• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.297-310
• /
• 1998

Geochemical characteristics of environmental toxic elements at the Narim mine area were investigated on the basis of major, minor, rare earth element geochemistry and mineralogy. Ratios of $Al_2O_3/Na_2O$ and $K_2O/Na_2O$ in soils and sediments range from 11.57 to 22.21 and from 1.86 to 3.93, and are partly negative and positive correlation against $SiO_2/Al_2O_3$ (3.41 to 4.78), respectively. These suggested that sediment source of host granitic gneiss could be due to rocks of high grade metamorphism originated by sedimentary rocks. Characteristics of some trace and rare earth elements of V/Ni (0.33 to 1.95), Ni/Co (2.00 to 6.50), Zr/Hf (11.27 to 53.10), La/Ce (0.44 to 0.55), Th/Yb (4.07 to 7.14), La/Th (2.35 to 3.93), $La_N/Yb_N$ (6.58 to 13.67), Co/Th (0.63 to 2.68), La/Sc (3.29 to 5.94) and Sc/Th (0.49 to 1.00) are revealed a narrow range and homogeneous compositions may be explained by simple source lithology. Major elements in all samples are enriched $Al_2O_3$, MgO, $TiO_2$ and LOI, especially $Fe_2O_3$ (mean=7.36 wt.%) in sediments than the composition of host granitic gneiss. The average enrichment indices of major and rare earth elements from the mining drainage are 2.05 and 2.91 of the sediments and are 2.02 and 2.60 of the soils, normalizing by composition of host granitic gneiss, respectively. Average composition (ppm) of minor and/or environmental toxic elements in sediments and soils are Ag=14 and 1, As=199 and 14, Cd=22 and 1, Cu=215 and 42, Pb=1770 and 65, Sb=18 and 3, Zn=3333 and 170, respectively, and extremely high concentrations are found in the subsurface sediments near the ore dump. Environmental toxic elements were strongly enriched in all samples, especially As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn. The level of enrichment was very severe in mining drainage sediments, while it was not so great in the soils. Based on the EPA value, enrichment index of toxic elements is 8.63 of mining drainage sediments and 0.54 of soils on the mining drainage. Mineral composition of soils and sediments near the mining area were partly variable being composed of quartz, mica, feldspar, amphibole, chlorite and clay minerals. From the gravity separated mineralogy, soils and sediments are composed of some pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, goethite and various hydroxide minerals.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.501-510
• /
• 2009

This study is to establish GUI (graphic user interface) in mobile touch phone for grooming user by using two dimensional emotion model determined by multi-dimensional scale method. The processes conducted in the research were as the followings: First of all, visceral, behavioral, and reflective factors of emotion (Norman, 2002) was defined from investigating the life styles of the Grooming users. Secondly, factor analysis was performed to extract the representative emotional words. In the third step, they were mapped into the two-dimensional emotion model through multi-dimensional scaling. Finally, the mapped emotional words were tried to be related to GUI factors of touch phones and normalizing their relation degree between 0 and 1. This study determined GUI factors significantly related to representative emotions described as special, self-centered, sophisticated, free, passionate, neat for application to mobile touch phone. This study determined the major emotion factors that should be considered the most important while designing the GUI factors.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.6 no.10
• /
• pp.34-40
• /
• 2006

In this study, the treatment of organic matters and nutrients like Nitrogen and Phosphorus with sequencing batch reactors (SBR) was conducted. The following conclusions can be summarized from the study. The influent BOD concentration was varied 19.6 to 40.0mg/L and the effluent was 3.0 to 14.8mg/L. The variations of BOD removal efficiency during the experimental period was $47.9{\sim}88.4%$ and the average was 80.8%. The average removal efficiency was stabilized with the passage of time. Also the COD concentration was flowed into as $12.2{\sim}32.0mg/L$ and the effluent concentration was varied 3.3 to 18.6 mg/L, and then the average COD removal efficiency was 57.3%(minimun 19.2% and maximum 78.6%). But fortunately, the COD removal efficiency was also stabilized as 70.2% after 79days. In the case of T-N, the influent concentration range was $7.53{\sim}14.99mg/L$ and the effluent concentration was 6.59mg/L(the average removal efficiency was 40.3%) until the first experiment time 79days. But after normalizing the system, it was 4.44mg/L (the average removal efficiency was 56.4%). Also the influent T-P concentration was varied from 0.77 to 1.91mg/L and the effluent concentration was $0.26{\sim}1.53mg/L$. The removal efficiency was varied from 5.3 to 71.7%. considerably, therefore the average removal efficiency was 42.6%. The reason was concluded that the sludge wasn't discharged for increasing MLSS concentration.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.44 no.9
• /
• pp.753-763
• /
• 2011

Allocated water storage of dam at the planning and design stage does not seem to be maintained well at the operation stage because of unexpected critical reasons. A dam is likely to be subject to negative effects caused by changes of dam operation conditions and it is hardly avoidable. Therefore, it must be timely improved to recover its original functions and looked for better alternatives to keep its original roles. Specifically the improper management of river condition degrades flood control capability in a dam and river eco-system. The dam downstream river improvement work is needed for normalizing dam functions and its valuations. This study focuses on estimating water use benefits from recovering its own effective storage buffer restricted for flood control. As the results, the water supply and the hydropower benefits in Imha, Daechung and Youngdam Dam are recovered totally by 19.9 million $m^3$/year and 20.8 GWh/year respectively. Also those results are used for the basic information of the economic analysis in the dam downstream river improvement work.

• Spatial Information Research
• /
• v.19 no.5
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2011

This study mainly focused on the method of accurately extracting damage information in the im agery change detection process using the constructed high resolution aerial im agery. Bongwha-gun in Gyungsangbuk-do which had been severely damaged from a localized torrential downpour at the end of July, 2008 was selected as study area. This study utilized aerial im agery having photographing scale of 30cm gray image of pre-disaster and 40cm color image of post-disaster. In order to correct errors from the differences of the image resolution of pre-/post-disaster and time series, the prelim inary phase of image processing techniques such as normalizing, contrast enhancement and equalizing were applied to reduce errors. The extent of the damage was calculated using one to one comparison of the intensity of each pixel of pre-/post-disaster im aged. In this step, threshold values which facilitate to extract the extent that damage investigator wants were applied by setting difference values of the intensity of pixel of pre-/post-disaster. The accuracy of optimal image processing and the result of threshold values were verified using the error matrix. The results of the study enabled the early exaction of the extents of the damages using the aerial imagery with identical characteristics. It was also possible to apply to various damage items for imagery change detection in case of utilizing multi-band im agery. Furthermore, more quantitative estimation of the dam ages would be possible with the use of numerous GIS layers such as land cover and cadastral maps.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
• /
• v.27 no.6
• /
• pp.39-48
• /
• 2011

In this paper the method of estimating the bearing capacity of shallow foundation on a finite layer of sandy ground underlain by a rigid base was proposed by assessing results of the model test and the numerical analyses. For model experiments, the centrifuge tests under 1g and 20 g of gravitational levels were performed with sandy soils sampled from the field, changing the relative density of sandy soil and the ratio of thickness of sand layer (H) to the width of strip footing (B). As results of tests, bearing capacity tends to increase with the value of H/B while settlement for a given load intensity decreases. Bearing capacity also increases with relative density of the soil. In order to propose the method of estimating the bearing capacity of thin sandy layer underlain by a rigid base, values of bearing capacity factors from test results were compared with the values of modified bearing capacity factor by Mandel & Salencon (1972) considering the effect of H/B value on bearing capacity. The relation of bearing capacity factor ratio, normalizing friction angle of sandy soil, with the value of H/B was suggested so that this relation could be applied to design in the safe side. The results of numerical analyses obrained by changing the layout of footing, relative density of sandy soil and the value of H/B, were in good agreements with the suggested relation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.33-40
• /
• 1994

This study was taken to increase efficiency in reviewing documents of school facilities from the network of ERIV(Educational Resources and Information Center, USA). Outline of the ERIC network, and the structure, role, function of the ERIC thesaurus are introduced. A thesaurus have developed for information retrieval purpose provides the filing labels which permit information to be stored by one person and retrieved by another. As an information system grows, its thesaurus is systematically built and refined to the point where it represents, in a very special sense, the vocabulary of subject field. The Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors represents such a vocabulary for the field education. An understanding of its origins, its function and its limitations, is just as important to the teacher, the student of education or the educational researcher as it is for the indexer or custodian of the information pool it represents. If the Thesaurus is understood and used in an appropriate way, it can give all educators not only insight into the ERIC system but also an increased awareness of the language of their field. A great many terms are necessary to describe the many aspects of education, and the task of relating them in even an approximately consistent way is an enormous one. The undertaking should be managed by people who not only know what they are talking about but who also should be able to predict what people in their field are lilely to be talking about in the near future. It should also enlist people who are willing to pay term to another within the system. To engage a large number of these two kinds of people over a long period of time is very likely to cost a great deal of money. There is very little proprietary value in producing such a list of terms, for it can very easily be copied, adapted, updated, etc. Thus, because of its high cost and low proprietary value, it becomes a task likely to be funded only by a government. A government has many ways of spending its money. However, after the decision has been made to spend money to produce an authority list, one must decide how this authority is to be delegated. The history of the development of the ERIC Thesaurus is the history of how this authority was delegated. Scientific research has thrived on efforts to define terms as precisely as possible. It is difficult to say with certainty, however, that solutions to social problems have thrived on a simple diet of scientific research. Contemporary crises demand new and imaginative ways of conceiving problems and talking about them. If this Thesaurus or any other scheme for normalizing or controlling language inhibits in the slightest measure the creative use of language, it is against it use. Only if the principles and details of the Thesaurus are misunderstood can it be used as a constraint on language in a negative sense. Students of education of every kind should see the The-saurus as an opportunity to become increasingly self-conscious about their language and thus about their assumptions and their approaches to educational problems.

• Progress in Medical Physics
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.45-53
• /
• 2004

SPM has been widely applied for comparison studios of the functional image data among groups of patients or individuals under different conditions and these images are from people ranging from children to adults. However, the analysis of children's brain images by using SPM can make children's brain images normalized to an adult's template image and this can result in some errors. So this study created the children's mean MR images based on the Magnetic Resonance Images of 36 normal children (age: 2～6, average age: 4.36, SD age: 1.41, M/F: 17/19), and the children's mean SPECT images by using SPECT images of 13 normal children (age: 2～6, average age: 4.80, SD age: 1.17, M/F: 10/3). We created the Korean children's brain template image, based on those mean images, and then we compared between the positions of the clusters, based on the blood flow, by normalizing ADHD children's SPECT image to Korean children's template image and SPM adult's template image. As a result of the analysis, the variation of the cluster positions was found to be a maximum of 25 ㎜. Therefore, we should be aware that we need to consider the template image and the p-value when we analyze the chlidren's brain image by using SPM.

• Journal of National Security and Military Science
• /
• s.7
• /
• pp.271-303
• /
• 2009

"Ubiquitous sensor network" definition is this-Someone attaches electro-magnetic tag everything which needs communication between man to man, man to material and material to material(Ubiquitous). By using attached every electro-magnetic tag, someone detects it's native information as well as environmental information such as temperature, humidity, pollution and infiltration information(Sensor). someone connects it realtime network and manage generated information(Network). 21st century's war is joint combined operation connecting with ground, sea and air smoothly in digitalized war field, and is systematic war provided realtime information from sensor to shooter. So, it needs dramatic development on watch reconnaissance, command and control, pinpoint strike etc. Ubiquitous computing and network technologies are essential in national defense to operate 21st century style war. It is possible to use many parts such as USN combined smart dust and sensor network to protect friend unit as well as to watch enemy's deep area by unmanned reconnaissance, wearable computer upgrading soldier's operational ability and combat power dramatically, RFID which can be used material management as well as on time support. Especially, unmanned watch system using USN is core part to transit network centric military service and to get national defense efficiency which overcome the dilemma of national defense person resource reducing, and upgrade guard quality level, and improve combat power by normalizing guardian's bio rhythm. According to the test result of sensor network unmanned watch system, it needs more effort and time to stabilize because of low USN technology maturity and using maturity. In the future, USN unmanned watch system project must be decided the application scope such as application area and starting point by evaluating technology maturity and using maturity. And when you decide application scope, you must consider not only short period goal as cost reduction, soldier decrease and guard power upgrade but also long period goal as advanced defense ability strength. You must build basic infra in advance such as light cable network, frequency allocation and power facility etc. First of all, it must get budget guarantee and driving force for USN unmanned watch system project related to defense policy. You must forwarded the USN project assuming posses of operation skill as procedure, system, standard, training in advance. Operational skill posses is come from step by step application strategy such as test phase, introduction phase, spread phase, stabilization phase and also repeated test application taking example project.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.19 no.10
• /
• pp.40.1-40.14
• /
• 2016

Background: Due to the paucity of oceanic resources utilized in the preparation of diets for cultured fish, commercial feed producers have been trying to replace fishmeal (FM) using alternative protein sources such as vegetable protein meals (VMs). One of the main drawbacks of using VMs in fish feed is related to the presence of a variety of anti-nutritional factors, which could trigger an inflammation process in the distal intestine. This reduces the capacity of the enterocytes to absorb nutrients leading to reduced fish growth performances. Methods: We evaluated the mitigating effects of butyrate and taurine used as feed additives on the morphological abnormalities caused by a soybean meal (SBM)-based diet in the distal intestine of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). We used three experimental diets, containing the same low percentage of FM and high percentage of SBM; two diets were supplemented with either 0.2% sodium butyrate or taurine. Histological changes in the intestine of fish were determined by light and transmission electron microscopy. Infiltration of $CD45^+$ leucocytes in the lamina propria and in the submucosa was assessed by immunohistochemistry. We also quantified by One-Step Taqman$^{(R)}$ real-time RT-PCR the messenger RNA (mRNA) abundance of a panel of genes involved in the intestinal mucosa inflammatory response such as $TNF{\alpha}$ (tumor necrosis factor alpha) and interleukins: IL-8, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-10, and IL-6. Results: Fish that received for 2 months the diet with 30% soy protein (16.7% SBM and 12.8% full-fat soy) developed an inflammation in the distal intestine, as confirmed by histological and immunohistochemistry data. The expression of target genes in the intestine was deeply influenced by the type of fish diet. Fish fed with taurine-supplemented diet displayed the lowest number of mRNA copies of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-8, and IL-10 genes in comparison to fish fed with control or butyrate-supplemented diets. Dietary butyrate caused an upregulation of the $TNF{\alpha}$ gene transcription. Among the quantified interleukins, IL-6 was the only one to be not influenced by the diet. Conclusions: Histological and gene expression data suggest that butyrate and taurine could have a role in normalizing the intestinal abnormalities caused by the SBM, but the underling mechanisms of action seem different.