• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.141-145
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• 2008

In this paper, non working day for the construction project in Cheongju region considering weather condition for 30 years from 1971 to 2000 and 10 years from 1991 to 2000 as statistical periods was estimated. In Cheongju region, there was no remarkable difference between them because non working day for outside and half outside work was 157days and for interior work 144days at statistics for 30 years., and utside and half outside work was 159days and for interior work 142days at statistics for 10 years.. However, non working day due to high temperature is slightly increased, and non working day due to cold weather is slightly decreased in the case that the recent statistical data was used caused by global warming. Non working day due to rainfall was 23 days at statistics for 30 years, and it was 28 days at statistics for 10 years.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.558-561
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• 2007

In this paper, non working day for the construction project in Cheongju and Chungju region considering weather condition was estimated. In Cheongju region, non working day for outside and half outside work was 157days and for interior work 144days. For Chungju region, non working day for outside and half outside work was 160days and for interior work 144days. Non working day affected by temperature was 144 days at both Chungju and Cheongju. Non working day due to low temperature was 109 days and it due to high temperature was 45 days for Choengju. In Chungju, it was 11Sdays for cold weather, while it due to hot weather was 29 days.Non working day due to rainfall was 23 days at both region. To reduce the deviation between estimated non working days and measured ones, proper selection of the duration is required.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.7 no.4 s.32
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• pp.100-108
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• 2006

Non-working days affected by weather conditions of the construction-sites have been estimated without proper data. They are usually estimated based on project engineer's own experience and intuition. As a result, they cause not only economic loss to time-adjustment but also conflicts among project participants. It becomes more difficult to predict the weather nowadays than before due to tendency of recently weather change. Therefore, this paper presents an improved estimation method for non-working days, which could minimize estimation errors. The estimation method is developed based on analysis of regional characteristics and weather conditions which affect project duration.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.59-88
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• 2014

I estimate the non-market effects of implementing five-day workweek controlling for the individual-job fixed effect. I find that the implementation of five-day workweek has improved an individual's subjective health status, increased the frequency of exercises, increased the probability to get education or training other than job training, improved subjective quality of life, increased spending for leisure and cultural activities, and improved an individual's satisfaction with the job and the employer. Much of the effects are due to reduction not of working hours but of working days.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.323-332
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• 2020

This study examined Korean employees' meal structure characterized by mealtime, meal places, and companions. The data from 19,692 time diaries, recorded by 9,846 employees aged 19-64 years for two days in the 2014 Korean Time Use Survey, were analyzed for working days and non-working days. Approximately two-thirds of Korean employees ate meals three times a day on both working and non-working days. The breakfast and lunch-times on working days were distributed within two hours, but the dinner time on working days and all three meals on non-working days were dispersed across a three-hour range. Male employees spent three minutes on meal preparation on working days, whereas females spent 30 minutes. On working days, 88% of breakfasts and 67% of dinners were eaten at home. For lunches, 46% were eaten at restaurants, and 42% were at workplaces. The breakfast on working days showed the highest percentage of eating alone (40%) and the dinner on non-working days appeared highest in the percentage of eating with families (69%). The characteristics of Korean employees' meal structure appeared different on working days and non-working days. Such characteristics should be considered in the process of planning nutrition policies and programs for employees.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2015.10a
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• pp.188-191
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• 2015

This study is based on the data of velocity actually measured at varied the heights in the last 3 years. As mentioned in the World Meteorological Monitoring Plan(World Weather Watch: WWW), using the meteorological data by radiosonde can calculate the probability of velocity greater than 10m/s which is the standard beginning point of non-working condition by wind. The height is divided into sections, with 100m for each section starting from the ocean surface up to 700m high. The data measured at each section could be used for estimating and predicting the probability of non-working days for the construction nearby. For example, the data of Osan region is expected to be applicable for the project located in Seoul which has similar geographical conditions. As comparing the velocity varied with height, non-working days calculated basing on the measured data shows a variation of from -0.3 to +64 days. However, this study use Weibull distribution which considered more reliable, the result is expected to be more useful, as the data was all actually measured in the real conditions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.394-397
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• 2004

Working-day calculation with weather factors of construction-site has estimated wethout proper data. They usually estimate it with their own experience and intuition. It causes not only economic loss to time-adjustment but also conflict with each participants. Moreover, weather estimation becomes worse than before, due to tendency of recently weather change. So, in this paper we present optimal estimation method as assessment by period of the arithmetical mean methods. For that, we analyse characteristic of the regions and weather change of temperature and rainfall which affects time.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate nutritional knowledge, practice of eating behavior guidelines, and problematic dietary habits in working high school students in comparison with non-working high school students. A survey questionnaire was formulated to obtain information on demographic variables, body size, part-time jobs, nutritional knowledge, practice of eating behavior guidelines, and dietary habits. The developed questionnaire was given out to 515 students attending a vocational high school in Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do. Those who had been working 5 hours or more per day for at least a month at the time of survey administration were defined as working students for this study. Proportions of working students were similar between male and female students (i.e. 49.5% for male, 50.5% for female). No significant difference was found in scores of nutritional knowledge between working ($8.43{\pm}2.29$) and non-working students ($8.60{\pm}2.19$). However, some dietary habits were found to be dependent on working status. While approximately 43% of non-working students reported skipping a meal, about 57% of working students did so (p<0.01). The proportion of students with any drinking experience was significantly higher among working students (92%) compared to non-working students (80%) (p<0.001). Working students were found to drink alcoholic beverages more often than non-working students (p<0.001). The mean score of practice of eating behavior guidelines was lower in working students than non-working students. The magnitude of this difference was modest ($51.33{\pm}0.63$ in working students, $53.40{\pm}0.51$ in non-working students), but reached statistical significance (p<0.01). Based on the findings from this study, it is suggested that specific behavior-oriented messages to improve certain problematic dietary habits need to be directed toward working high school students.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.13-26
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate the present conditions of the night work and shift work systems in the heavy chemical industrial complexes found in Changwon, Masan, and Chinhae. Korea. We will attempt to define and classify their problems; and to discover further ways to improve their systems. Fifty production factories were carefully selected as the subjects for this study. The shift systems were classified into five categories. The consecutive night shifts were long in almost all cases with 6 days (36 factories) and 7 days (13 factories). It was found that the night work of about] 2 hours continues for a long period in the weekly rotation full-day shift systems and the night-including non-full-day shift systems, and there was no holiday during a shift cycle in the continuous full-day shift systems. The work time in most shift systems was longer than the 44-hours/week permitted by Korean law. Considering the characteristics of these various types of shift systems, the most essential thing to reduce the shift workers' work load may be to shorten their working hours and improve the schedule of shift systems. It is highly recommended as a fundamental solution. to reduce the portal-to-portal hours from 12 to 8 in the night-including non-full-day shift systems and the weekly rotation full-day shift systems, and at least to employ a 4-team 3-shift system in the continuous full-day shift systems. In addition to this, it should from now on be taken as a goal to restructure the types of shift systems by taking such measures as avoiding continuous night work if possible, providing sufficient off-duty intervals both before and after night shift, providing increased opportunities for workers to nap during night work. and increasing the number of holidays.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.1329-1336
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• 2000

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of Murrah buffalo cows pulling sledges under field conditions on milk production and milk composition. In Exp. 1, 24 buffaloes in the fourth month of lactation were used. They were allotted to four treatments according to a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement: work or no work, and with or without urea-molasses cake supplementation (700 g/animal/day). Feeds consisted of 20 kg fresh elephant grass (18% DM), 2 kg rice bran per day and rice straw ad lib. The animals worked in pairs three hours per day (work done: $3464{\pm}786kJ/d$) five days a week for three months. Three teams worked in the morning and the others worked in the afternoon in the same day. The following day the working times were switched. In Exp. 2, 16 lactating Murrah buffalo cows in the sixth month of lactation were allotted to two groups (work and no work). They were fed with fresh ruzi grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis) ad lib. supplemented with 2 kg rice bran and 700 g urea-molasses cake. The working regime was similar to that of the first experiment (work done: $3753{\pm}879kJ/d$) and they worked for two months. In the first experiment, there was a small but significant drop (p<0.05) in milk yield from 3.5 to 3.0 kg/day due to work, but there was no supplementation effect. The working buffaloes lost 5.2 kg whereas the non-working animals gained 9.7 kg during the three months (p<0.05). Supplementation increased live weight by 9.9 kg as compared to -5.4 kg for those not supplemented (p<0.05). Milk composition was not affected by the treatments. In the second experiment, daily milk production was similar for both treatments and approximately 3 kg. No significant differences were found in milk composition or in live weight changes for working and non-working groups, respectively. It was concluded that work may cause a reduction in milk yield and a loss of live weight on a poor rice straw diet but that an appropriate supplementation can alleviate this situation.