• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.948-956
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• 2000

The effect of high and low level of feed intakes on nutrient digestibility, nutrient losses through methane, energy and protein utilization by goats fed on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) pellets based diets was investigated in this study. Twelve castrated Japanese goats were employed in two subsequent digestion and metabolism trials. The goats were divided into three groups, offered three diets. Diet 1 consisted of 100% alfalfa pellet, Diet 2 was 70% alfalfa pellet and 30% corn, and Diet 3 was 40% alfalfa pellet and 60% corn. The two intake levels were high (1.6 times) and low (0.9 times) the maintenance requirement of total digestible nutrients (TON). Rumen ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) level of Diet 1 was lower (p<0.001) compared to Diets 2 and 3, but the values were always above the critical level (I50 mg/liter), The pH values of rumen liquor ranged from 6.02 to 7.30. Apparent digestibility of nutrient components did not show differences (p>0.05) between the two intake levels but inclusion of corn significantly altered the nutrient digestibility. Diet 3 had highest (p<0.001) dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE) and nitrogen fee extract (NFE) digestibility followed by the Diet 2 and Diet 1. The crude protein (CP) digestibility values among the three diets were in a narrow range (70.1 to 70.8%). Crude fiber (CF) digestibility for Diet 3 was slight higher (p>0.05) than that for other two diets. When alfalfa was replaced by corn, there were highly significant (p<0.001) increases in DM, OM, EE and NFE apparent digestibility and a slight increase in the CF digestibility (p>0.05). There were no differences (p>0.05) in energy losses as methane ($CH_4$) and heat production among the diets but energy loss through urine was higher for the Diet 1. The total energy loss as $CH_4$ and heat production were higher for the high intake level but the energy loss as $CH_4$ per gram DM intake were same (0.305 kcal/g) between the high and low intake level. Retained energy (RE) was higher for Diet 3 and Diet 2. Nitrogen (N) losses through feces and urine were higher (p<0.001) for Diet 1. Consequently, N retention was lower (p>0.05) for Diet 1 and higher in Diets 3 and 2. It is concluded that inclusion of corn with alfalfa increased the metabolizable energy (ME) and RE, and retained N through reducing the energy and N losses. The high level of intake reduced the rate of nutrient losses through feces and urine.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1575-1589
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• 2017

Objective: This study was conducted to determine molecular structures related to carbohydrates and lipid in alfalfa hay cut at early bud, late bud and early flower and in the afternoon and next morning using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT/IR) and to determine their relationship with alfalfa hay nutrient profile and availability in ruminants. Methods: Chemical composition analysis, carbohydrate fractionation, in situ ruminal degradability, and DVE/OEB model were used to measure nutrient profile and availability of alfalfa hay. Univariate analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis (CLA) and principal components analysis (PCA) were conducted to identify FT/IR spectra differences. Results: The FT/IR non-structural carbohydrate (NSCHO) to total carbohydrates and NSCHO to structural carbohydrate ratios decreased (p<0.05), while lignin to NSCHO and lipid CH3 symmetric to CH2 symmetric ratios increased with advancing maturity (p<0.05). The FT/IR spectra related to structural carbohydrates, lignin and lipids were distinguished for alfalfa hay at three maturities by PCA and CLA, while FT/IR molecular structures related to carbohydrates and lipids were similar between alfalfa hay cut in the morning and afternoon when analyzed by PCA and CLA analysis. Positive correlations were found for FT/IR NSCHO to total carbohydrate and NSCHO to structural carbohydrate ratios with non-fiber carbohydrate (by wet chemistry), ruminal fast and intermediately degradable carbohydrate fractions and total ruminal degradability of carbohydrates and predicted intestinal nutrient availability in dairy cows ($r{\geq}0.60$; p<0.05) whereas FT/IR lignin to NSCHO and CH3 to CH2 symmetric stretching ratio had negative correlation with predicted ruminal and intestinal nutrient availability of alfalfa hay in dairy cows ($r{\geq}-0.60$; p<0.05). Conclusion: FT/IR carbohydrate and lipid molecular structures in alfalfa hay changed with advancing maturity from early bud to early flower, but not during the day, and these molecular structures correlated with predicted nutrient supply of alfalfa hay in ruminants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.1459-1466
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• 2010

This study was performed to identify the association between the metabolic syndrome and the biochemical measurements and nutrient intakes. A total of 1,431 people (533 males, 898 females) aged over 45 years living in Andong rural area participated in this study in 2003. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), $\gamma$-glutamyl transferase ($\gamma$-GT) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels in metabolic syndrome were significantly higher than those in normal group. In multiple logistic regression, those biochemical measurements were found to be positively associated with the metabolic syndrome as the adjusted odds ratios (OR) 1.839 (p<0.001) by AST, 2.302 (p<0.01) by ALT, 2.143 (p<0.001) by $\gamma$-GT, and 1.874 (p<0.001) by TBARS. We also found that the increased level of those measurements tended to be strongly associated with high triglyceride among the metabolic syndrome components. However, the nutrient intakes between the metabolic syndrome and the normal group were not significantly different. Also, we could not find any nutrient intakes significantly associated with the metabolic syndrome, except high carbohydrate intake (>70% of kcal) compared to normal intake (55~70% of kcal) showed OR 0.781 (p<0.05). In analyzing the association of nutrient intakes with metabolic syndrome components, we found that the calorie intake was negatively associated with abdominal obesity (OR 0.696, p<0.05) and high fat intake (>25% of kcal) was positively associated with low HDL-cholesterol (OR 1.864, p<0.05). This study revealed that the biochemical measurements, such as plasma AST, ALT, $\gamma$-GT, and TBARS, are associated with metabolic syndrome, but considering the nutrient intakes, we suggest that further studies are needed to identify the associations.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.147-151
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• 1986

A study was carried out to investigate yield, yield components, and change of chemical components in rice plants grown under different concentration of lead compound in nutrient solution of sandy culture. The results obtained are as follows. 1. Increasing lead concentration in culture solutions, pb content in the plant was increased and crop yields were decreased. 2. The critical pb concentration at which yield was declined, was 13.6 ppm. 3. As adding higher concentration of lead in nutrient solutions, concentration of lead in rice plant was significantly increased on leaf blade, and brown rice in pb. 4. Yield loss was closely related to pb content in leaf blade.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.36 no.4 s.105
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• pp.463-466
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• 2003

This study was conducted to introduce the characteristics of the freshwater environment of Mulkol, considering that it is less known area about the ecosystem of the Tok Island. The salinity of freshwater in the Mulkol was less than 2.0 psu, while its periphytic algal biomass was thriving with 25.9 ${\mu}g\;chl-a/cm^2$. As for the nutrients in water, the content of $NH_4$ was higher than the rest of inorganic nitrogen components, and SRP and SRSi were much higher as 117.3 ${\mu}$g P/l and 4,104.6 ${\mu}$g Si/l respectively, than nitrogen components. Also, the ratio of N/P was found less than 1.0, revealing the condition that N was greatly limited. The high level of nutrient concentration and periphytic algal biomass at the Mulkol ecosystem could be explained as a result of natural pollution, but no full explanation was made in this study. It is a question that needs additional research in the future.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.92-95
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• 1992

A model for the role of serum was proposed to develop a low serum medium for the large scale cu1ture of mammalian cell. The strategy of medium development adopted in this study facilitated the understanding of the role being carried out by the serum in the culture of hybridoma KAl12 cell line. In this model, the serum components were divided into two main groups : the first group encompasses the nutrient factors that determine the maximum cell density and the second group includes the growth factors that regulate the cell growth rate, The model prediction was compared with the experimental results. The model enabled us to find out several useful aspects of medium composition for cell growth. 1) One particular component in the basal medium became limiting factor when serum concentration level was more than 7%. 2) The growth regulating factors and nutrient factors limited the cell growth at 3% and 5% serum concentration levels respectively.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.438-446
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• 1989

This study was designed to compare various dietary assessment methods and to determine the appropriate method that would be reliable for monitoring the adherence to a fat-modified diet. Dietary intake data was collected from the twenty-two (12 males, 10 females), type IIa hypercholesterolemic patients by the 24-hour dietary recall and the food records of various durations(9, 7, 4, 3days). Intakes of energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates, cholesterol, polyunsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, P/S ratio, and alcohol were analyzed by a computer-assisted method using the Natinal Heart, Lungand Blood Institute Nutrition Data System. The nutrient intake data of the 24-hour recall method were consistently higher than tat of the food record method. In all subjects, food record keeping of the 7 consecutive days provided acceptable dietary data (within 5% difference) when compared to that of the 9 consecutive days. Food records of 4 consecutive days however, were found to be adequate for female subjects, showing a sex difference. Except for P/S ratio, nutrient intakes did not vary significantly between weekdays and weekend-days. Among other components, alcohol and P/S ratio were shown to be the two most varied components in this study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.892-900
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• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate the clinical characteristics of 78 diabetics by body fat distribution pattern. It was based on the survey of nutritional status, anthropometric measurements and serum components of the patients. The results were as follows: the average ages of male and female subjects were 57.1, and that of female subjects was 58.9, respectively. The average diabetic durations of male and female subjects were 4.8 and 5.9 years, respectively. In male, the ratio of upper body obese subject was 62.5% and the lower body obese subjects was 37.5%, while those of female were 69.4% and 30.6%, respectively. In nutrient intake state, there was no significant difference between male and female subjects, but calory intake of upper body obese subjects was difference between male and female subjects, but calory intake of upper body obese subjects was tend to be higher in both male and female subjects. among the three major nutrients/calory ratio, protein/calory ratio was significantly lower in the male upper body obese subjects than in the male lower body obese subjects. Since weight, circumference of arm and waist, waist hip ratio(WHR) of both male and female subjects, body muscle mass(BMM) of male subjects and body mass index (BMI) of female subjects were significantly higher in upper body obese group, upper body obese subjects represented ore fat than lower body obese subjects. In male subjects, hemoglobin(Hb), A/G of upper body obese subjects were lower than the standard value, but there was no significant difference in the serum components between two subjects. In female subjects, Hb and A/G of lower body obese subjects were lower than those of the normal subjects, but Hb and Ht of upper body obese subjects were significantly higher than those of the lower body obese subjects.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.299-305
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• 2014

In this paper, fractional factorial screening design (FFSD) and central composition design (CCD) were used to optimize the medium components for producing chitinase and gelatinase by Lysobacter capsici YS1215. Crab shell powder, nutrient broth and gelatin were proved to have significant effects on chitinase and gelatinase activity by FFSD first. An optimal medium was obtained by using a three factor CCD, which consisted of nutrient broth of $2.0gL^{-1}$, crab shell powder of $2.0gL^{-1}$ and gelatin of $1.0gL^{-1}$, respectively with the highest chitinase activity ($3.34UmL^{-1}$) and gelatinase activity ($14.15UmL^{-1}$). This value was 3.76 and 1.11 fold of the chitinase and gelatinase activity, respectively, compared to the lowest productive medium in the design matrix. In investigating potential of these enzymes partially purified from L. capsici YS1215 for biotechnological use, the crude enzymes was found to be inhibition against pathogenic fungal mycelia: Colletotrichum gleosporioides, Phytophthora capsici, and Rhizoctonia solani. In this study, we demonstrated the optimal medium for producing the chitinolytic and gelatinolytic enzymes by the strain YS1215 and the role of their enzymes that may be useful for further development of a biotechnological use and agricultural use for biological control of phytopathogenic fungi.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.447-453
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• 2019

In this study, the effect of supplying volume and frequency of a nutrient solution consisted with $NO_3-N$ 4.6, $NH_4-N$ 3.4, $PO_4-P$ 3, K 3, Ca 4.6 and Mg $2.2mmol{\cdot}L^{-1}$ on growth and fruit quality of 'Duke' blueberry was investigated. Three years old 'Duke' blueberry bushes cultivated in containers ($60{\times}80{\times}40cm$) filled with 130L peat moss and 40L pearlite (v/v) were selected for the experiment. The growth containers were mulched with sawdust. Two different volumes (4L and 8L) of nutrient solution was tested at three different supplying frequencies (one time, two times, and three times) per week and the drainage quality of nutrient solution and fruit quality of 'Duke' blueberry was evaluated. The optimal drainage rate for the vegetable cultivation is known to be 20-30%. The results revealed that the average drainage rates of 27% and 29% for the nutrient solution supplied in 'Duke' blueberry growth medium at 4L, 2 times/7 days and 4L, 3 times/7days, respectively. The highest shoot diameter (4.2mm) and shoot length (31cm) of 'Duke' blueberry was recorded with the 8L of nutrient solution supplied at 3 times per 7 days. According to the analysis of inorganic components in the drainage of nutrient solution, there was a tendency of absorbing nitrogen at the early stage of growth. The supplying volume and frequency of nutrient solution was not significantly affected on 'Duke' blueberry fruit weight, soluble solids content, and titratable acidity. The highest yield per bush (2.7kg) was recorded for the nutrient solution supplied with 4L at three times per 7 days, while the 4L nutrient solution supplied at one time per 7 days resulted the lowest yield of 1.4kg per bush. Consequently, the tested nutrient solution can be applied for the 'Duke' blueberry bushes with the volume of 4L at three times per week for the better crop growth.