• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.386-398
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• 2020

Wheat is one of the world's top three crops and is an important staple crop, accounting for 20% of the nutrient calories consumed by the world's population. However, due to its complex heterogeneous hexaploid chromosomes and vast genome of approximately 16 Gb, compared to those of other crops, molecular biology and biotechnology studies on wheat are lacking. In recent years, wheat genome analysis has been performed using the latest next-generation sequencing technology so that useful genes can be easily obtained, and wheat biotechnology research is accelerating in various fields. In this review, wheat transformation, an indispensable technique for developing new functional biotech wheat by revealing the function of wheat genes, is described in detail. In addition, the latest research results for overcoming plant diseases, abiotic stresses, and wheat-related diseases that are difficult to solve by classical breeding through wheat transformation and biotechnology are described.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.234-239
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• 2014

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of seeding rates on the forage quality and productivity of direct-seeded whole crop rice at the experimental field of the Grassland and Forages Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA from 2007 to 2008. Whole crop rice variety, "Nokyang", developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, was directly seeded with four different seeding rates (30, 60, 90 and 120 kg/ha). There were no significant differences (p<0.05) found in emergence date, heading date, greenish and disease resistance based on the seeding rates. Plant height increased at higher seeding rates but the tiller number per plant decreased (p<0.05). The dry matter (DM) content showed no significant difference based on seeding rates (p<0.05) while the yield of fresh and dry matter increased with incremented seeding rates (p<0.05). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) content increased with higher seeding rates, but the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content did not show a similar tendency. The total digestible nutrient (TDN) content was lowest with 120 kg/ha seeding rate. The grain ratio decreased at higher seeding rates. In economic analysis, the plot seeded at a rate of 60 kg/ha showed the highest income increment. Although high seeding rates increased the DM yield, a seeding rate of 60 kg/ha is recommended as the proper seeding rate for direct-seeded whole crop rice.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.223-233
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• 2007

For this study, we analyzed spatial and temporal patterns of trophic state and water quality over the period of $2002{\sim}2005$, using the water chemistry dataset obtained from the Korea Rural community & Agriculture corporation. Most reservoirs, based on TN, showed eutrophic (about 88% of the total). About 20% of agricultural reservoirs, based on TP, showed eutrophic after the criteria of OECD (1982), while 71% and 3% were Hesotrophic and oligotrophic, respectively. Seasonal variations were evident due to the intense monsoon rain during July${\sim}$August; conductivity, COD, SS, nutrients, and chlorophyll-${\alpha}$ (CBL) increased in the postmonsoon compared to the premonsoon. TP values had positive functional relations with conductivity, COD, and CHL values. COD and SS peaked during the intense monsoon. Mean values of TP and CHL values were two times greater in the intense monsoon than the weak monsoon. The increased TP was probably due to inorganic suspended solids from point and non-point sources during the monsoon. Ratios of TN : TP had strong in- verse relations ($R^2$=0.843, p<0.001, n=34) with TP, but not with TN (p>0.05, n=34). Log10-transformed CHL increased with TP in most P-limited reservoirs $(Log_{10}TP=0.5{\times}Log_{10}CHL+0.086)$. Similarity analysis, based TN, TP, and CHL showed that three groups were separated at 90% similarity level; One group was reservoirs with high salinity nearby the seawater, and the other two groups were reservoirs with a low salinity of the inland, and intermediate salinity, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.418-427
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• 2010

In the four swamps of Jjokjibeol, Mokpo, Upo and Sajipo in the Upo wetland, the nitrogen nutrients, phosphorus nutrients and chl-$\alpha$ had been observed during the period from April 2005 to December 2009 on monthly basis. Based on the results, the fluctuations of trophic state in the Upo wetland were estimated. Measurements of the nitrogen nutrients such as $NO_3$-N, $NH_3$-N and T-N showed to be generally decreased in comparison with those in the precent studies. Yet the T-N was still considerably higher than the general concentration level of eutrophication and algal blooming. $PO_4$-P and T-P showed to have reduced considerably in comparison to precedent studies. However, T-P also turned out to be dissolved over the nutrient standard. Nitrogen nutrients and phosphorus nutrients were the lowest in Jjokjibeol in the Upo wetland. The chl-$\alpha$ concentrations were the highest at summer periods in Jjokjibeol and Mokpo. However, the highest at non-summer periods in Upo and Sajipo. Among the four swamps, Upo had the highest density on average of chl-$\alpha$, and Mokpo the lowest. Through TRIX (Trophic Index) analysis evaluating trophic state of the Upo wetland, all four swamps were estimated of poor water quality (eutrophication).

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.192-201
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• 1999

This study was aimed to introduce the measurement of $CO_2$ concentration and leaf area index in the phytotron for predicting the effect of CO.E, light and leaf area index on the instantaneous photosynthetic rate of sweet pepper with the existing ASKAM model. Measurements were made in 2 semi-closed phytotron compartments in which three different $CO_2$ concentrations were applied at random. Plants were grown on containers with circulating nutrient solution at 21$^{\circ}C$ and 80-95% relative humidity. The model estimates crop net $CO_2$ uptake for short time intervals during the day based on short-term data of daily radiation, temperature and $CO_2$ concentration. During the photosynthesis measurements, $CO_2$ concentrations in both compartments and in the basement were measured every minute. This was also done for the flow of pure $CO_2$ into the compartment, global radiation, photosynthetic active radiation inside the compartment, temperature and relative humidity. Crop growth models summarize our knowledge on crop behavior and have as such a wide range of applications in analysis, crop management and thus as a farm management tool.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.87-96
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the purchase patterns of processed foods and perception of school dietitians on nutrition labelling in Chonbuk area of Korea. Self-administered questionnaires were collected from a total 156 dietitians. Statistical data analysis was completed using the SPSS v. 11.5 program. The results were summarized as follows. Among the 156 school foodservice systems, 64.7% of schools were operated in conventional system and 35.3% were in commissary system. Among the processed foods, seasoning foods(98.4%) and cereal products(93.3%) were used widely in school foodservice. Among the general characteristics of schools and dietitians, the style(p<0.01), and type of foodservice(p<0.05), career, and age of dietitians respectively affected the purchasing pattern of the processed foods. Approximately 30% of dietitians responded that some fortified foods used for the meal preparation(eg. Ca-fortified yoghurt). Only 57% of dietitians who has more ten year job career was agreed with the important of fortified foods for the menu planning. Despite the levels of education of the dietitians became higher, were no relationship between the confidence on fortified foods and the improvement on health for children. About 96.2% of dietitians knew nutrition labelling of processed foods. Only 25.6% of dietitians checked nutrition labelling of processed food when they purchased these foods for school lunch. The main reason for their checking nutrition labelling of processed foods was for nutrient of products. The dietitians understanding and trust in nutrition labelling of processed foods were not high. But the half of dietitians responded that the nutrition labelling can be helpful for the purchase of processed foods in school foodservice systems. Therefore, it is necessary to activate the mandatory nutrition labelling of processed foods and to prepare its consumer education program for school dietitians.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.81-96
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• 2008

This study was performed to know about the characteristics of geochemicals of sampling sites in Suncheon bay. Salinity and parameters of water pollution as COD, DIN and DIP showed typical character of an estuary with its values higher at the end of estuary and gradually lowering at the up stream. The value of Excess DIN showed positive so the phosphorus appeared in a role as limiting nutrient. As quoted results of correlation analysis of SPSS and PCA, salinity was revealed as a main factor of control for water qualities at sampling sites in Suncheon bay. The Mz of wet lands and intertidal zone in Sun-cheon bay showed a variation of 6.74 to $8.52{\phi}$ and the sorting also to appeared poorly sorted to very poorly sorted. The fractional composition of phosphorus in phosphorus of sediments were high and appeared orderly as redisual-P> NAI-P> apatite-P> absorbed-P. The labile-Phosphorus showed high concentration then the other station. It means that phosphorus of these stations can easily move from the deposit to the water column than another station.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.235-239
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• 2011

Liquid-state fermentation of Monascus koji was performed using 10% honey as the nutrient source. The rheological characteristics of flour doughs with added red koji broth were evaluated and revealed the following results. The falling number which represents the paste characteristics decreased, as the amount of added red koji broth increased. Adding 10% broth resulted in a falling number of $363{\pm}7.8s$ and with 20% it was $318{\pm}2.1s$. In the measurement of gelatinization using a rapid visco analyzer, increasing the red koji broth decreased peak viscosity, peak viscosity time, holding strength, final viscosity and set-back values, but initial pasting temperature and breakdown value increased. In the farinograph measurements, no significantly different absorption was found between the control and the treatments, and the results were 64.3-65.0%. The consistency and tolerance index of the doughs were higher in the treatments than the control. Increasing the broth addition ratio increased the measurement values, however development time and time to break down the doughs decreased. Stability also decreased and adding 20% broth resulted in a 9.3 min development time, and adding 40% broth resulted in a 3.0 min development time. In the alveographic analysis, the $P_{max}$ (overpressure) value of the control was 158.0 mm. $P_{max}$ value increased to 190.0 mm after adding 40% broth. However the values of L, G and W were higher in the control. As a result, little influence on dough rheology was observed by adding red koji broth 20%.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.224-232
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• 2013

The objective of this study is to identify the dietary patterns associated with the risk of hypertensions among Korean adults using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2008-2010). This study analyzes data from 11,883 subjects who participated in the health and nutrition survey, aging from 20 to 64 years. We performed factor analysis based on the weekly mean intake frequencies of 36 food groups to identify major dietary patterns. We identified three major dietary patterns in both sexes, namely "traditional", "western" and "dairy and carbohydrate" patterns. Participants in the highest quartile of western pattern scores had significantly higher blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels than those in the lowest quartile. Although not statistically significant, a trend (P for trend = 0.0732) toward a positive association between the western dietary pattern and hypertension risk was observed after adjustments for age, sex, education, income, body mass index (BMI), smoking, physical activity, and energy intake. The dairy and carbohydrate pattern was inversely related with BMI and blood pressures and positively associated with serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. After adjusting the age, sex, education, income, BMI, smoking, physical activity and energy intake, the dairy and carbohydrate pattern showed inverse associations with hypertension prevalence (OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.55-0.75; P for trend < 0.0001). Intakes of fiber, sodium, and antioxidant vitamins were significantly higher in the top quartile for the traditional pattern than in the lowest quartile for the traditional pattern (P for trend < 0.0001). Intakes of fiber (P for trend < 0.0001), calcium (P for trend < 0.0001), retinol (P for trend = 0.0164), vitamin $B_1$ (P for trend = 0.001), vitamin $B_2$ (P for trend < 0.0001), niacin (P for trend = 0.0025), and vitamin C (P for trend < 0.0001) were significantly increased across quartiles for the dairy and carbohydrate pattern whereas sodium (P for trend < 0.0001) intake was decreased for this pattern. In conclusion, the dairy and carbohydrate pattern may be associated with a reduced risk of hypertension whereas the western pattern may be associated with an increased risk of hypertension among Korean adults.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.21-34
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• 2011

We determined potential meso-scale benthic-pelagic ecosystem coupling in the north equatorial Pacific by comparing surface chl-a concentration with sediment bacterial abundance and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration (indication of active biomass). Water and sediment samples were latitudinally collected between 5 and $11^{\circ}N$ along $131.5^{\circ}W$. Physical water properties of this area are characterized with three major currents: North Equatorial Current (NEC), North Equatorial Count Current (NECC), and South Equatorial Current (SEC). The divergence and convergence of the surface water occur at the boundaries where these currents anti-flow. This low latitude area ($5{\sim}7^{\circ}N$) appears to show high pelagic productivity (mean phytoplankton biomass=$1266.0\;mgC\;m^{-2}$) due to the supplement of high nutrients from nutrient-enriched deep-water via vertical mixing. But the high latitude area ($9{\sim}11^{\circ}N$) with the strong stratification exhibits low surface productivity (mean phytoplankton biomass=$603.1\;mgC\;m^{-2}$). Bacterial cell number (BCN) and ATP appeared to be the highest at the superficial layer and reduced with depth of sediment. Latitudinally, sediment BCN from low latitude ($5{\sim}7^{\circ}N$) was $9.8{\times}10^8\;cells\;cm^{-2}$, which appeared to be 3-times higher than that from high latitude ($9{\sim}11^{\circ}N$; $2.9{\times}10^8\;cells\;cm^{-2}$). Furthermore, sedimentary ATP at the low latitude ($56.2\;ng\;cm^{-2}$) appeared to be much higher than that of the high latitude ($3.3\;ng\;cm^{-2}$). According to regression analysis of these data, more than 85% of the spatial variation of benthic microbial biomass was significantly explained by the phytoplankton biomass in surface water. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that benthic productivity in this area is strongly coupled with pelagic productivity.