• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.549-559
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• 2014

The increasing demand of maritime transportation and port development especially due to increased international trade resulted in a strengthening of regulating the greenhouse gas emissions mainly from ships by International Maritime Organization (IMO). Responding to these international environmental regulation and enforcement, the United States and the European seaports have expanded their Green Port Policy, which can promote the public welfare by reducing pollution caused by ships and ports. Accordingly, in 2010, Korean government enacted "The Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth" and had pushed for all Korean ports to establish and implement their own green port policies. Therefore, the objective of this study is to establish the Green Port Policy Plan for sustainable and environmental friendly operations and developments of Ulsan port, which plans to be the oil hub port of Northeast Asia. To this end, we studied the current status of the environmental policy issues in Ulsan Port and international-&-domestic case studies on establishment of green port policy. With these studies, Ulsan green policy alternatives were identified that through the experts advice, and then were prioritized by adopting AHP survey analysis. As the result of this study, it was notified that LED lights replacement and AMP establishment as the hardware policy and the port environmental management department as the software policy were equally important policy options for the implementation of sustainable Ulsan Green Port Policy to meet port's characteristics.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.344-355
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• 2014

This study examines American geography educators' familiarity and knowledge of Korea, their perception on sovereignty education, and their knowledge on Korea's sovereignty issues using the survey conducted at the annual conference of the National Council for Geographic Education (NCGE) in the United States in 2010 and 2012. This study also analyzes how much these knowledge and perception influence on values of sovereignty education and Korea's sovereignty issues and further investigates proper educational approaches on territorial issues in Northeast Asia. Knowledge on the geography of Korea of American geography educators is higher than their knowledge on Korean culture. Both experiences attending educational programs about Korea and visiting Korea further enhance their knowledge on the geography of Korea and Korean culture. They agree the importance of sovereignty education in geography education and believe that sovereignty education should promote students' sense of patriotism and encourage students to be global citizens who promote public interests. However, they value less on teaching on the economic value of their own country's territory and students' ability to understand territorial conflicts with other countries. American geography educators' perception on sovereignty education improves their familiarity with and knowledge of Korean territorial issues. This study identifies that providing opportunities to learn about Korea and Korean territorial issues can maximize geography educators' accessibility to Korean territorial issues, regardless of their interest in territorial issues. These findings help Korean government develops better strategies for formulating and implementing future international public relations practices for Korean territorial issues.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.243-253
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• 2017

This study aims to compare Jeju Island, Shanghai, and Yokohama cruise ports and to investigate the relative strengths and weaknesses of Jeju Island. This study conducted comparative evaluation of 8 factors [airport, berth, expenses, distance, access to town, shopping facilities, source market (background market), and tourism] through a cruise network analysis. Comparative evaluation results find that Jeju Island, which secured 2 berths (berthing capacity) by completion of the civil-military complex port, has ascendancy over Shanghai cruise port and will have ascendancy over Yokohama cruise port once construction of the new airport is completed. Therefore, it will qualify as the best cruise port in Northeast Asia in the future. Results obtained from the cruise network analysis provide insights for administrative policy. Study limitations include only eight factors are used for evaluating the cruise-ship harbor area and surrounding hinterlands, and thus cannot sufficiently evaluate the complex conditions of the sites. In the future, it is necessary to reexamine the evaluation factors of the cruise ship harbor in detail. Furthermore, future research will need to consider the economic effects of the cruise ship industry, and its relevance to related industries as a possible fusion or hybrid industry.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.298-311
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• 2003

Building the new administration capital city, one of presidential candidate Moo-Hyun Rho's election pledges, is now listed as a priority national policy agenda of the Participation Government. However, so many people's negative attitudes ranging from cynical skepticism to firm objections against the national policy agenda may threaten its smooth policy actualization. At this juncture, this paper attempts to present persuasive arguments and discuss some critical issues to be considered for building the new administration capital city successfully. The paper begins with taking a look at the current state of hyper-concentration of Seoul agglomeration area and its harmful effects, paints a vision of 'an evenly developed country as a whole' via illustrating the vision from the Swiss case, and reviews the performance of the precedent governments' reform measures for rectifying the hyper-concentration of Seoul agglomeration area. And then, the paper argues for building the new administration capital city as a potent solution to the problem of excessive concentration of activities in Seoul agglomeration area, as well as a driving force to spur the government to realize the Participation Government' enthusiastic vision: 'a decentralized and evenly developed country as a whole' and 'the hub country in the Northeast Asia'. In addition, the paper discusses the location of the new administration capital city in connection with the forthcoming national unification. Lastly, the paper deals with the important issues such as the procedure of people's approval, the population size and legal status of the new administration capital city, the relationship between building the new administration capital city and decentralization reform, etc.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.301-311
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• 2017

Aerosol optical properties as well as vertical location of layer can alter the radiative balance of the Earth by reflecting and absorbing solar radiation. In this study, radiative transfer model (RTM) and satellite-based analysis have been used to quantify the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative effect of aerosol layers in the cloudy atmosphere of the northeast Asia. RTM simulation results show that the atmospheric warming effect of aerosols increases with their height in the presence of underlying cloud layer. This relationship is higher for stronger absorbing aerosols and higher surface albedo condition. Over study region ($20-50^{\circ}N$, $110-140^{\circ}E$) and aerosol event cases, it is possible to qualitatively identify absorbing aerosol effects in the presence of clouds by combining the UV Absorbing Aerosol Index (AAI) derived from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), cloud parameters derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS), with TOA Upward Shortwave Flux (USF) from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES). As the regional-mean radiative effect of aerosols, 6 - 26 % lower the USF between aerosols and cloud cover is taken into account. These results demonstrate the importance of estimation for the accurate quantification of aerosol's direct and indirect effect.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.42
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• pp.205-227
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• 2015

The Korean Peninsula is put in a position to carry out a highly strategic game vis-a-vis nK, which is asserting itself as a nuclear power amongst Northeast Asia's complex dynamics. While the international community recognizes nK's possession of nuclear weapons as released secret based on nK's three nuclear tests, shrewd strategic thinking is needed by ROK to secure itself as a non-nuclear nation in order to assume a responsible role to the international community, while simultaneously being ready to respond at all times for nK's military provocations. ROK must continue with its twofold strategy, by firm response to military confrontation with nK and maintaining flexible policy of tolerance in the areas of economy and ethnicity. Various strategic options to overcome nK's nuclear threats have been presented to ROK, whose possession of nuclear weapons have been difficult, and nK's nuclear capability is a real threat to ROK's national security. We must be able to respond to nK's nuclear threats strictly from ROK's national security perspective. This thesis aims to propose a response policy for nK's nuclear capability and nK's nuclear attack based on analysis of such nuclear damage, ROK Government's response posture against nK's nuclear threats, centered around ROK Government's non-military response posture.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.75-87
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• 2001

Inter-port competition is fiercer than in the past because of technological evolution in transport systems : the increasing side of containerships implies only a few calls in three or four ports at each end of the trade and the rest of the traffic being served by smaller feederships. It is therefore essential for big ports to be selected as one of these calls by the main shipowners, consortia and alliances to avoid rmarginalisation. In order to compete effectively, many ports have been obliged to modernise and extend considerably its existing ports or to build new port facilities. With the advent of major environmental legislation around the world, however, amenities such as fish and wildlife, clean air and water, access to the waterfront, and view protection took on greater importance. Ports are now being forced to incorporate environmental considerations into their planning and management functions in order to avoid additional costs or timing delays. The aim of this paper is to analyse the port value by which port comparison(or selection) will be made with HFP(Hierarchical Fuzzy Process) method. This was done by extracting and grouping the evaluation factors of port value by port experts : facility and location factor, logistics service factor environment and amenity factor, city and economic factor, and human and system factor. For empirical test of this method, 6 major ports in Northeast Asia were chosen and analysed. The order of importance for five evaluation factors were 1) facility and location factor 2) logistics service factor 3) human and system factor, 4) city and economic factor, and 5) environment and amenity factor. This means that geographical location and logistics services are still being considered as the most important factor to call the port by port users. even though environment and amenity factor shows relatively low figure. Among 6 major ports, Port of Kobe was ranked the first position in a comprehensive evaluation, while Ports of Busan and Kwangyang were 4th and 5th respectively. This implies that Port of Busan should make much efforts to enhance the existing facilities as well as management system.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.273-287
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• 2008

Characteristics of skin-bulk sea surface temperature (SST) differences in the Northeast Asia seas were analyzed by utilizing 845 collocated matchup data between NOAA/AVHRR data and oceanic in-situ temperature measurements for selected months from 1994 to 2003. In order to understand diurnal variation of SST within a few meters of the upper ocean, the matchup database were classified into four categories according to day-night and drifter-shipboard measurements. Temperature measurements from daytime drifters showed a good agreement with satellite MCSST (Multi-Channel Sea Surface Temperature) with an RMS error of about $0.56^{\circ}C$. Poor accuracy of SST with an rrns error of $1.12^{\circ}C$ was found in the case of daytime shipboard CTD (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth) measurements. SST differences between MCSST and in-situ measurements are caused by various errors coming from atmospheric moist effect, coastal effect, and others. Most of the remarkable errors were resulted from the diurnal variation of vertical temperature structure within a few meters as well as in-situ oceanic temperatures at different depth, about 20 cm for a satellite-tracked drifting buoy and a few meters for shipboard CTD or moored buoy. This study suggests that satellite-derived SST shows significant errors of about ${\pm}3^{\circ}C$ in some cases and therefore it should be carefully used for one's purpose on the base of in-depth understanding of skin-bulk SST difference and vertical temperature structure in regional sea.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.273-285
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• 2005

This study has investigated the suitable wavelength for detecting biomass burning aerosols. We have performed the analysis of the wavelength at 380nm in near-UV, 400nm, 412nm, 460nm, and 490nm in visible, and 2100nm in shortwave infrared regions from the Global Imager measurements. It is well known that the UV bands have the advantage of the aerosols retrieval due to the low surface reflectance and a weak effect of Bidirectional Reflectivity Distribution Function. However, the pure surface reflectances of shortwave visible bands, except 412nm, are as low as that of 380nm in near-UV over northeast Asia. In order to detect the aerosol signal, we have retrieved the aerosol reflectance as a function of wavelength based on the surface reflectivity contrast method for the period of May 2003. It is interesting that the retrieved aerosol reflectance with 460nm is slightly more sensitive than that with 380nm. Additionally, we have applied the TOMS aerosol index method to determine the best pair for biomass burning aerosols and found that the pair of 380 and 460nm results in the best signal for retrieving aerosols.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.143
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• pp.119-140
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• 2017

After the collapse of the Cold War, there was a shift in perception at two points in discussions on Korean unification. The real core issue of unification is first, that it is a shift in perception that the real problem of unification is not the integration of systems, but the integration of people. Second, there is a shift in perception that there are many Koreans in the four major powers related to the Korean division and their distribution is associated with the tragic history of the Korean Peninsula. The historical trauma of Korean people resulted from the oppression of the collective libido of Koreans, stemming from the pain of modern history of the Korean Peninsula. In addition, the trauma of colonization, diaspora, and division all share the structure of suppression as the '$nation{\neq}states$'. Thus, unification aims to overcome the notion that '$nation{\neq}state$' can not be separated from the process of healing the historical trauma of Koreans. First of all, this article argues that in order to achieve unification on the Korean peninsula, it requires the process of healing the traumas of colonization, diaspora, and division. Second, this paper claims that Korean unification is not only a matter of two countries, but also of making peace by healing historical trauma in Northeast Asia. Third, this paper argues that the healing of Korean's historical trauma should begin with 'sympathy' for pain and proceed to the production of a 'national commonality' through 'communication of difference', which will create a unified peninsula.