• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.117-121
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• 2002

We have developed an in vitro micropropagation system via shoot formation from axillary buds using nodal segments of Corylopsis coreana. Explants from both juvenile tree (one-year-old greenhouse stock seedlings) and mature tree (ten-years-old tree in nursery) were compared with regard to propagation efficiency. Combined treatment of both BA and zeatin were effective on shoot proliferation since the best result was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 0.5∼3.0 mg/L zeatin and 0.2 mg/L BA. Generally, juvenile explants were better in both shoot proliferation and growth than mature explants. However, as the duration of in vitro culture was proceed to 6 months, explants from mature tree also produced three shoots per explant. Distinctive differences in rooting and adaptability to soil of shoots obtained from mother trees. Whereas shoots originated from juvenile explants rooted as high as 97%, those from adult explants showed 62% rooting. Similar result was also observed in soil acclimatization. The plantlets derived from juvenile plants survived 67%, while only 48% of those from adult trees survived. The results showed a possibility of the micropropagation of Corylopsis coreana through shoot formation from axillary buds. In addition, the advance of the research still remain to enhance the frequency of acclimatization of plantlets from mature trees for practical application.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.159-164
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• 2008

Crown gall of rose (Rosa hybrida) was observed in greenhouse during 2003-2007. The average disease incidence was up to 38.1 % and was more severe in hydroponic culture as compared to soil culture. The typical gall symptom occurred mainly on the root, crown, or both, and resulted on poor rooting, growth retardation and yield loss. The reduction rate of rooting influenced by crown gall was 57.5% as compared to healthy plants on nursery stock. The location of gall formation in the plant influenced growth vigor resulting in symptoms such as poor shooting. Healthy plants produced 19.1 flowers/$m^2$, while diseased plants produced 9.5 flowers/$m^2$ during the same cultivation period. Moreover, the number of days to flowering was longer for the diseased plants than for healthy plants - 51.2 days and 39.8 days for first harvest, and 60.6 days and 52.1 days for the second harvest, respectively. Conclusively, infection on the basal stem caused serious loss of the number of shoot formation; yield loss of cut flower was 38.7% due to crown gall infection and delay of harvesting time about 8-10 days.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 1997

This experiments were conducted to determine the effect of thidiazuron on forming tuberlets and plant regeneration of Pinellia ternata T. by tissue culture. The addition of $5\;{\mu}M$ TDZ to the medium had better regeneration than that of any other treatments of NAA and TDZ. At the combination treatments of NAA and TDZ, as the level of thidiazuron increased, the rate of shoot regeneration was incresed while the increment of NAA concentration inhibited the rate of shoot regeneration. The supplement of $5\;{\mu}M$ thidiazuron produced the best number of micro-tubers per explant and the number of micro-tuber formed was 25 in MS medium and 29 in MG medium on 30 day culture, respectively. Microtuber formation was the best on MG medium with 1.0 mg/l NAA and $5\;{\mu}M$ thidiazuron. MG medium was superior to MS and B5 medium for the growth of tuberlets. Half strength of MS medium with NAA 2 mg/l was the most effective for root formation. Rooting ability on nursery soil of plantlets produced in in vjtro was good as a 80% after 3 weeks.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.715-718
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• 2010

$Cymbidium$ 'Purple Princess' ('Show Girl' x 'Eiko') is a new cultivar having dark purple sepal and petal (RHS, RP59A) with purple lip (RHS, RP59A). A cross was made between pink colored $C.$'Show Girl' as maternal line and dark purple colored $C.$ 'Eiko' as paternal line in 1994. It was preliminarily selected as Line No. 94019267 in 1999 considering the characters of flower shape and color, leaf growing shape and growth habit in normal culture condition. Multiplication, cultivation, and characteristic trials were conducted from 2000 to 2003. The line was named as Wongyo F1-7 and phenotype was characterized in 2004 as a new 'Purple Princess'. 'Purple Princess' has about 13.2 flowers per flower stalk and flower size of 5.2 cm. General appearance of petals and sepals is slightly incurved shape. The plant size is intermediate having erect peduncle. Blooming starts from early December under optimal culture condition. Leaf attitude and twisting is erect and very weak respectively. Erect leaf will be suitable for growing and handling in the nursery as pot orchid flowers.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2007

The seed production of Ecklonia stolonifera Okamura was studied under laboratory conditions through the embryonic sporophyte stage and the field cultivation was conducted in eastern coast of Korea. The germination of zoospores occurred within 3 days and the growth of gametophytes was most rapid at $25^{\circ}C$ and $20\;{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}s^{-1}$. Sporophyte growth was highest at $20^{\circ}C$ and $20\;{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}s^{-1}$ and lowest at $25^{\circ}C$ and $80\;{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}s^{-1}$. In the nursery culture of E. stolonifera lasting for 2 weeks in January, the initial blade length of E. stolonifera (about $500\;{\mu}m$) grew to $526.3{\pm}176.0\;{\mu}m$ at water temperature of $12.05^{\circ}C$. The blade length and width reached their maxima in July, after which the ends of blade and stem began to degrade with the increase in water temperature. The degraded end of the blade started to regenerate in October, when water temperature began to decline. This species can be considered a potential candidate for aquaculture, increasing in the availability of raw material and aiding in recovery of seaweed bed.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.94-99
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• 2008

Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is very difficult to obtain stable production of qualified ginseng roots because of variable stresses in soil environments. High salt concentrations in the ginseng nursery soil environment of Korea is one of important reducing factors for the stable production of quality ginseng. These studies were accomplished to identify the growth rate and production of ginsenoside from ginseng hairy root against NaCI. In the MS liquid culture, the highest contents and productivity of ginsenosides were appeared at 4 week after onset of the treatment of 0.1 M NaCI. And 0.24 M NaCI was more effective on the growth of ginseng hairy root under light condition than dark condition. Plants generally produce secondary metabolites in nature as a defense mechanism against pathogenic and insect attack. In this study, NaCI acts as a kind of stress as well as elicitor for production of ginsenosides.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.91-102
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to prepare the introduction of the community facilities in public corporation buildings as the effort to community activation in the innovation city. The type and development condition of community facilities, and the cases of the private and public corporation buildings are studied. Moreover, the type and scale of facilities which can be established in the public corporation building that will move to the innovation city. The result can be summarized as follows; First, the community facilities can be classified into leisure, public administration, culture, athletics, and welfare, and the facilities are suggested at each hierarchy of living area. Secondly, the result of the case study shows that the public corporation establishes and operates various facilities include welfare, culture, and athletic facilities while the private part usually installs the cultural one. Thirdly, cultural(library, museum, performing place), athletic(soccer field, tennis court, swimming pool), welfare(day nursery, children's library) facilities are selected as the applicable ones to the public corporation building which is going to move to the innovation city. And finally, the basic unit of each facility is derived based on the investigation of legal standard, present condition, and literature reviews, etc., and applied to estimate the scale of the community facility in the public corporation building.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.393-401
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• 2017

Efforts to control viral diseases in crop production include several types of physical or chemical treatments; antiviral extracts of a number of plants have also been examined to inhibit plant viral infection. However, treatments utilizing naturally selected microorganisms with activity against plant viruses are poorly documented. Here we report isolation of a soil inhabiting bacterium, Pseudomonas oleovorans strain KBPF-004 (developmental code KNF2016) which showed antiviral activity against mechanical transmission of tobamoviruses. Antiviral activity was also evaluated in seed transmission of two tobamoviruses, Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) and Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), by treatment of seed collected from infected pepper and watermelon, respectively. Pepper and watermelon seeds were treated with culture supernatant of P. oleovorans strain KBPF-004 or control strain ATCC 8062 before planting. Seeds germinated after treatment with water or ATCC 8062 yielded about 60% CGMMV or PMMoV positive plants, whereas < 20% of KBPF-004-treated seeds were virus-infected, a significantly reduced seed transmission rate. Furthermore, supernatant of P. oleovorans strain KBPF-004 remodeled aggregation of PMMoV 126 kDa protein and subcellular localization of movement protein in Nicotiana benthamiana, diminishing aggregation of the 126 kDa protein and essentially abolishing association of the movement protein with the microtubule network. In leaves agroinfiltrated with constructs expressing the coat protein (CP) of either PMMoV or CGMMV, less full-size CP was detected in the presence of supernatant of P. oleovorans strain KBPF-004. These changes may contribute to the antiviral effects of P. oleovorans strain KBPF-004.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.47-55
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• 2016

RHS is a core organization with huge influences on the expansion of the base for the garden culture and industry. This study aimed to examine the meaning and value of the professional charity's role through the appearance background and developmental process of RHS. The passion for plant collection in the Victorian Age of the $19^{th}$ century became the background of establishing the society. Such background of the times and the root of the society are deeply related to the British civil garden culture. The consideration of the forming process of RHS and the study can be summarized as below. First, the professional introduction of exotic plants by plant hunters was developed into an organization supporting professional plant research through collection, sampling, and records, which led to the development of horticulture techniques, growth of plant nursery businesses and established the foundation of the civil garden culture in the UK. Second, after John Loudon was involved in RHS, inspired by the press editing more practical information contents, middle-class and women became new patrons to gardening. Therefore, the care of gardens became a source of agreeable domestic recreation, especially to the female sex. Third, $19^{th}$ century plant collection and exhibition was seen in the Chelsea Flower Show which a key role beyond the UK garden culture. Fourth, those acts of RHS and modernity in $19^{th}$ developed British middle-class domestic gardens which have the character of the ordinary and national garden style in the UK. Such history and activities of RHS are connected to the national status as a country of gardens, which suggests clues to practical measures and values we should aim for in order to settle citizen-centered garden culture.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.371-384
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• 1982

Highly cold tolerant varieties are requested not only at high latitute cool area but also tropical high elevated areas, and the required tolerance is different from location to location. IRRI identified 6 different types of cold tolerance required in the world for breeding purpose; a) Hokkaido type, b) Suweon type, c) Taipei 1st season type, d) Taipei 2nd season type, e) Tropical alpine type and, f) Bangladesh type. The cold tolerance requested in Korea is more eargent in Tongil group cultivars and their required tolerance is the one such as the physiological activities at low temperature are as active as in Japonica group cultivars at least during young seedling stage and reproduction stage. With conventional Japonica cultivars, such cold tolerant characters are requested as short growth duration but stable basic vegetative growth, less sensitive to high temperature and less prolonged growth duration at low temperature. The methods screening for cold tolerance were developed rapidly after the Tongil cultivar was reliesed. The facilities of screening for cold tolerance, such as, low temperature incubator, cold water tank, growth cabinet, phytotron, cold water nursery in Chuncheon, breeding nursery located in Jinbu, Unbong and Youngduk, are well established. Foreign facilities such as, cold water tank with the rapid generation advancement facilities, cold nurseries located in Banaue, Kathmandu and Kashimir may be available for the screening of some limitted breeding materials. For the reference, screening methods applied at different growth stages in Japan are introduced. The component characters of cold tolerance are not well identified, but the varietal differences in a) germinability, b) young seedling growth, c) rooting, d) tillering, e) discolation, f) nutrition uptake, g) photosynthesis rate, h) delay in heading, i) pollen sterility, and j) grain fertility at low temperature are reported to be distinguishable. Relationships among those traits are not consistent. Reported studies on the inheritance of cold tolerance are summarized. Four or more genes are controlling low temperature germinability, one or several genes are controlling seedling tolerance, and four or more genes are responsible for the pollen fertility of the rice treated with cold air or grown in the cold water nursery. But most of those data indicate that the results may come out in different way if those were tested at different temperature. Many cold tolerant parents among Japonicas, Indicas and Javanicas were identified as the results of the improvement of cold tolerance screening techniques and IRTP efforts and they are ready to be utilized. Considering a) diversification of germ plasm, b) integration of resistances to diseases and insects, c) identification of adaptability of recommending cultivars and, d) systematic control of recommending cultivars, breeding strategies for short term and long term are suggested. For short term, efforts will be concentrated mainly to the conventional cultivar group. Domestic cultivars will be used as foundation stock and ecologically different foreign introductions such as from Hokkaido, China or from Taiwan, will be used as cross parents for the adjustment of growth durations and synthsize the prototype of tolerances. While at the other side, extreme early waxy Japonicas will be crossed with the Indica parents which are identified for their resistances to the diseases and insects. Through the back corsses to waxy Japonicas, those Indica resistances will be transfered to the Japonicas and these will be utilized to the crosses for the improvement of resistances of prototype. For the long term, efforts will be payed to synthsize all the available tolerances identified any from Japonicas, Indicas and Javanicas to diversify the germ plasm. The tolerant cultivars newly synthsized, should be stable and affected minimum. to the low temperature at all the growing stages. The resistances to the diseases and insects should be integrated also. The rapid generation advancement, pollen culture and international cooperations were emphasized to maximize the breeding efficiency.