• Journal of KIISE:Databases
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.12-31
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• 2006

The n-gram inverted index has two major advantages: language-neutral and error-tolerant. Due to these advantages, it has been widely used in information retrieval or in similar sequence matching for DNA and Protein databases. Nevertheless, the n-gram inverted index also has drawbacks: the size tends to be very large, and the performance of queries tends to be bad. In this paper, we propose the two-level n-gram inverted index (simply, the n-gram/2L index) that significantly reduces the size and improves the query performance while preserving the advantages of the n-gram inverted index. The proposed index eliminates the redundancy of the position information that exists in the n-gram inverted index. The proposed index is constructed in two steps: 1) extracting subsequences of length m from documents and 2) extracting n-grams from those subsequences. We formally prove that this two-step construction is identical to the relational normalization process that removes the redundancy caused by a non-trivial multivalued dependency. The n-gram/2L index has excellent properties: 1) it significantly reduces the size and improves the Performance compared with the n-gram inverted index with these improvements becoming more marked as the database size gets larger; 2) the query processing time increases only very slightly as the query length gets longer. Experimental results using databases of 1 GBytes show that the size of the n-gram/2L index is reduced by up to 1.9${\~}$2.7 times and, at the same time, the query performance is improved by up to 13.1 times compared with those of the n-gram inverted index.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.722-728
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• 2012

Urban sewer systems has a limitation of capacity of rainwater storage and problem of occurrence of untreated sewage, so adopting a storage facility for sewer flooding prevention and urban non-point pollution reduction has a big attention. The Korea Ministry of Environment has recently introduced a new concept of "multi-functional storage facility", which is crucial not only in preventive stormwater management but also in dealing with combined sewer overflow and sanitary sewer discharge, and also has been promoting its adoption. However, reserving a space for a single large-scale storage facility might be difficult especially in urban areas. Thus, decentralized construction of small- and midium-sized storage facilities and its operation have been introduced as an alternative way. In this paper, we propose a model predictive control scheme for an optimized operation of distributed storage facilities and sewer networks. To this aim, we first describe the mathematical model of each component of networks system which enables us to analyze its detailed dynamic behavior. Second, overflow locations and volumes will be predicted based on the developed network model with data on the external inflow occurred at specific locations of the network. MPC scheme based on the introduced particle swarm optimization technique then produces the optimized the gate setting for sewer network flow control, which minimizes sewer flooding and maximizes the potential storage capacity. Finally, the operational efficacy of the proposed control scheme is demonstrated by simulation study with virtual rainstorm event.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 1994

$(NH_4)_{4.5}[H_{3.5}{\alpha}-PtMo_6O_{24}]{\cdot}1.5\;H_2O(A),\;(NH_4)_4[H_4{\beta}-PtMo_6O_{24}]{\cdot}1.5\;H_2O(B),\;and\;K_{3.5}[H_{4.5}{\alpha}-PtMo_6O_{24}]{\cdot}3\;H_2O(C)$ have been synthesized and their molecular structures have been also determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique. The space groups, unit cell parameters, and R factors are as follows: Compound A, monoclinic, $A_{2/a}$, a= 19.074 (3), b=21.490 (3), c=15.183 (2) ${\AA};\;{\beta}$=109.67 (1) ${\AA}$; z=8; R=0.075($IF_0I>4{\sigma}(IF_0I);$ Compound B, triclinic, P$bar{1}$, a=10.776 (2), b=15.174 (4), c=10.697 (3) ${\AA};\;{\alpha}$ =126.29 (2), ${\beta}$=111.55 (2), ${\gamma}$=93.18 (2) ${\AA}$; Z=2; R=0.046($IF_0I>3{\sigma}(IF_0I);$): Compound C, triclinic, Pl, a=12.426 (2), b=13.884 (2), c=10.089 (1) ${\AA}$; ${\alpha}$=102.59 (2), ${\beta}$=110.73 (1), ${\gamma}$=53.93 (1) ${\AA}$; Z=2; R=0.074 ($IF_0I>3{\sigma}(IF_0I)$. Compounds A and C contain the well-known Anderson structure (planar structure) heteropoly oxometalate having approximate $bar{3}_m(D_{3d})$ symmetry, while compound B contains the bent structure heteropoly oxometalate having appproximate $2_{mm}(C2_v)$ symmetry. The bent structure and the planar one are geometrical isomers. These compounds are rot only novel heteroply molybdates containing platinate(IV) but also the first example of geometrical isomerism in the hexamolybdoheteropoly oxometalates. That isomerization surprisingly occurred because of the change of only 0.5 non-acidic hydrogen atom attached to the polyanion such as $[H_{3.5}{\alpha} -PtMo_6O_{24}]^{4.5-}{\to}[H_4{\beta}-PtMo_6O_{24}]^{4-}{\to}[H_{4.5}{\alpha} -PtMo_6O_{24}]^{3.5-}$. It seems that the gradual protonation of the polyanion plays an important role in that isomerism. These heteropolyanions form dimers by strong hydrogen bonds between two heteropolyanions in the respective crystal system.

• The Korean Journal of Blood Transfusion
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.162-168
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• 2012

Background: Potassium, the most common cation in the intracellular space, plays a critical role in our physiology. Potassium imbalance may cause life-threatening problems, ranging from general weakness to cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. For emergency physicians, detection of such derangement within a short period of time is of critical importance. In this study, we wanted to determine whether analysis of whole blood samples can be used as a screening tool for potassium imbalance by comparative analysis of whole blood and serum samples. Methods: Two samples were drawn from 227 patients. The whole blood sample was taken from the radial artery and contained in a commercially available arterial blood collection syringe with a lithium-heparin coating. The serum sample was contained in a commercially available vacuum bottle in a non-additive silicone coated tube and transported to the laboratory. The study population was divided into three groups, patients with normal whole blood potassium, patients with decreased whole blood potassium, and patients with elevated whole blood potassium. Potassium levels for each group were coupled with serum potassium levels and compared. Results: No significant difference in potassium values was observed between whole blood and serum samples (P<0.05). Strong associations were observed among the three groups (normal range, hypokalemia, and hyperkalemia group). Compared to the normal group (r=0.851), the hyperkalemia group showed a stronger association between variables (r=0.897), and the hypokalemia group showed a weaker association (r=0.760). Their correlation coefficients were highly significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Our study illustrates that point-of-care testing using whole blood with whole blood can be a reliable screening tool when treating patients with suspicious potassium abnormality, especially in hyperkalemia patients.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.923-929
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• 1995

Four crystal structures of M3-A (M3Na9-xHx-A, M=Rb or K and x=1 or 0), Rb3Na8H-A(a=12.228(1) Å and R1=0.046), Rb3Na9-A (a=12.258(3) Å and R1=0.058), K3Na8H-A (a=12.257(3) Å and R1=0.048) and K3Na9-A (a=12.257(3) Å and R1=0.052), have been determined by single crystal x-ray diffraction technique in the cubic space group Pm3^m at 21 ℃. In all structures, each unit cell contained three M+ ions all located at one crystallographically distinct position on 8-rings. Rb+ ions are 3.12 and 3.21 Å away respectively from O(1) and O(2) oxygens, about 0.40 Å away from the centers of the 8-rings, and K+ ions are 2.87 and 2.81 Å apart from the corresponding oxygens. These distances are the shortest ones among those previously found for the corresoponding ones. Eight 6-rings per unit cell are occupied by eight Na+ ions, each with a distance of 2.31 Å to three O(3) oxygens. The twelfth cation per unit cell is found as Na+ opposite 4-ring in the large cavities of M3Na9-A and assumed to be H+ for M3Na8H-A. With these noble non-framework cationic arrangements, larger M+ ions preferably on all larger 8-rings and the compact Na+ ions on all 6-rings, the bond angles in the 8-rings of M3-A, 145.1 and 161.0 respectively for (Si,Al)-O(1)-(Si,Al) and (Si,Al)-O(2)-(Si,Al), turned out to be remarkably stable and smaller, by more than 12 to 17°, than the corresponding angles found in the crystal structures of zeolites A with high concentration of M+ ions. It is to achieve these remarkably relaxed 8-rings, the main windows for the passage of gas molecules, with simultaneously maximized cavity volumes that M3-A have been selected as one of the efficient zeolite A systems for gas encapsulation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.723-730
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• 2021

This study tries to compare dose distribution between arc radiation therapy and Tomotherapy, which are main radiation therapy modalities. The subjects of this study are lung cancer patients. For planning target volume (PTV), a dose of 60.0 Gy was set as a basis. The PTVmean of Arc was 61.04 Gy, and that of Tomotherapy was 58.50 Gy. The total lung capacities of Arc and Tomotherapy were 3.0 Gy and 4.24 Gy, respectively. The mean heart doses of Arc and Tomotherapy were 0.13 and 0.34, respectively; the mean trachea dose of Arc and Tomotherapy were 1.35 and 2.58, respectively; the mean esophagus dose of Arc and Tomotherapy were 0.41 and 0.86, respectively; the mean spinal cord dose of Arc and Tomotherapy were 3.65 and 4.68, respectively. With regard to the appropriateness of therapeutic effect in DHV, both modalities seemed appropriate. Tomotherapy protected normal tissues better than Arc radiation therapy. In Tomotherapy, patients need to have treatment long in a limited space. If such a point is overcome, Tomotherapy is better. Otherwise, Arc radiation therapy can be applied. This study was conducted with treatment planning images. Therefore, the results of this study are different from actual treatment results. If more research is conducted to overcome the limitation, the effects of radiation therapy are expected to increase further.

• Korean Educational Research Journal
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-34
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• 2021

The thesis tries to compare The Structure of World History with Anti-Oedipus in the textual context, and to re-compare in the educational context. I mean by the education an event which contrasts starkly with an essence. It adopts 5W1H, a general reporting form of an accident or event, as the distinctive features at twice comparisons. The purpose of the thesis is not evaluative but interpretive comparison. In the textual context, the thesis discusses, 1) as WHAT, the use of Marx from Kant vs. Nietzsche's point of view, 2) as WHO, the actual subjects of the exchanging human vs. the productive machine, 3) as WHEN/WHERE, the society of the modes of exchange vs. the modes of inscription, 4) as HOW, the revolutionay means of the simultaneous revolution of the world vs. the schizophrenic process, 5) as WHY, the ideal subjects of the associative human vs. the non-human of liberation of desire. In the educational context, the thesis discusses, 1) in the WHAT as educational way, autonomous morality vs. active power, 2) in the WHO as the affirmity of actual subjects, that of the ideal idea vs. that of real power, 3) in the WHEN/WHERE, as the in-between time-space of education, the incommensurable communicative situation of humans vs. the conflictive of machines, 4) in the HOW, as the educational method of achieving the ideal, the involuntary restoration of the already-had ideal vs. the now-have completion and break-through of the schizophrenic process, 5) in the WHY, as the aim of education, cosmopolitan vs. overman.

• 재활복지
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.113-130
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of guided imagery activities using music on both mood states and physiological responses of psychiatric inpatients. The experimental group was consisted of 27 psychiatric patients participating in the guided imagery activities using music for 11 minutes. Also, the control group was formed with 27 psychiatric patients with non-musical intervention. Mood states, blood pressure, pulse and skin temperature were checked before and after session. We could see the significant difference in the score of five areas-tension, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue-showed most differences in score. Also, the score of skin temperature of both experimental group and between two groups showed significant differences, too. Therefore, we can conclude that these results were showing that guided imagery activities using music was an effective nursing intervention method for altering mood state of psychiatric patients. Besides, it seemed to have physiological impact to make patients relax tension backed up by change of skin temperature.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.443-458
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• 2018

An archive is a collection of documents or records. Currently, most archived documents are made of paper. Paper is susceptible to biological damage and deterioration due to its material properties. To control the biological damage, treatment with chemical disinfectants and control of the storage environment are often used. In government-controlled bulk public archives, all documents are chemically sterilized before storage. However, an extremely large quantity of public records have been produced, and storage space and conservation management are gradually reaching their limits. In this study, 60 species of microbes were identified using a genetic method. We successfully applied the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence method to detect microbial contamination on paper documents. A calibration curve of the ATP bioluminescence as a function of the microbe quantity was obtained, and the microbial activity on non-sterilized paper archives from 1951 was analyzed using an ATP luminometer. It was found that the microbial activity was suppressed or reduced in climate-controlled storage environments at $22^{\circ}C$ and 55% relative humidity. We anticipate that these results will be used to establish selective sterilization systems for government-controlled bulk public archives.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.243-269
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• 2021

Since the early 2010s, the social importance of research and practical projects targeting deep geological disposal of high-level nuclear waste, underground CO₂ storage and characterization of deep subsurface by borehole investigation has been increasing. In this regard, there is also a significant increase in the need for in situ test technology to obtain quantitative and reliable information on the hydraulic characteristics of deep rock mass. Through years of research and development, we have independently set up Deep borehole Hydraulic Test System (DHTS) based on the key apparatuses designed and made with our own technology. Using this system, high precision constant pressure injection tests were successfully completed at the two 1 km boreholes located in Mesozoic granite and sedimentary rock regions, Gyeongju. During the field tests, it was possible to measure very low flow rate below 0.01 l/min with micro flow rate injection/control module. In this paper, the major characteristics of DHTS are introduced and also some results obtained from the high precision field tests under the deep and low permeable rock mass environment are briefly discussed.