• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.1472-1481
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• 2007

The purposes of the study were to find refined taste of ancestor through historical research about traditional cooking method and ingredient for the purpose of enriching today#s dietary life and to hand down a particular style of regional dish and excellence of nutritional aspect by providing a standard recipe and nutrition analysis data on #Dong-rae Pajeon#. To collect data about traditional ingredients and cooking method, researcher interviewed seven local natives who have kept a traditional food costumes, visited four restaurants, and reviewed ten cookbooks. The interviewees recalled and demonstrated the cooking procedure. The standard recipe of #Dong-rae Pajeon# was created after three experimental cookings, based on the recipes of the natives, restaurants, and cookbooks. According to the natives# statements, #Dong-rae Pajeon# was a special dish that was offered to the king at #Samzi-nal# (March 3rd of the lunar calendar). It was also a seasonal (before cherry blooming time) and memorial service dish of the province#s high society. The main ingredients were small green onion, dropwort, beef, seafood (large clam, mussel, clam meat, oyster, shrimp, fresh water conch), waxy rice powder, non-wax rice powder, and sesame oil which were abundant in Busan and Kijang region. Energy per 100 g of #Dong-rae Pajeon# was 148 kcal. Protein, lipid, fiber, Ca, and Fe contents were 8.8 g, 2.0 g, 8.6 g, 57.7 mg, and 1.8 mg respectively. Contents of cystine, lysine, leucine, valine, isoleucine which are essential amino acids were high in #Dong-rae Pajeon#. Fatty acids contents are oleic acid (20.5%), linoleic acid (20.1%) and linolenic acid (10.4%) while P/M/S ratio was 0.73/0.67/1.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.2
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• pp.157-168
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• 2020

The sensitivity of forest soil to acidification in the Republic of Korea (ROK) was evaluated based on pH_H2O, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and base saturation (BS). Sensitivity to acidification was categorized into three grades: adequate level (AL, pH ≧ 4.2, CEC ≧ 15cmol/kg, BS ≧ 15%), caution level (CL, at least one indicator is below AL), and severe Level (SL, all three indicators are below AL). Soil samples were collected from the 65 stationary monitoring plots (40 × 40 ㎢), distributed throughout ROK. Only 19% of soil samples were classified as AL, while 66% and 15% were CL and SL, respectively. The median of pH_H2O, CEC, BS, and Ca/Al indicator in AL soils was pH 4.64, 20.7cmol/kg, 29%, and 6.3, respectively. Moreover, BC_ex (K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺) and available phosphorus (AP) concentration compared with a threshold value and molar ratio of BC_ex and AP to total nitrogen (TN) was high. This indicates that AL soils have a good nutrient condition. The molar Ca/Al ratio, an indicator for toxicity of exchangeable aluminum (Al_ex), was more than 1, indicating no negative impact of Al_ex on plant growth. On the contrary, the median of pH_H2O, CEC, and BS in SL soils was pH 4.02, 13.2cmol/kg, and 10%, respectively. The Ca/Al index was less than 0.6, which indicates that negative impacts of Al_ex on plants were high. Furthermore, both the concentration of BC_ex in SL soils and the BC_ex/TN ratio were the lowest among the three acidity degrees. This shows that SLsoils can be degraded by soil acidification compared with less acidic soils.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.869-878
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to obtain baseline data on nutritional management of women's bone health. We examined the bone mineral density (BMD) by ultrasound bone densitometer, anthropometric measurement and dietary intake to assess the nutrient intakes. The subjects were 102 Korean female college students (normal=59, bone disease group [osteopenia+osteoporosis]=43) and the mean age was 21.4 yr. Mean T-score (BMD) were -0.42 and -1.52 in normal and bone disease groups, respectively. Anthropometric measurement showed that 59% of the subjects were normal weight and bone disease group had lower value than normal group in majority of anthropometric index. The average energy intake was 1539.7 kcal, which was 73% of Korean EER. The subjects had lower vitamin C, folic acid, Ca and K intake than Korean RI independent of BMD. Bone disease group (1:2.05) showed significantly lower Ca:P ratio than normal group (1:1.86). Normal group had more intake frequency of milk and milk product than bone disease group. In relation to anthropometric index with T-score, significant correlations have been found in weight, PM, BFM, MM, TBW, SLM, FFM WHR, BMI and SMM. In relation to dietary factors with T-score, significant correlations have been found relating to intake frequency of milk and milk product. Our results indicate that for nutrients, ratio and balance may be more influential than intake for bone health in young women.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.14-30
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate trophic conditions of various Korean reservoirs using Trophic State Index (TSI) and predict the reservoir conditions by empirical models. The water quality dataset (2000, 2001) used here were obtained from the Ministry of Environment, Korea. The water quality, based on multi-parameters of dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), suspended solid (SS), Secchi depth (SD), chlorophyll-${\alpha}$ (CHL), and conductivity largely varied depending on the sampling watersheds and seasons. In general, trophic conditions declined along the longitudinal axis of headwater-to-the dam and the largest seasonal variations occurred during the summer monsoon of July-August. Major inputs of TP occurred during the monsoon (r=0.656, p=0.002) and this pattern was similar to solid dynamics of SS (r=0.678, p<0.001). Trophic parameters including CHL, TP, SD, and TN were employed to evaluate how the water systems varies with season. Trophic State Index (TSI, Carlson, 1977), based on TSI (CHL), TSI (TP), and TSI (SD), ranged from mesotrophic to eutrophic. However, the trophic state, based on TSI (TN), indicated eutrophic-hypereutrophic conditions in the entire reservoirs, regardless of the seasons, indicating a N-rich system. Overall, nutrient data showed that phosphorus was a primary factor regulating the trophic state. The relationships between CHL (eutrophication index) vs. trophic parameters (TN, TP, and SD) were analysed to develop empirical models which can predict the trophic status. Regression analyses of log-transformed seasonal CHL against TP showed that the value of $R^2$ was 0.31 (p=0.017) in the premonsoon but was 0.69 (p<0.001) during the postmonsoon, indicating a greater algal response to the phosphorus during the postmonsoon. In contrast, SD had reverse relation with TP, CHL during all season. TN had weak relations with CHL during all seasons. Overall, data suggest that TP seems to be a good predictor for algal biomass, estimated by CHL, as shown in the empirical models.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1302-1310
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a web-based nutrition counseling could lead to beneficial outcomes in food intake and serum lipids of patients with hyperlipidemia. Forty hyperlipidemic patients, twenty of them were hypercholesterolemia and the other twenty were hypertriglyceridemia, participated in a web-based nutrition counseling program. At the first nutrition counseling, the patients were counselled through interview and then follow up nutrition counseling was accomplished four times during eight weeks through a web-based internet program. Various markers of disease risk including anthropometric indices, food intakes and serum lipid levels were measured before and after the web-based nutrition counseling. After nutrition counseling, body mass index significantly decreased in both groups and waist to hip ratio significantly decreased in male hypercholesterolemic patients (p<0.05). Total-cholesterol decreased from 262.2 mg/dL to 234.9 mg/dL, LDL-cholesterol decreased from 186.8 mg/dL to 160.5 mg/dL in hypercholesterolemic patients, triglyceride decreased from 288.6 mg/dL to 211.9 mg/dL and total-cholesterol decreased from 217.2 mg/dL to 198.7 mg/dL in hypertriglyceridemic patients after nutrition counseling. Anthropometric value and nutrient intakes were improved after nutrition counseling. Energy, fat and saturated fatty acid intakes decreased significantly in both groups (p<0.05). Therefore, this study shows that the web-based nutrition counseling is effective in improving food habit and influences positively in serum lipid levels of the patients. In addition, these results indicate that internet presents us with potential as a new medium for nutrition counseling in informationized society.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.215-220
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• 1974

The relation between yield or total dry matter yield and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium or silica uptake was investigated according to simple or multiple correlation coefficients, and multiple regression equations. 1. Simple correlation coefficient was always higher with total dry matter yield than with grain yield and highest with N in no nitrogen (0-6-8) or no fertilizer (0-0-0) plot, with P in no phosphorus plot (10-0-8) but lowest with K in no potassium plot (10-6-0). 2. Multiple correlation coefficient was always higher than simple correlation and the same is true with including Si as one more variation. There was clear trend that multiple correlation coefficient was highest in no fertilizer plot and lowest in no potassium plot. 3. Simple correlation coefficient with P was higher in the warm year in which P uptake and fertilizer-P use efficiency were higher while it with K was higher in the cool year in which K uptake and fertilizer-K use efficiency were higher. Nitrogen and silicate followed potassiuum. But partial regression coefficients of N. P. K and Si with yield were mostly significant only in the warm year. 4. Partial regression coefficient of K was negative in many cases with yield but significant positive value with total dry matter yield. 5. Partial regression coefficients of N. P and K were decreased when Si was included and the decrease was great in P. 6. With the increase of nitrogen fertilizer level partial regression coefficient was increased in N but decreased in P, and no consistency in K or Si. 7. According to single or multiple correlation coefficients and partial regression coefficients the contribution of nutrient to grain yield appears to be in the order of N > Si > P > K and to total dry matter yield in the order of N > K > Si > P, indicating that N is the main factor and others are closely related to each other throughout to N. The superiority of N was also proved by frequency pattern of relative yield.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.610-613
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• 2012

Oyster shell has a high content of $CaCO_3$ to be used as a acidic soil amendment. To enhance productivity of barley and soil microbe in an upland soil, oyster shell and calcium-magnesium carbonate were selected as a soil amendments in this study. A field experiment was treated no treatment (hereafter, control), oyster shell lime $3.09Mg\;ha^{-1}$ and $2.38Mg\;ha^{-1}$, and calcium-magnesium carbonate $2.38Mg\;ha^{-1}$ as amount of lime requirement in silt loam soil. The yield of barley from the oyster shell lime treatment was the highest. The protein content of barley was the highest of 11.1% in the calcium-magnesium carbonate, followed by 10.7% for the control, 10.6% for the oyster shell lime $3.09Mg\;ha^{-1}$, and 10.4% for the oyster shell lime $2.38Mg\;ha^{-1}$. Soil pH value was higher than that of control in harvesting stage. In addition, the population of soil bacteria was highest in oyster shell lime $2.38Mg\;ha^{-1}$, actinomycetes was highest in calcium-magnesium $2.38Mg\;ha^{-1}$. We concluded that the oyster shell lime can be effective to restore soil nutrient and microbe balance in an upland soil.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.1087-1093
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• 2010

Autotrophic denitrification is known as an effective and economical alternative for heterotrophic denitrification using external carbon sources such as methanol. In this study, we evaluated design and operation parameters for a sulfur denitrification reactor (SDR) treating high strength nitrogen wastewater. The SDR was filled with spherical sulfur media in connected to a pilot-scale nutrient removal process (daily flow rate, $Q=18\;m^3/d$) using moving spongy media. Total nitrogen (TN) concentration of the final effluent was below the 7.0 mg TN/L because nitrate was additionally removed through autotrophic denitrificationin without adding alkalinity (initial alkalinity was $169.4{\pm}20.8\;mg$ $CaCO_3$/L). During the test period, 60~80% of nitrogen in the influent was removed even in low temperature (below $15^{\circ}C$). The alkalinity consumption for nitrate removal in SDR was $4.09{\pm}1.29$ g $CaCO_3/g$ ${NO_3}^-$-N, and the residual alkalinity of influent of SDR was higher than that of theoretical requirements for full conversion of nitrate. The consumption of sulfur was 943.8 g S/d and it was 2.4 times higher than theoretical value (400.1 g S/d) due to abrasion and loss of sulfur media in backwash, etc.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.231-238
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• 2006

The physical properties of seven perlites different in particle size distribution were investigated to develop perlite bag culture in Korea. Particle sizes of 1.0-2.8mm and larger than 2.8 mm were rather evenly distributed in S-1 (1.2-5 mm), S-2 (0.15-5 mm) and S-5 (parat No.1). Larger particles were less in S-3 (1-3 mm), S-4 (Parat No.2), S-6 (OTAVI) and S-7 (Agroperl B-3). S-4, S-6 and S-7 contained lots of particles less than 1 mm in size. Total porosity was similar among substrates with the value of $59{\sim}62%$. Container capacity was between 35-40% regardless of substrates except in S-2 with 27.7%. Water content, which was about 60% at 0 kPa, was decreased sharply at 4.90 kPa regardless of substrates, which meant the easily available water was plenty in any kind of perlite tested. Substrates, S-1, S-2 and S-3 with different particle size distribution, were investigated to evaluate for perlite bag culture. Six tomatoes (Licopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Rokkusanmaru) were planted in a perlite bag of 40 liters with the dimension of 120cm in length and 34cm in width. The amount of nutrient solution supplied and its drainage dependent on daily integrated radiation didn't show any regular trend during the growth. Roots in the bag were distributed evenly in S-1 and S-2 than in S-3. Plant grown in S-1 showed the highest total and marketable yield of 8,628 and 7,759 kg/10a, respectively. The number of small size fruits and malformed fruits were more in S-3. Consequently, S-1 with the particle size distribution of 1.2-5 mm is suggested as desirable substrate for perlite bag culture.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.305-315
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• 1983

A survey was carried out from July to December in 1979 and 1982 for the investigation of oceanographic conditions and phytoplankton in Seogwipo coastal area. Although a peculiar coastal sea water is formed by in flowing of fresh water, this is developed mainly in summer and disappeared or weakened in its strength after November. However, this coastal sea water covers only the surface while in mid and bottom layer open sea water is approached to the coast. Therefore, coastal and open sea water appears simultaneously in narrow sea area. Mean values of nutrient concentrates on surface layer during investigating period were $3.72{\sim}16.34{\mu}g-at/l$ in silicate, $1.98{\sim}5.53{\mu}g-at/l$ in nitrate and $0.34{\sim}0.90{\mu}g-at/l$ in phosphate. These showed slight differences among places but in general coastal side were lower than open sea side. Phosphates which is the lowest in concentrates among nutrients in Seogwipo coastal area shows almost similar value with Jinhae Bay but higher than open sea water around 10 mile south of Seogwipo. In general, seasonal changes of nutrients in investigating period shows a tendency of the lowest in October, increasing in November, and again slight decrease in December. As a phytoplankton fauna, 48 species, 1 variety and 2 breeds of Diatoms, 29 species, 3 varieties and 1 breed fo Dinoflagellates, and 1 species each of Chroococcus and Trichoceratium were found. Monthly predominant species are all neritic: Rhizosolenia sp. and Ceratium sp. in August, Chaetoceros sp., Ceratium sp. and Peridinium sp. in September, Astrionella sp. and Peridinium sp. in October, Astrionella sp., Navicula sp. and Chaetoceros sp. in November Among these, Rhizosolenia alata f. gracillima in August and Astrionella gracillima in November are remarkable predominant.