• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.873-887
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• 2015

The springing response of a large blunt ship was considered to be influenced by a second order interaction between the incoming irregular wave and the blunt geometry of the forebody of the ship. Little efforts have been made to simulate this complicated fluid-structure interaction phenomenon under irregular waves considering the second order effect; hence, the above mentioned premise still remains unproven. In this paper, efforts were made to quantify the second order effect between the wave and vibrating flexible ship structure by analyzing the experimental data obtained through the model basin test of the scaled-segmented model of a large blunt ship. To achieve this goal, the measured vertical bending moment and the wave elevation time history were analyzed using a higher order spectral analysis technique, where the quadratic interaction between the excitation and response was captured by the cross bispectrum of two randomly oscillating variables. The nonlinear response of the vibrating hull was expressed in terms of a quadratic Volterra series assuming that the wave excitation is Gaussian. The Volterra series was then orthogonalized using Barrett's procedure to remove the interference between the kernels of different orders. Both the linear and quadratic transfer functions of the given system were then derived based on a Fourier transform of the orthogonalized Volterra series. Finally, the response was decomposed into a linear and quadratic part to determine the contribution of the second order effect using the obtained linear and quadratic transfer functions of the system, combined with the given wave spectrum used in the experiment. The contribution of the second order effect on the springing response of the analyzed ship was almost comparable to the linear one in terms of its peak power near the resonance frequency.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2016

큰 가로세로비를 가지는 유연날개의 변형정보는 구조 건전성 평가를 위한 실시간 모니터링에 필요하다. 비행 중인 날개 구조 대변형은 날개 외피의 변형률과 곡률의 관계식을 기반으로 한 비선형 변위 예측 알고리즘을 통해 예측될 수 있다. 그러나 동체에 고정된 날개의 기하학적인 형상으로 인하여 고정단 부근에서의 변형률 분포는 복잡한 양상을 나타내며, 변형률 센서가 부착된 센싱라인의 코드방향 위치에 따라 변위가 다르게 예측될 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 스팬방향 변형률의 보정을 통하여 변형률 센싱라인의 코드방향 위치에 관계없이 예측변위의 정확도를 향상시키는 연구를 수행하였다. 변형률 보정을 위하여 스팬방향 및 코드방향 변형률의 비, 재료의 포아송비, 보와 평판 모델의 변형률 비를 이용하였다. 보정된 변형률을 이용하여 예측한 변위는 해석변위와 잘 일치하였으며, 이를 실험을 통하여 검증하였다.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.141-151
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 균일휨모멘트를 받는 HSB800 강재 플레이트거더의 횡비틀림좌굴(LTB) 강도를 비선형해석으로 평가하였다. 세장, 비조밀 및 조밀 복부판을 갖는 이축대칭단면들을 대상으로 하였으며, 초기처짐과 잔류응력의 영향을 고려하여 비탄성좌굴 영역의 LTB 강도를 평가하였다. 본 연구에서는 단일패널모델과 3-패널모델을 각각 고려하였으며, 이들 모델의 타당성을 평가하기 위해 SM490 강재 거더에 대해 해석을 수행하고 AASHTO, AISC, Eurocode 및 국내 도로교한계상태기준과 비교하였다. 이후 동일한 방법으로 HSB800 강재거더에 대해 LTB 강도 평가 해석을 수행하였으며, 비탄성 영역의 LTB 강도에 대한 현재 기준이 이축대칭 HSB800 강재 거더에서도 적용될 수 있는 것으로 평가되었다.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.281-303
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• 2014

In order to suppress the wind-induced vibrations of the Canton Tower, a pair of active mass driver (AMD) systems has been installed on the top of the main structure. The structural principal directions in which the bending modes of the structure are uncoupled are proposed and verified based on the orthogonal projection approach. For the vibration control design in the principal X direction, the simplified model of the structure is developed based on the finite element model and modified according to the field measurements under wind excitations. The AMD system driven by permanent magnet synchronous linear motors are adopted. The dynamical models of the AMD subsystems are determined according to the open-loop test results by using nonlinear least square fitting method. The continuous variable gain feedback (VGF) control strategy is adopted to make the AMD system adaptive to the variation in the intensity of wind excitations. Finally, the field tests of free vibration control are carried out. The field test results of AMD control show that the damping ratio of the first vibration mode increases up to 11 times of the original value without control.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제80권6호
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• pp.749-765
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• 2021

Suspension bridges bear large eccentric live loads in rush hours when most vehicles travel in one direction on the left or right side of the bridge. With the increasing number and weight of vehicles and the girder widening, the eccentric live load effect on the bridge behavior, including bending and distortion of the main girder, gets more pronounced, even jeopardizing bridge safety. This study proposes an analytical algorithm based on multi-catenary theory for predicting the suspension bridge responses to eccentric live load via the nonlinear generalized reduced gradient method. A set of governing equations is derived to solve the following unknown values: the girder rigid-body displacement in the longitudinal direction; the horizontal projection lengths of main cable's segments; the parameters of catenary equations and horizontal forces of the side span cable segments and the leftmost segments of middle span cables; the suspender tensions and the bearing reactions. Then girder's responses, including rigid-body displacement in the longitudinal direction, deflections, and torsion angles; suspenders' responses, including the suspender tensions and the hanging point displacements; main cables' responses, including the horizontal forces of each segment; and the longitudinal displacement of the pylons' tower top under eccentric load can be calculated. The response of an exemplar suspension bridge with three spans of 168, 548, and 168 m is calculated by the proposed analytical method and the finite element method in two eccentric live load cases, and their results prove the former's feasibility. The nonuniform distribution of the live load in the lateral direction is shown to impose a greater threat to suspension bridge safety than that in the longitudinal direction, while some other specific features revealed by the proposed method are discussed in detail.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제85권2호
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• pp.179-195
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• 2023

The performance of reinforced concrete (RC) beam specimens strengthened using a newly proposed Side Near Surface Mounted (S-NSM) technology was investigated experimentally in this work. In addition, analytical and nonlinear finite element (FE) modeling was exploited to forecast the performance of RC members reinforced with S-NSM utilizing steel bars. Five (one control and four strengthened) RC beams were evaluated for flexural performance under static loading conditions employing four-point bending loads. Experimental variables comprise different S-NSM reinforcement ratios. The constitutive models were applied for simulating the non-linear material characteristics of used concrete, major, and strengthening reinforcements. The failure load and mode, yield and ultimate strengths, deflection, strain, cracking behavior as well as ductility of the beams were evaluated and discussed. To cope with the flexural behavior of the tested beams, a 3D non-linear FE model was simulated. In parametric investigations, the influence of S-NSM reinforcement, the efficacy of the S-NSM procedure, and the structural response ductility are examined. The experimental, numerical, and analytical outcomes show good agreement. The results revealed a significant increase in yield and ultimate strengths as well as improved failure modes.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제26권3A호
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• pp.447-455
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• 2006

순수변위 비선형 4절점 쉘요소의 정식화를 제안하여 철근 콘크리트, 강재및 복합재료등 범용 목적의 구조물의 해석에 적합하도록 하였다. 기하강성의 정식은 2차 운동역학적 관계를 이용하여 쉘이 중립면에서 정의되었고 이러한 기하강성은 면내응력, 휨 모멘트와 수직 전단력의 형태로 구성되어 두꺼운 판 및 쉘의 해석에 효과적이다. 가정된 자연 변형률 방법을 사용하여 전단잠김 문제를 제거한 복합 쉘 요소는 얇은 판및 쉘의 경우에도 정확한 해를 구할 수 있다. 콘크리트 경우 소성이론 및 탄소성 파괴역학에 근거한 비탄성 해석이 가능하며 강재경우 폰미스의 항복이론과 이바노브의 항복이론을 이용한 소성해석이 가능하다. 복합 재료의 수직전단 강성 행렬은 평형방정식으로부터 유도하여 구성하였다. 본 연구에서 제안한 쉘 요소는 해석 예제들이 참고문헌과 잘 일치하여 정확성이 입증되었으며 범용목적의 박판구조 해석에 적합한 것으로 사료 되었다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제88권4호
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• pp.389-403
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• 2023

In order to explore the influence of tooth root cracks on the dynamic characteristics of multi-stage planetary gear transmission systems, a concentrated parameter method was used to construct a nonlinear dynamic model of the system with 30-DOF in bending and torsion, taking into account factors such as crack depth, length, angle, error, time-varying meshing stiffness (TVMS), and damping. In the model, the energy method was used to establish a TVMS model with cracks, and the influence of cracks on the TVMS of the system was studied. By using the Runge- Kutta method to calculate the differential equations of system dynamics, a series of system vibration diagrams containing cracks were obtained, and the influence of different crack parameters on the vibration of the system was analyzed. And vibration testing experiments were conducted on the system with planetary gear cracks. The results show that when the gear contains cracks, the TVMS of the system will decrease, and as the cracks intensify, the TVMS will decrease. When cracks appear on the II-stage planetary gear, the system will experience impact effects with intervals of rotation cycles of the II-stage planetary gear. There will be obvious sidebands near the meshing frequency doubling, and the vibration trajectory of the gear will also become disordered. These situations will become more and more obvious as the degree of cracks intensifies. Through experiments, the theoretical results are in good agreement with experimental results, verifying the correctness of the theoretical model. This provides a theoretical basis for fault diagnosis and reliability research of the system.

• Advances in nano research
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.509-519
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• 2024

In this study, the static analysis of carbon nanotube-reinforced composites (CNTRC) beams resting on a Winkler-Pasternak elastic foundation is presented. The developed theories account for higher-order variation of transverse shear strain through the depth of the beam and satisfy the stress-free boundary conditions on the top and bottom surfaces of the beam. To study the effect of carbon nanotubes distribution in functionally graded (FG-CNT), we introduce in the equation of CNT volume fraction a new exponent equation. The SWCNTs are assumed to be aligned and distributed in the polymeric matrix with different patterns of reinforcement. The rule of mixture is used to describe the material properties of the CNTRC beams. The governing equations were derived by employing Hamilton's principle. The models presented in this work are numerically provided to verify the accuracy of the present theory. The analytical solutions are presented, and the obtained results are compared with the existing solutions to verify the validity of the developed theories. Many parameters are investigated, such as the Pasternak shear modulus parameter, the Winkler modulus parameter, the volume fraction, and the order of the exponent in the volume fraction equation. New results obtained from bending and stresses are presented and discussed in detail. From the obtained results, it became clear the influence of the exponential CNTs distribution and Winkler-Pasternak model improved the mechanical properties of the CNTRC beams.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.273-284
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• 2024

The steel-concrete composite system has been playing a vital role in the construction sector for the past two decades. By using steel and concrete together, we achieve strong load resistance with minimal deflection and bending stress. The study focuses on the numerical and analytical behaviour of concrete encased steel castellated beams and compared them with previous experiments. The study used five composite beams, including one control reinforced concrete beam (CC), one fully concrete encased steel beam (FCES), and three fully concrete encased castellated beams. The major variable is the opening configuration of the castellated beam, such as openings along the longitudinal axis, above the longitudinal axis, and below the longitudinal axis. The 150 mm × 250 mm cross section and 2000 mm in length of beams were used. Using the finite element software ANSYS, we conduct nonlinear finite element analysis for the entire beam and compare it with test data. The numerical load carrying capacity of concrete encased steel castellated beam with a hexagonal opening above the longitudinal axis (FCESCB H2) is 160 kN is closer to the experimental observation. Von Mises strain of FCESB is 0.004232, which is lower than CB and composite castellated beam. The ductility factor and energy absorption capacity of FCESB are 5.090 and 1688.47 kNm. It was observed that the configuration of the opening will influence the strength of the composite beam. Plastic moment methods were employed to estimate the ultimate load carrying capacity of the beam. In the analytical study the beams were assumed as perfectly plastic. The ultimate analytical load carrying capacity of FCESCB H2 is 21.87% higher than FCESB. It found that performing FCESCB H2 is superior to the entire specimen.