• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.95-102
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• 2003

In this paper, optimum design is considered over the retaining wall with seismic constraints. The sequential linear programming method(SLP) is used as a rational approach to this optimum design. To make a comparison between the seismic design and the normal design, retaining wall with 4~7m height were adopted. It is shown that the seismic design is more expensive (over 30%) than the normal design for the construction cost.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.17-29
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to examine the application of the Activity-based Costing(ABC) system to analyze the cost of nursing services in the delivery room in a major medical center.The results of this study are as follows;1. In order to calculate the cost of nursing activities, 67 activities of staff nurses on a delivery room were identified and classified as direct nursing activities(45.2%), the indirect activities(32.1%), general management activities(13.9%) and others(8.8%).2. Nursing cost in the delivery room was classified into activity cost(29.9%) and common cost(70.1%). Activity cost involved direct activity cost of staff nurses. The common costs were categorized into indirect activity & general management cost of staff nurses, management cost of the head nurse and activity cost of assistants.3. The final cost objects of nursing services in the delivery room were nursing service for women who had normal vaginal deliveries and nursing service for women who had preterm labor.The total cost of nursing service for a woman who had a normal vaginal delivery was 165,710 won (100.0%). The cost incurred through direct activity cost of staff nurses(58,242 won, 35.1%), indirect activity & general management cost of staff nurses (55,643 won, 33.6%), management cost of head nurse (16,211 won, 9.8%), activity cost of assistants (35,614 won, 21.5%).If the number of days of hospitalization was presumed to be 14 days, the total cost of nursing service for woman who had preterm labor would be 1,845,901 won (100.0%). The cost incurred by direct activity cost of staff nurses in the activity cost (341,349 won, 18.5%), indirect activity & general management cost of staff nurses in the common cost(779,002 won, 42.2%), management cost of head nurse(226,954won, 12.3%), activity cost of assistants in the common cost(498,596 won, 27.0%).In this study, the cost of the nursing services in the delivery room was calculated based on the ABC system. The results of this study showed that resources are assigned to the nursing activities in the delivery room and the mechanisms for assigning the cost of activities for nursing services.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.513-523
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• 2016

다중 치우침 모수벡터를 가진 다변량 치우친 정규분포 (MSNMix)를 EM 알고리즘으로 적합하려면 E-step에서 다변량 절단 정규분포의 적률과 확률을 계산해야 하는데 이것은 매우 큰 계산 시간을 요구한다. 그래서 비대칭 자료를 적합하는데 흔히 단순 치우침 모수를 가진 모형을 적용한다. 이 모형은 단변량 처리방식으로 적합하는 것이 가능하기 때문에 처리속도가 매우 빠르다. 그러나 단순 치우침 모수를 적용하는 것은 응용에서 비현실적인 경우가 많다. 본 논문에서는 다중 치우침 모수를 가지는 MSNMix의 근사적 추정법을 제안하는데, 이 방법은 단변량 처리방식이 적용되므로 향상된 처리속도를 보장한다. 그리고 제안된 방법의 실효성을 보이기 위해 몇 가지 실험 결과를 제공한다.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.137-148
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to set the various cost-of-living standards utilizing a published national data. 1995 annual data, The Family Income and Expenditure Survey, were used to set the standards of living. Four index reflecting health and decency level, normal level, minimum of health and decency level, and pauper level were suggested and the cost-of-living of each level were estimated. Results showed that cost-of-living estimated in this study were not quite different from those of former studies, but the name of the standard-of-living need to be changed.

• 한국양식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국양식학회 2003년도 추계학술발표대회 논문요약집
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• pp.17-18
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• 2003

Although flounder is one of the most important marine fish for aquaculture in Korea, feeding the flounder in commercial farms depends mainly on moist pellet in which over 70% frozen fishes (e.g. frozen horse mackerel) are incorporated in its formulation. Therefore, for further expansion of flounder farming, it is essential to employ practical formulated feeds that can support reasonable growth. Development of nutritionally balanced and cost-effective feeds is dependant on the information about nutritional requirement and feed utilization of the species. Nutrient and energy source in feed are needed for the growth and maintenance of fish. Protein is probably the most important nutrient affecting fish growth and feed cost. Therefore, it is essential to determine the optimum dietary protein level for the growth of fish, both its high proportion in the feed and because it is the main factor in determining feed cost. Dietary energy level is also critical because protein source in the feed is utilized as an energy source when the feed deficient in energy is fed to fish, whereas when the feed excess in energy is fed to fish, feed consumption decreased and resulted in growth reduction due to lack of other necessary nutrients for normal growth. Improper dietary protein, energy levels and/or their ratio will lead to an increase of fish production cost and deterioration of water quality resulting from wasted feed; thus, they are important in formulating commercial feed. Dietary lipids play important roles in providing energy and essential fatty acid for normal growth and survival of fish. Although carbohydrates are not essential nutrients for carnivorous fish, these compounds play important roles as a low-cost energy source for protein sparing and also as a feed binder. Nutrition researches for flounder have identified its requirements of protein, lipid and essential fatty acid, vitamin, and minerals for normal growth. Other studies have also been carried out to investigate the utilization of the protein, lipid and carbohydrate sources. Based on these nutritional information obtained, practical feed formulations have been studied for improve aquaculture production of flounder. The results of the researches on utilization of dietary protein, lipid and carbohydrate by flounder are discussed in this review.

• 보건의료산업학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to analyze the internal factors that influence the performance of local government hospitals in Korea. There are 34 hospitals in korea as of 2008. Among these hospitals 5 are profit-making and the other loss-making in terms of profitability. Data was collected by Institute of local government hospital union. The major findings of this study was as follows : Firstly, 7 hospitals are high level, over than 100% of fixed ratio. But that result was better than the other study 5 years ago. Secondly, 29 hospitals are bellow 85% of bed occupancy rate. There are a number of hospitals didn't use the facilities and the personnel cost in total costs are high. And lastly, as a result of multiple regression analysis, the factors had on significant effect on normal profit to total assets are personnel cost(-), liability to total assets(-), average length of stay(-), outpatient visits to inpatient days(-). In conclusion, to improve the profitability of hospitals, the efforts to reduce personnel cost and to increase bed occupancy rate.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.415-431
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• 2002

A unified framework for statistical inference for the mean of the normal distribution to derive point estimates, confidence intervals and statistical tests is proposed. This optimal design is justified after investigating the basic information and requirements that are possible and impossible to control when specifying practical and statistical requirements. Point estimation is only credible when viewed in the larger context of interval estimation, since the information required for optimal point estimation is unspecifiable. Triple sampling is proposed and justified as a reasonable sampling vehicle to achieve the specifiable requirements within the unified framework.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2008

혼합정규분포로부터 얻은 자료의 크기가 크면 EM 알고리즘으로 모수를 추정하는 경우 추정에 많은 시간이 걸리며 이는 실시간 음성인식 분야등에서는 적용이 어렵게 되는 문제가 발생한다. 대용량 자료를 구간도수로 요약하여 구간도수 EM 알고리즘을 적용하면 표준 EM 알고리즘에 비해 실행속도가 획기적으로 개선되며 더욱이 구간도수 EM 알고리즘에서의 추정치의 효율성이 표준 EM 알고리즘에 근접함을 시뮬레이션 실험을 통하여 보였다.

• 한국경영과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한산업공학회/한국경영과학회 2002년도 춘계공동학술대회
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• pp.772-777
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• 2002

In this paper, economic screening procedures with dichotomous performance variable T and continuous screening variable X are considered when the rejected items are reprocessed. Two models are considered; normal and logistic models. It is assumed that X given T is normally distributed in the normal model, and $P(T=1{\mid}X=x)$ Is given by a logistic function in the logistic model. Profit models are constructed which involve four price/cost components; selling price, cost from an accepted nonconforming item, and reprocessing and inspectioncosts. Methods of finding the optimal screening procedures are presented and numerical examples are given.

• 전기의세계
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.47-51
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• 1979

An optimal problem in which the dynamics is nonlinear and the cost functional includes a discontinuous integrand is investigated. By using Neustadt's abstract maximum principle, a necessary conditions in the form of Pontryagin's maximum principle is derived and it is further shown that this necessary condition is also a sufficient condition for normal problems with linear-in-the-state systems.