• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.13-13
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• 2019

Soybean (Glycine max L. (Merr) is commonly consumed and found in major foods including soymilk, soy sauce, tofu, and soy sprout in Korea and east Asia. In addition, it is common to cook the whole seeds with rice. Soybean is known to have ranges of health benefits including antiaging, anticancer, neuroprotective and antidiabetic taken either as supplement or dietary food. Anthocyanins and flavonoids in G. max are found to be the main contributors to such wide arrays of health benefits. Due to increasing economic values of soybean, development of specialty soybean cultivars is becoming an area of interest worldwide. In this study, 746 black soybean accessions from National Agrobiodiversity Center were characterized as part of an attempt to identify important germplasms of G. max. Seed coats of each accession were analyzed for their total anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-O-Glucoside (C-3-O-G), delphinidin 3-O-glucoside (D-3-O-G), petunidin-3-O-glucoside (Pt-3-O-G), and their whole seeds for crude protein contents. HPLC was used to determine and quantify the anthocyanin compositions while crude protein was determined using Kjeldahl method by Kjeltec auto-analyzer (Kjeltec 8400, Foss, Sweden). Accessions were grouped according to their anthocyanins and protein contents; the mean content of which were correlated to agronomic traits including maturity date, one hundred seed weight, cotyledon color and seed lust color. The results indicated that the total anthocyanin content (TAC) ranged from 273.77 to 6250.52 mg/100 g, with mean value of 1853.03 mg/100 g while the crude protein content (CPC) being between 33.43 and 47.51%, with mean value of 40.81%. The highest number of accessions (45.97%) showed TAC between 1000~1900 mg/100 g while 30.96% of accessions showed CPC between 41~43%. Among the 746 accessions considered, 11 (IT142935, 175818, 175855, 177191, 177209, 177211, 177214, 177216, 177218, 177220, 177274) of them showed TAC above 4000 mg/100 g. C-3-O-G was found to be the major contributor to TAC showing strong correlation. Accessions with green cotyledon color showed high mean TAC compared to those having yellow cotyledon color, and accessions with dull seed lust color showed high mean TAC than those having shiny seed lust color. One hundred seeds weight and maturity date showed positive correlation with all anthocyanin contents, except for Pt-3-O-G in the latter case. The overall result of the present study could be used as background for developing new black soybean cultivars and breeds with high anthocyanin and protein contents. The result depicted that many of the accessions could be used as potential parental lines.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.76 no.6
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• pp.687-708
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• 2020

Openings in steel plate shear walls (SPSWs) are usually used for decorative designs, crossing locations of multiple utilities and/or structural objectives. However, earlier studies showed that generating an opening in an SPSW has a negative effect on the cyclic performance of the SPSW. Therefore, this study proposes tripling or doubling the steel-sheet-plate (SSP) layer and stiffening the opening of the SPSW to provide a solution to undesirable opening effects, improve the SPSW performance and provide the infill option of potential strengthening measures after the construction stage. The study aims to investigate the impact of SSP doubling with a stiffened opening on the cyclic behaviour, expand the essential data required by structural designers and quantify the SPSW performance factors. Validated numerical models were adopted to identify the influence of the chosen parameters on the cyclic capacity, energy dissipation, ductility, seismic performance factors (SPF) and stiffness of the suggested method. A finite Element (FE) analysis was performed via Abaqus/CAE software on half-scale single-story models of SPSWs exposed to cyclic loading. The key parameters included the number of SSP layers, the opening size ratios corresponding to the net width of the SSP, and the opening shape. The findings showed that the proposed assembly method found a negligible influence in the shear capacity with opening sizes of 10, 15, 20%. However, a deterioration in the wall strength was observed for openings with sizes of 25% and 30%. The circular opening is preferable compared with the square opening. Moreover, for all the models, the average value of the obtained ductility did not show substantial changes and the ultimate shear resistance was achieved after reaching a drift ratio of 4.36%. Additionally, the equivalent sectional area of the SSP in the twin and triple configuration of the SPSWs demonstrated approximately similar results. Compared with the single SSP layer, the proposed configuration of the twin SSP layer with a stiffened opening suggest to more sufficiency create SSP openings in the SPSW compared to that of other configurations. Finally, a tabular SPF quantification is exhibited for SPSWs with openings.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.8-17
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• 2016

Ecosystems have functions of providing, supporting, regulating and cultural services. In particular, there is an increasing attention to the importance of regulating ecosystem services in carbon sequestration function, since it is closely related to the issue of climate change. In this study, to quantify benefits of climate regulating ecosystem services, the carbon storage was defined as an indicator. Nine major Korean ecosystems were classified and research papers on carbon storage were analyzed. The collected carbon storage data were categorized according to classified ecosystems, methodologies, and carbon storage components. For each category, the mean, standard error and coefficient of variation were calculated. The carbon storage indicator was highest in vegetation biomass of deciduous forest ecosystems. The uncertainty was also estimated by the IPCC 2006 guidelines. The estimations of the uncertainty differed by methodologies and carbon storage components. With exception of forest ecosystems, the limited number of studies were available which might have hindered to conduct accurate estimations. These findings indicate that there are needs for further clarification in the measurement standards by different ecosystems.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.89-96
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• 2018

In online communities, a large number of participants can exchange their opinion using replies without time and space restrictions. While the online space provides quick and free communication, it also easily triggers unnecessary quarrels and conflicts. The network established on the discussion participants is an important cue to analyze the confrontation and predict serious disputes. In this paper, we present a quantitative measure for polarity observed on the discussion network built from reply exchanges in online communities. The proposed method uses the comment exchange information to establish the user interaction network graph, computes its maximum spanning tree, and then performs vertex coloring to assign two colors to each node in order to divide the discussion participants into two subsets. Using the proportion of the comment exchanges across the partitioned user subsets, we compute the polarity measure, and quantify how discussion participants are bipolarized. Using experimental results, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our method for detecting polarization and show participants of a specific discussion subject tend to be divided into two camps when they debate.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.195-214
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• 2017

Statistical landslide susceptibility analysis, which is widely used among various landslide susceptibility analysis approaches, predicts the unstable area by analyzing statistical relationship between landslide occurrence locations and landslide controlling factors. However, uncertainties are involved in the procedures of the susceptibility analysis and therefore, fuzzy approach has been used to deal properly with uncertainties. The fuzzy approach used fuzzy set theory and fuzzy membership function to quantify uncertainties involved in landslide controlling factors. Various fuzzy approaches were suggested in the procedure of the membership value determination and fuzzy operation in the previous researches. However, few studies were carried out to compare the analysis results obtained from various approaches for membership function determination and fuzzy operation. Therefore, in this study, the authors selected Jinbu area, which a large number of landslides were occurred at in 2006, to apply two most commonly used methods, the frequency ratio and the cosine amplitude method to derive membership values for each controlling factor. In addition, the integration of different thematic layers to produce landslide susceptibility map was performed by several fuzzy operators such as AND, OR, algebraic product, algebraic sum and Gamma operator. The results of the landslide susceptibility analysis using two different methods for the determination of fuzzy membership values and various fuzzy operators were compared on the basis of ROC graph to check the feasibility of the fuzzy based landslide susceptibility analysis.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.178-185
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• 2013

Forest fires are expected to increase in severity and frequency under global climate change and thus better understanding of fire dynamics is critical for mitigation and adaptation. Researchers with different background, such as ecologists, physicists, and mathematical biologists, have developed various simulation models to reproduce forest fire spread dynamics. However, these models have limitations in the fire spreading because of the complicated factors such as fuel types, wind, and moisture. In this study, we suggested a simple model considering the wind effect and two different fuel types. The two fuels correspond to susceptible tree and resistant tree with different probabilities of transferring fire. The trees were randomly distributed in simulation space with a density ranging from 0.0 (low) to 1.0 (high). The susceptible tree had higher value of the probability than the resistant tree. Based on the number of burnt trees, we then carried out the sensitivity analysis to quantify how the forest fire patterns are affected by wind and tree density. The statistical analysis showed that the total tree density had greatest effect on the forest fire spreading and wind had the next greatest effect. The density of the susceptible tree was relatively lower factor affecting the forest fire. We believe that our model can be a useful tool to explore forest fire spreading patterns.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.7-18
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• 2001

This study represents a first attempt in Korea to develop the simultaneous freight supply-demand model which considers the relationship between freight supply and demand. As the existing study was limited in one area, or the supply and the demand was separated and assumed not to affect each other, this study take it into consideration the fact that the demand affects supply and simultaneously vice versa. This approach allows us to diagnose a policy carried on and helps us to make a resonable alternative for the effectiveness of freight transportation system. To find a relationship between them, we use a method of econometrics. a structural equation theory and two stage least-squares(2SLS) estimation technique, to get rid of bias which involves two successive applications of OLS. Based on the domestic freight data, this study consider as explanatory variables a number of population(P), industry(IN), the amount of production of the mining and manufacturing industries(MMI), the rate of the effectiveness of freight capacity(LE) and the distance of an empty carriage operation(VC). This study describes well the simultaneous process of freight supply-demand system in that the increase of VC from the decrease of VC raises the cargo capacity and cargo capacity also augments VC. By the way. it is analyzed that the increment of VC due to the increase of the cargo capacity is larger than the reduction of VC owing to the increase of the quantify of goods. Therefore an alternative policy is needed in a short and long run point of view. That is to say, to promote the effectiveness of the freight transportation system, a short term supply control and a long run logistic infrastructure are urgent based on the restoration of market economy by successive deregulation. So we are able to conclude that gradual deregulation is more desirable to build effective freight market.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.9-23
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• 1994

Epitaxial $CoSi_2$ layer has been grown on NaCl(100) substrate at low deposition temperature($200^{\circ}C$) by multitarget bias cosputter deposition(MBCD). The phase sequence and crystallinity of deposited silicide as a function of deposition temperature and substrate bias voltage were studied by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM) analysis. Crystalline Si was grown at $200^{\circ}C$ by metal induced crystallization(M1C) and self bias effect. In addition to, the MIC was analyzed both theoretically and experimentally. The observed phase sequence was $Co_2Si \to CoSi \to Cosi_2$ and was in good agreement with that predicted by effective heat of formation rule. The phase sequence, the CoSi(l11) preferred orientation, and the crystallinity had stronger dependence on the substrate bias voltage than the deposition temperature due to the collisional cascade mixing, the in-situ cleaning, and the increase in the number of nucleation sites by ion bombardment of growing surface. Grain growth induced by ion bombardment was observed with increasing substrate bias voltage at $200^{\circ}C$ and was interpreted with ion bombardment dissociation model. The parameters of $E_{Ar}\;and \alpha(V_s)$ were chosen to properly quantify the ion bombardment effect on the variation in crystallinty at $200^{\circ}C$ with increasing substrate bias voltage using Langmuir probe.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.68-78
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• 2020

Crop models have been used to predict vegetable crop yield, which would have a considerable economic impact on consumers as well as producers. A small number of models have been developed to estimate growth and yield of vegetables due to limited availability of growth observation data in high-quality. In this study, we aimed to analyze the protocols designed for collection of the observation data for major vegetable crops including cabbage, radish, garlic, onion and pepper. We also designed the protocols suitable for development and verification of a vegetable crop growth model. In particular, different measures were proposed to improve the existing protocol used by Statistics Korea (KOSTAT) and Rural Development Administration (RDA), which would enhance reliability of parameter estimation for the crop model. It would be advantageous to select sampling sites in areas where reliable weather observation data can be obtained because crop models quantify the response of crop growth to given weather conditions. It is recommended to choose multiple sampling sites where climate conditions would differ. It is crucial to collect time series data for comparison between observed and simulated crop growth and yield. A crop model can be developed to predict actual yield rather than attainable yield using data for crop damage caused by diseases and pests as well as weather anomalies. A bigdata platform where the observation data are to be shared would facilitate the development of crop models for vegetable crops.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.348-361
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• 2012

Altitude is a factor that plays an important role in the diversity, richness and composition of species. Recently, much attention has been paid to the distribution of butterflies and insects according to altitude. The purpose of this article is to propose a method to preserve and manage species efficiently by reviewing the distribution of butterflies according to different altitudes in Mt. Gyeryong National Park. This study found that the number of species and individuals decreased as the altitude increased, possibly due to the increased amount of shade caused by the crown density. When analyzing the factors influencing the distribution of species other than altitude, it was found that the slope, vegetative colonies and hydrosphere distance were correlated with the change in species distribution. As these species are closely related to food plants, it may save time and reduce the cost as well as allow an efficient evaluation of the bio-diversity if these species are selected as biological indicator species suitable for detecting the changes in the forest. It is judged to be a more efficient means of species preservation to accumulate and quantify the materials regarding environmental elements such as the climate, microclimate and food plants, as this would allow the butterfly distribution to be estimated.