and an unbalanced diet score were significantly correlated with iron and vitamin A intake in disabled male children. Personal hygiene score at mealtime was significantly correlated with calcium, iron, and vitamin A intake, and unbalanced diet score was significantly correlated with iron and vitamin A intake in disabled female children. Although the nutritional status of disabled children with developmental disorders was appropriate in general, improvement in their dietary behaviors through education and practice would allow them to eat balanced diets with essential nutrients.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.55-60
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• 2017

Intestinal hypoganglionosis is a rare innervation disorder that provides numerous nutritional, medical and surgical challenges. In this case report, we present a case of a newborn with intestinal hypoganglionosis leading to intestinal failure and intestinal failure-associated liver disease who responded to $Omegaven^{TM}$, a fat emulsion comprised of omega-3 fatty acids. $Omegaven^{TM}$ has been shown to be beneficial in the management of cholestatic liver injury. Clinical success with $Omegaven^{TM}$ was seen in this patient with a clear decrease in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and complete resolution of cholestasis with a direct bilirubin of zero within two weeks of initiation of $Omegaven^{TM}$. No current guidelines for the diagnosis and management of hypoganglionosis are available. We recommend a multidisciplinary approach and the use of novel therapies such as fat emulsions composed of omega-3 fatty acids for improved patient outcomes. Appropriate compassionate use protocols should be obtained from the Food and Drug Administration prior to initiation of $Omegaven^{TM}$.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.344-355
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• 2014

본 연구의 목적은 간호학과 대학생들의 생활 스트레스 정도에 따른 식습관, 건강관련습관, 우울, 섭식장애, 및 영양소섭취량의 차이를 비교, 조사하는 것이다. 전체 대상자 282명의 생활 스트레스 총점 평균은 61점이었고, 평균을 기준으로 스트레스가 높은 군과 낮은 군으로 나누어 식습관, 생활습관, 우울, 섭식장애 및 영양소섭취량의 차이를 SPSS 통계 package를 이용하여 분석하였다. 스트레스가 높은 군이 낮은 군에 비해 결식 또는 과식 빈도, 섭식장애, 우울 점수가 유의하게 높았으며 운동을 하지 않는 경우가 많았다. 영양소 섭취량은 두 군 사이에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었으나 두 군 모두 비타민 $B_2$, C와 엽산, 칼슘과 철, 칼륨 및 식이섬유소 섭취량이 권장섭취량 또는 충분섭취량보다 매우 부족했다. 이러한 결과를 통해 생활 스트레스는 바람직하지 못한 식습관과 섭식장애, 우울을 일으켜 영양소 섭취량과 건강에 영향을 미칠 수 있으므로 간호학과 대학생들을 위한 스트레스 상담 및 건강프로그램 개발 및 중재가 필요하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.232-252
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• 2009

This study investigated dieting behavior, awareness of body shapes, and eating disorders in female adolescents according to age and BMI. The Eating Attitude Test for Korean Adolescents (EAT-26KA) and sociocultural standards were used to measure eating disorders and sociocultural attitudes related to appearance, respectively. In addition, the BDI (Beck Depression Inventory) scale was used to measure the correlation between disordered eating and depression. The data were collected from 390 female adolescents living in Seoul and were analyzed using SPSS15.0. The results indicated that subjects wanted to be thinner despite having a normal body weight (BMI 19.35${\pm}$2.73). They also thought of themselves as fat and with desires to be slimmer, and viewed "diet and exercise" as the best way to lose weight. About 67.4% of the respondents had tried a diet and had experienced dizziness, anorexia, and general exhaustion while dieting. Also, 5.1% of the subjects were classified as eating disorder and suffered from stress to be thin. In addition, 85.0% of the subjects with eating disorder had tried a diet due to "appearance". They thought that "being underweight" was an ideal body image and considered themselves fat, although their BMIs were in the normal range (19.94${\pm}$2.02). In terms of symptoms during dieting, many of the subjects dealing with an eating disorder felt dizzy, had low energy, and were depressed. In conclusion, we must educate young females about healthy eating and positive body image to prevent the development of adolescent eating disorders.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.173-182
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• 2011

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a stress-related mental disorder induced by severe external stressors such as assault, disaster or severe accident. We investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on short-term memory in relation to apoptosis and cell proliferation in the hippocampus following PTSD. Stress to the pregnant rats was induced by exposure of maternal rats to the hunting dog in an enclosed room. Exposure time was 10 min, repeated three times per day, with 1 hour interval. Exposure of maternal rats to the hunting dog was continued 7 days after pregnancy until delivery. The pregnant rats in the exercise groups were forced to run on a treadmill for 30 min once a day for the same duration of stress exposure. Step-down avoidance task for short-term memory, western blot for Bcl-2, Bax, and immunohistochemistry for caspase-3, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), and Ki-67 were conducted. Maternal rats exposed to stress during pregnancy showed short-term memory impairment. Expressions of Bax, Bcl-2, ratio of Bax to Bcl-2, and caspase-3 in the hippocampus were increased in the PTSD rats. Cell proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus was decreased in the PTSD rats. Treadmill exercise alleviated short-term memory impairment and suppressed expressions of Bax, the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2, and caspase-3. Treadmill exercise also increased cell proliferation. The present results indicate that treadmill exercise alleviated PTSD-induced short-term memory impairment by suppressing apoptotic cell death and enhancing cell proliferation in the hippocampus.