• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.55-62
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• 2016

The goal of this study is to recreate the identification of landscape image through the Agricultural Architecture in rural area. Most of them are not kept with houses in traditional village and the other structures in garden area of Korea, because they are located in the isolated field or placed near along the local street, are designed as a very heavily designed building, and are covered by different materials and color against village architecture. I researched cattle barns in both Korea and Germany of what they have had images in a distance-view points of local area, so that I might find a suitable image of Barn Architecture with topography of rural areas. I surveyed rural agricultural buildings with different point of views on landscape structure, architectural form and materials, and conditions animal welfare. There are three results from this paper as follows: First, the placement of animal barn in garden area is isolated to village so that it may keep a clean environment of village, which it makes non appropriate to land using and village view. Second, the architectural form makes a different image to the village building, because it has an oversize against houses in village or has no rhythm and dividing form of simple gable barm. Third, the barn architecture is better to consider of eco-friendly materials with animal welfare concept design, when it starts to design the barn in the field.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.413-431
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• 2010

The focus of this article is on the assessment of vertical wind vector components and their aerodynamic impact on lattice framework, specifically two distinct sections of a guyed transmission tower. Thunderstorm winds, notably very localized events such as convective downdrafts (including downbursts) and tornadoes, result in a different load on a tower's structural system in terms of magnitude and spatial distribution when compared to horizontal synoptic winds. Findings of previous model-scale experiments are outlined and their results considered for the development of a testing rig that allows for rotation about multiple body axes through a series of wind tunnel tests. Experimental results for the wind loads on two unique experimental models are presented and the difference in behaviour discussed. For a model cross arm with a solidity ratio of approximately 30%, the drag load was increased by 14% when at a pitch angle of $20^{\circ}$. Although the effects of rotation about the vertical body axis, or the traditional 'angle of attack', are recognized by design codes as being significant, provisions for vertical winds are absent from each set of wind loading specifications examined. The inclusion of a factor to relate winds with a vertical component to the horizontal speed is evaluated as a vertical wind factor applicable to load calculations. Member complexity and asymmetric geometry often complicate the use of lattice wind loading provisions, which is a challenge that extends to future studies and codification. Nevertheless, the present work is intended to establish a basis for such studies.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.475-489
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• 1998

The main goal for the treatment of periodontal diseases is the regeneration of lost cementum, bone and connective tissue. Clinical and histological research suggests that it is possible to restore periodontal structures. Seeds of Carthamus tinctorius L. has been used for the treatment of bone fracture and osteoporosis in traditional Korean medicine. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of extract of seeds of Carthamus tinctorius L. on mineralization in periodontal ligament cells and osteoblastic cells. Periodontal ligament cells were primarily obtained from a extracted premolars with non-periodontal diseases, Osteoblastic cells were obtained from calvariae of a fetal rat, Cells were cultured with DMEM at $37^{\circ}C$ with 5% $CO_2$ in 100% humidity incubator. Alkaline phosphatase(ALP) level and the number of calcification nodules were examined and western blot analysis using osteonectin was performed, Measurements of ALP levels and calcification nodules showed that extract of seeds of Carthamus tinctorius L. had significantly higher activity than control in all of both cells. In western blot analysis, protein expression of osteonectin indicated that extract of seeds of Carthamus tinctorius L. showed an increased pattern than control in all of both cells. From the above results, it seems that extract of seeds of Carthamus tinctorius L. has excellent effect on mineralization in periodontal ligament cells and osteoblastic cells.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2016

The authors performed the experimental work to propose the strength prediction equation for high strength concrete based on the non-destructive test methods. The concrete specimens that the range of design compressive strength was 40~80 MPa was produced in laboratory, and then tested rebound test and ultrasonic velocity methods and also compressive test according to the Korea Standard. The test results was compared with previously equations suggested by other researcher. From the test, these traditional nondestructive methods are simple, quick, has proven to be reliable and useful method for predicting the concrete strength. The test results were compared with the previous equations and then newly proposed own equations based on the test results. The proposed equations have the suitable precision and accuracy for applying the high strength concrete structures.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.72-79
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• 2000

On the other hand, the fiber orientation at the surface and middle layer of the sheet controls the bending stiffness of paperboard. Therefore, a reliable measurement of paper surface fiber orientation gives us a magnificent tool to investigate and predict paper curling and cockling tendency, and provides the necessary information to fine-tune the manufacturing process for optimum quality. Many papers, especially heavily calendered and coated grades, do resist liquid and gas penetration very much, being beyond the measurement range of the traditional instruments or resulting inconveniently long measuring time per sample. The increased surface hardness and use of filler minerals and mechanical pulp make a reliable, non-leaking sample contact to the measurement head a challenge of its own. Paper surface coating causes, as expected, a layer which has completely different permeability characteristics compared to the other layers of the sheet. The latest developments in sensor technologies have made it possible to reliably measure gas flow n well controlled conditions, allowing us to investigate the gas penetration of open structures, such as cigarette paper, tissue or sack paper, and in the low permeability range analyze even fully greaseproof papers, silicon papers, heavily coated papers and boards or even detect defects in barrier coatings! Even nitrogen or helium may be used as the gas, giving us completely new possibilities to rank the products or to find correlation to critical process or converting parameters. All the modern paper machines include many on-line measuring instruments which are used to give the necessary information for automatic process control systems. Hence, the reliability of this information obtained from different sensors is vital for good optimizing and process stability. If any of these on-line sensors do not operate perfectly as planned (having even small measurement error or malfunction), the process control will set the machine to operate away from the optimum, resulting loss of profit or eventual problems in quality or runnability. To assure optimum operation of the paper machines, a novel quality assurance policy for the on-line measurements has been developed, including control procedures utilizing traceable, accredited standards for the best reliability and performance.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.601-623
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• 2016

Precast concrete elements are widely used in the construction of buildings and civil infrastructures as they provide higher construction quality and requires less construction time. However, any abnormalities in precast concrete surfaces such as non-flatness or distortion, can influence the erection of the elements as well as the functional performance of the connections between elements. Thus, it is important to undertake surface flatness and distortion inspection (SFDI) on precast concrete elements before their delivery to the construction sites. The traditional methods of SFDI which are conducted manually or by contact-type devices are, however, time-consuming, labor-intensive and error-prone. To tackle these problems, this study proposes techniques for SFDI of precast concrete elements using laser scanning technology. The proposed techniques estimate the $F_F$ number to evaluate the surface flatness, and estimate three different measurements, warping, bowing, and differential elevation between adjacent elements, to evaluate the surface distortion. The proposed techniques were validated by experiments on four small scale test specimens manufactured by a 3D printer. The measured surface flatness and distortion from the laser scanned data were compared to the actual ones, which were obtained from the designed surface geometries of the specimens. The validation experiments show that the proposed techniques can evaluate the surface flatness and distortion effectively and accurately. Furthermore, scanning experiments on two actual precast concrete bridge deck panels were conducted and the proposed techniques were successfully applied to the scanned data of the panels.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.268-280
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• 2021

This study analysed the narrative strategies in TV drama utilized in order to support the recent feminism movements. The analysis revealed that this TV drama breaks away from the clichéd patriarchal drama series. It portrays the main characters are not the sons but the two daughters-in-law, and represents the women challenging the order of the patriarchy, and resolving the issues. In this drama, men's power was removed and female agents were held up to ridicule. In addition, it eradicates the traditional female conflict structures and creates a strong bond between the females. With this storyline, TV series concludes with two achievements. One, the stepmother and the mother co-parent the child instead of the father, suggests that a non-blood related matriarchal family is possible. Two, the heir to the chaebol family, which is traditionally a patrilineal structure, is not the oldest son or the immoral son, but the lesbian daughter-in-law, overturning the idea of heteronormativity that is dominant in the patriarchal system.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.473-491
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• 2022

The research investigates experimentally the effect of confinement on structural behavior at the ends of beam-column in reinforced concrete (RC) frames. In the experimental study, five specimens consisting of 1/3-scaled RC frames having single-bay, representing the traditional deficiencies of existing buildings constructed without receiving proper engineering service is investigated. The RC frame specimens were produced to represent most of the existing buildings in Turkey that have damage potential. To decrease the probable damage to the existing buildings exposed to earthquakes, the carbon Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM) strengthening technique (fully wrapping) was used on the ends of the RC frame elements to increase the energy dissipation and deformation capacity. The specimens were tested under reversed cyclic lateral loading with constant axial loads. They were constructed satisfying the weak column-strong beam condition and consisting of low-strength concrete, such as compressive strength of 15 MPa. The test results were compared and evaluated considering stiffness, strength, energy dissipation capacity, structural damping, ductility, and damage propagation in detail. Comprehensive investigations of these experimental results reveal that the strengthening of a brittle frame with fully-TRM wrapping with non-anchored was effective in increasing the stiffness, ductility, and energy dissipation capacities of RC bare frames. It was also observed that the frame-only-retrofitting with an infill wall is not enough to increase the ductility capacity. In this case, both the frame and infill wall must be retrofitted with TRM composite to increase the stiffness, lateral load carrying, ductility and energy dissipation capacities of RC frames. The presented strengthening method can be an alternative strengthening technique to enhance the seismic performance of existing or moderately damaged RC buildings.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.135-151
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• 2023

Using 3D asphalt pavement surface data, a deep and multiscale network named CrackNet-M is proposed in this paper for pixel-level crack detection for improvements in both accuracy and robustness. The CrackNet-M consists of four function-specific architectural modules: a central branch net (CBN), a crack map enhancement (CME) module, three pooling feature pyramids (PFP), and an output layer. The CBN maintains crack boundaries using no pooling reductions throughout all convolutional layers. The CME applies a pooling layer to enhance potential thin cracks for better continuity, consuming no data loss and attenuation when working jointly with CBN. The PFP modules implement direct down-sampling and pyramidal up-sampling with multiscale contexts specifically for the detection of thick cracks and exclusion of non-crack patterns. Finally, the output layer is optimized with a skip layer supervision technique proposed to further improve the network performance. Compared with traditional supervisions, the skip layer supervision brings about not only significant performance gains with respect to both accuracy and robustness but a faster convergence rate. CrackNet-M was trained on a total of 2,500 pixel-wise annotated 3D pavement images and finely scaled with another 200 images with full considerations on accuracy and efficiency. CrackNet-M can potentially achieve crack detection in real-time with a processing speed of 40 ms/image. The experimental results on 500 testing images demonstrate that CrackNet-M can effectively detect both thick and thin cracks from various pavement surfaces with a high level of Precision (94.28%), Recall (93.89%), and F-measure (94.04%). In addition, the proposed CrackNet-M compares favorably to other well-developed networks with respect to the detection of thin cracks as well as the removal of shoulder drop-offs.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.36-44
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• 2024

This paper presents the application of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Region of Interest (ROI) techniques for concrete crack analysis. Surfaces of concrete structures, such as beams, etc., are exposed to fatigue stress and cyclic loads, typically resulting in the initiation of cracks at a microscopic level on the structure's surface. Early detection enables preventative measures to mitigate potential damage and failures. Conventional manual inspections often yield subpar results, especially for large-scale infrastructure where access is challenging and detecting cracks can be difficult. This paper presents data collection, edge segmentation and ROI techniques application, and analysis of concrete cracks using Convolutional Neural Networks. This paper aims to achieve the following objectives: Firstly, achieving improved accuracy in crack detection using image-based technology compared to traditional manual inspection methods. Secondly, developing an algorithm that utilizes enhanced Sobel edge segmentation and ROI techniques. The algorithm provides automated crack detection capabilities for non-destructive testing.