• 한국보건간호학회지
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.239-248
• /
• 2001

The purpose of this study was to analyze risk factors for nosocomial pneumonia in patients admitted to NS ICU, and to provide a basic data to decrease respiratory nosocomial infection rate engendered from medical environments in NS ICU. The study site was the NS ICU at a university hospital located in Seoul, Korea. The subjects were 31 patients diagnosed with nosocomial pneumonia, who were selected from the initial list of 300 potential subjects who had been a) admitted between September 1999 and January 2000, and September 2000 and January 2001, b) resided at the NS ICU over 72 hours. The diagnostic standard of nosocomial pneumonia was based on the nosocomial infection guides of C university hospital. The data were analyzed using frequencies and logistic regression analysis. The sputums obtained from the subjects were cultivated and causal viruses were separated. The results were as follows: 1. The nosocomial pneumonia rate was $10.3\%$. There were 7 types of causal viruses separated from the sputum. and the most prevalent type of virus was MRSA as $62.2\%$. 2. The factors significantly influencing the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia included age, the residential duration at the NS ICU, GCS scores, diabetes mellitus, insertion of tracheal tube and its duration, tracheostomy and its length of insertion, the use of artificial ventilator and the length of its use, and the insertion of naso-gastic tube. The most significant risk factor among these was the insertion of tracheal tube (odds ratio=18.684. $95\%$ CI=6.849-50.974), followed by the use of tracheostomy (odds ratio=15.419, $95\%$ CI=6.615-35.942), the insertion of naso-gastric tube (odds ratio=14.875, $95\%$ CI=6.396-34.595), and the use of artificial ventilator (odds ratio=13.000. $95\%$ CI=5.633­30.001). 3. Regarding the use of the mechanical aids, the insertion of tracheal tube resulted in 12.968 times increase of the nosocomial pneumonia rate, and the use of artificial ventilator lead 6.714 times increase of the nosocomial pneumonia rate. One point increase of the GCS score resulted in the 1.210 times increase of the nosocomial pneumonia rate. For patients who had tracheal tube, tracheostomy, and artificial ventilator, one day increase of their residential duration at NS ICU lead 1.073 times increase of the nosocomial pneumonia rate. 4. In terms of duration of the mechanical aid usage, one day increase in the use of artificial ventilator engendered 1.080 times increase in the nosocomial pneumonia rate. One day increase of the residential duration at the NS ICU lead 1.604 times increase in the nosocomial pneumonia rate. As one point of the GCS score increased, 0.876 times decrease of the nosocomial pneumonia rate was reported. These study findings show that the risk factors significantly influencing the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia include the use of tracheal tube, tracheostomy, naso-gastic tube, and artificial ventilator. It is recommended that nurses working at NS ICU should pay more attention to the patients with these factors as the risky group for the nosocomial pneumonia, and thus make more active efforts to provide nosocomial pneumonia prevention strategies for them. In further studies patients admitted to the different types of ICUs such as internal medicine or surgery unit ICU will be also included, and more wide investigation of nosocomial pneumonia risk factors will be conducted through one-year longitudinal follow up.

• 한국임상약학회지
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.46-52
• /
• 2016

Background: The use of acid suppressive agents became a standard therapy in an intensive care unit (ICU) to prevent stress related gastrointestinal mucosal damage. However, the risk of infectious diseases has been concerned. Objective: The study was to determine the differences between histamine 2 receptor antagonists (H2RA) and proton pump inhibitors (PPI) in incidence of nosocomial pneumonia and pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) by Clostridium difficile with patients in ICU. Methods: This is a retrospective comparative study including patients admitted to the ICU who were at least 18 years of age and stayed for more than 48hrs from August 1, 2014 to January 31, 2015. The propensity score analysis and propensity matched multivariable logistic regression were used in analyzing data to control for confounders. Results: A total of 155 patients were assessed. H2RA were prescribed in 110 (53.9%) and PPI were in 45 (22.1%). Nosocomial pneumonia developed in 37 (23.9%); 25 (22.7%) were on H2RA and 12 (26.7%) were on PPI. The unadjusted incidence of nosocomial pneumonia was slightly higher in the patients with PPI (odds ratio (OR) 1.24; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.54-2.71) compared to them with H2A. After adjusting with propensity score, the adjusted OR with PPI was 1.35 (95% CI: 0.44-4.11). The propensity score matched analyses showed similar results. Conclusion: The uses of PPI and H2RA as a stress ulcer prophylaxis agent showed similarity in the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia and PMC.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제15권7호
• /
• pp.3071-3074
• /
• 2014

Background: To investigate the related risk factors of postoperative nosocomial pneumonia (POP) in patients withI-IIIa lung cancer. Methods: Medical records of 511 patients who underwent resection for lung cancer between January 2012 to December 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Risk factors of postoperative pneumonia were identified and evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: The incidence of postoperative pneumonia in these lung cancer patients was 2.9% (15 cases). Compared with 496 patients who had no pneumonia infection after operation, older age (>60), histopathological type of squamous cell carcinoma and longer surgery time (>3h) were significant risk factors by univariate analysis. Other potential risk factors such as alcohol consumption, history of smoking, hypersensitivity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and so on were not showed such significance in this study. Further, the multivariate analysis revealed that old age (>60 years) (OR 5.813, p=0.018) and histopathological type of squamous cell carcinoma (OR 5.831, p<0.001) were also statistically significant independent risk factors for postoperative pneumonia. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that being old aged (>60 years) and having squamous cell carcinoma histopathological type might be important factors in determining the risk of postoperative pneumonia in lung cancer patients after surgery.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• 제44권1호
• /
• pp.114-123
• /
• 1997

연구배경 : 기관지내시경 검사는 중환자실의 폐렴이 동반된 환자에서 원인균 동정을 위한 매우 유용한 검사법이다. 내시경적 약식의 기관폐포세척한 검체의 결과를 맹검적인 기도세척의 결과와 비교분석함으로써 폐렴을 가진 중환자실 환자에서의 기관지경 검사의 임상적 의의를 평가해 보고자 하였다. 방법 : 1993년 9월부터 1996년 8윌까지 이화의대부속 목동병원 중환자실에 입원치료를 받았던 환자중 임상적 소견상 폐렴으로 진단적 또는 치료적 목적하에 기관지경 검사를 받았던 28명의 환자를 대상으로 내시경적 기관폐포세척을 포함한 임상적 결과에 대해 후향적으로 조사하였다. 결과 : l. 중환자실에 입원한 주 이유는 호흡부전 및 호흡부전 절박상태가 가장 많았다. 폐렴은 그 유형상 원내폐렴이 16예로 가장 많았고 지역획득폐렴 및 면역타협폐렴이 각 6예씩 있었다. 기관지경 목적상 진단적 목적이 20예 71%를 차지하였고 치료적 목적의 분비물제거가 8예 있었다. 내시경 검사에 따른 합병증의 발생은 미미하였다. 2 맹검적 검체와 내시경적 검체간 균주배양 일치율은 39.3 %에 불과하였고 내시경적 검사로 국균증 및 결핵이 각 2예씩 진단되었다. 3 내시경적 검체결과를 기준할때 다제약제내성 폐렴은 기타균주에 의한 폐렴과 비교시 기계호흡의 적용이 유의하게 빈번히 말생하였다. 4 원내폐렴군은 타군에 비해 기계호흡 적용이 유의하게 많았다. 결론 : 이상의 결과로 폐렴이 동반된 중환자실 환자에서 기관지경을 통한 선택적인 기관폐포세척물 검사 및 치료적 기관분비물의 제거는 진단 및 치료상의 매우 유용한 방편이 될 수 있으며 동정된 균주가 다제약제내성균이거나 원내폐렴형인 경우 기계호흡의 사용과 밀접한 관련이 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Genomics & Informatics
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.34.1-34.10
• /
• 2023

Nosocomial infections, commonly referred to as healthcare-associated infections, are illnesses that patients get while hospitalized and are typically either not yet manifest or may develop. One of the most prevalent nosocomial diseases in hospitalized patients is pneumonia, among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. Viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens cause pneumonia. More severe introductions commonly included Staphylococcus aureus, which is at the top of bacterial infections, per World Health Organization reports. The staphylococci, S. aureus, strain RMI-014804, mesophile, on-sporulating, and non-motile bacterium, was isolated from the sputum of a pulmonary patient in Pakistan. Many characteristics of S. aureus strain RMI-014804 have been revealed in this paper, with complete genome sequence and annotation. Our findings indicate that the genome is a single circular 2.82 Mbp long genome with 1,962 protein-coding genes, 15 rRNA, 49 tRNA, 62 pseudogenes, and a GC content of 28.76%. As a result of this genome sequencing analysis, researchers will fully understand the genetic and molecular basis of the virulence of the S. aureus bacteria, which could help prevent the spread of nosocomial infections like pneumonia. Genome analysis of this strain was necessary to identify the specific genes and molecular mechanisms that contribute to its pathogenicity, antibiotic resistance, and genetic diversity, allowing for a more in-depth investigation of its pathogenesis to develop new treatments and preventive measures against infections caused by this bacterium.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• 제61권1호
• /
• pp.13-19
• /
• 2006

연구 배경: A. baumannii는 전 세계적으로 중요한 병원 내 병원균으로 부각되고 있고 이들 균에 의한 감염 또한 빠르게 증가하고 있다. 이들 감염에 연관된 사망률(균혈증:52%, 폐렴:23-73%)은 매우 높고 다제 내성은 비교적 흔하게 발생하고 있는 실정이다. 그러므로 다제 내성 A. baumannii 감염에 대한 효과적인 치료를 위해서 이들의 임상 특징과 결과를 분석하고 이해하는 것이 필요하다. 이에 본 연구는 A. baumannii 병원내 폐렴 중 다제 내성군과 약제 감수성군 간의 임상적 특징, 사망률, 이환율을 비교하였다. 방 법: 2002년 1월 1일부터 2004년 11월 1일까지 춘천성심병원에 입원했던 환자 중 Acinetobacter 병원 내 폐렴으로 판단되는 47명의 환자를 연구 대상으로 하였고 이들의 의무기록을 후향적으로 분석하였다. 본 연구에서는 다제 내성 A. baumannii를 실험 환경에서 A. baumannii에 효과적이며 상업적으로 이용할 수 있는 모든 항생제에 내성을 보이는 것으로 정의하였다. 결 과: 47명의 A. baumannii 병원내 폐렴 환자 중 17명이 다제 내성군, 30명이 약제 감수성군으로 분류되었다. 이들의 평균 연령은 다제 내성군은 $69{\pm}11$세, 약제 감수성군 $70{\pm}13$세이었고 APACHE II 점수, 중환자실 입원기간, 사망률에 있어서 두 군간에 유의한 차이는 없었다($16.1{\pm}5.4$ vs $14.9{\pm}4.8$, P=0.43, $25.1{\pm}13.6$ vs $39.1{\pm}31.0$, P=0.2, 58.8% vs 40%, P=0.21). 결 론: Acinetobacter baumannii 다제 내성군과 약제 감수성군 간의 사망률과 임상적 특징 사이에서 유의한 차이는 보이지 않았다. 그러나 양군 모두 사망률과 이환율은 높게 나타나 A. baumannii 감염의 효과적인 감시 및 조절이 지속적으로 필요하겠다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• 제64권2호
• /
• pp.102-108
• /
• 2008

연구배경: 최근 다제내성 A. baumannii에 의한 폐렴이 중환자실 환자에서 매우 빈번하게 발생하고 있으며, 이탈 지연, 중환자실 재원기간 및 사망률의 증가가 초래되기도 한다. 수 년 전부터 colistin이 치료제로 다시 주목받고 있으나 병원획득폐렴에 대한 치료 경험은 많지 않으며, 분무치료의 효과에 대해서는 근거가 매우 부족하다. 이에 저자들은 한 대학병원 중환자실에서 발생한 다제내성 A. baumannii에 의한 병원획득폐렴에서 colistin 분무치료의 적용 가능성을 평가해보고자 하였다. 방법: 다제내성 A. baumannii에 의한 병원획득폐렴의 발생이 확인되어 colistin 분무치료를 시행한 환자 10명을 대상으로 후향적 분석을 시행하였다. 결과: Colistin 분무치료 기간은 평균 $12.7{\pm}2.4$일이었다. 10명의 대상환자 중 9명(90.0%)의 환자에서 효과적인 치료 반응을 나타내었다. 치료 종료 후 추적한 객담 배양 검사에서 다제내성 A. baumannii는 단 한 명도 분리되지 않았다. 1명의 환자에서 기관지연축이 발생하였으나 기관지확장제 치료 후 호전되었다. 결론: 다제내성 A. baumannii에 의한 병원획득폐렴에서 colistin 분무치료는 매우 효과적일 가능성이 있으며, 향후 전향적인 연구를 진행할 가치가 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• 제48권2호
• /
• pp.99-104
• /
• 2010

Objective : We conducted this study to evaluate the clinical impact of early enteral nutrition (EN) on in-hospital mortality and outcome in patients with critical hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Methods : We retrospectively analyzed 123 ICH patients with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 3-12. We divided the subjects into two groups : early EN group (< 48 hours, n = 89) and delayed EN group ($\geq$ 48 hours, n = 34). Body weight, total intake and output, serum albumin, Creactive protein, infectious complications, morbidity at discharge and in-hospital mortality were compared with statistical analysis. Results : The incidence of nosocomial pneumonia and length of intensive care unit stay were significantly lower in the early EN group than in the delayed EN group (p < 0.05). In-hospital mortality was less in the early EN group than in the delayed EN group (10.1% vs. 35.3%, respectively; p = 0.001). By multivariate analysis, early EN [odds ratio (OR) 0.229, 95% CI : 0.066-0.793], nosocomial pneumonia (OR = 5.381, 95% CI : 1.621-17.865) and initial GCS score (OR = 1.482 95% CI : 1.160-1.893) were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients with critical hypertensive ICH. Conclusion : These findings indicate that early EN is an important predictor of outcome in patients with critical hypertensive ICH.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.740-745
• /
• 1985

A retrospective double blind study comparing 7 day with 2 day regimen of antibiotic prophylaxis was conducted among 200 patients undergoing open heart surgery. No case of endocarditis and wound infection occurred. Pneumonia developed in 5 cases of the 7 day and 1 case of the 2 day group. Urinary tract infection without clinical significance developed in 1 case of the 7 day and 3 cases of the 2 day group. Bacteremia developed in 2 cases of the 7 day and 1 case of the 2 day group. We concluded as follows: l. Administration of antibiotics for 2 days appears to be without substantial risk of infection comparing long term 7 day regimen. 2. 7 days of antibiotics may actually increase the risk of serious infection such as nosocomial pneumonia, and predispose to the development of infections with fungi or antibiotic resistant bacteria. 3. 2 days of prophylaxis is more beneficial than long term 7 day regimen for example economically.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
• /
• 제16권1호
• /
• pp.1-5
• /
• 2009

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a leading cause of nosocomial infections, has been increasingly recognized in communities of the United States. This article will review the clinical spectrum and treatment of MRSA infections in children in the context of recent epidemiological changes of MRSA infections. In general, community-associated (CA) MRSA most frequently causes skin and soft tissue infections and has an increased association with invasive infections, particularly pneumonia and musculoskeletal infections. Hospital-associated (HA) MRSA strains tend to be associated with bloodstream infections, pneumonia, and surgical site infections. Different from the United States, CA-MRSA infections are not common in Korea (only 5.9%); however, there are some CA-MRSA clones that are different from HA-MRSA clones in Korea and from CA-MRSA clones in other countries. The treatment of MRSA infections should be guided by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, the site of infection, and the infection severity. Vancomycin is the treatment of choice for invasive MRSA infections. Other agents such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, linezolid, quinupristin-dalfopristin, and daptomycin have been used for some conditions.