• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.147-152
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• 2002

Ovaries from total 192 slaughtered cows, 154 Korean native cows and 38 dairy cows were collected during the slaughtering process in Kimhae, Changyoung and Yangsan abattoirs in Kyungnam province from January 2001 to January 2002. Rates of pregnant and non-pregnant and ovarian findings were invested. Rates of pregnant cows in 192 slaughtered cows were 12.5% (24 cows) and in difference of cow breeds, 11.0% (17 cows) in 154 Korean native cows and 18.4% (7 cows) in 38 dairy cows from total 192 cows, respectively. Ages of fetuses in pregnant Korean native cows were mostly less than 4 months and ages of fetuses in dairy cows were mostly about 7-8 months. Cows which each diameter of follicles and corpus luteums in same cow was more than 5-6 mm in diameter were 69.8% (134 cows) in total 192 slaughtered cows and in difference of cow breeds, 64.7% (11 cows) in 17 Korean native cows and 57.1% (4 cows) in 7 dairy cows. Mean diameter of foliicles and corpus luteums in Korean native cows are 13.7$\pm$5.6$\times$ 11.2$\pm$4.6mm and 17.5$\pm$4.6$\times$14.6$\pm$4.0 mm in non-pregnat cows, and are 11.0$\pm$4.8$\times$9.1 $\pm$ 2.6mm and 21.2$\pm$2.9$\times$18.3$\pm$ 2.7 mm in pregnant cows, respectively. Mean diameter of follicles and corpus luteums in dairy cows are 15.8$\pm$7.1 $\times$ 14.3$\pm$ 6.0 mm and 20.3$\pm$5.9$\times$16.9$\pm$ 5.8 mm in non-pregnant cows, and are 10.1 $\pm$ 3.0$\times$9.2$\pm$2.3 mm and 23.0$\pm$ 1.7$\times$20.1 $\pm$ 1.3 mm in pregnant cows, respectivley. The above findings indicate that the co-appearance rate of follicles and corpus luteums in same cows are higher in both pregnant and non-pregnant cows. Compared in pregnant and non-pregnant cow ovaries, mean size of follicles are smaller in pregnant cows but size of corpus luteums are more larger in pregnant cows than in non-pregnant cows. Correlation of the follicle size (Y) and corpus luteum size (X) in same cows developed each other in inversive size. Those correlative formulas appeared to be Y = -0.2022X+17.175 in Korean native cows and Y= -0.5754 X+24.153 in dairy cows.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.113-116
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• 2000

Different phenological patterns of leaf and fruit fall among native and non-native riparian species provide a spatially and temporally heterogeneous series of alternative food resources for detritivores. Relatively little is known about qualitative differences among these different riparian species. Rates of litter inputs, decomposition, and retention for different sources of riparian litter require long-term documentation. Species of freshwater shrimps, crabs. insects. and gastropods are known to consume a wide range of litter inputs but how these dynamic food webs function under changing climatic and land-use conditions is unknown, especially in tropical streams. On-going studies in the Luquillo Experimental Forest. Puerto Rico provide an example of how inputs of fronds and fruits from palms (Prestoea montana) serve as important foods and microhabitat for species of freshwater crabs and shrimp. Native riparian species such as Prestoea montana are commonly distributed in the Luquillo Mountains especially along steep slopes and stream banks. After tropical storms with high winds, the large fronds from these native riparian trees provide important inputs of leaf litter to the stream food web. In some streams, the input of ripe fruit from non-native trees such as Java plum (Syzigium jambos) also provides a major source of detrital food resources, especially during periods when fruit fall from native species of palms may be limited.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.237-254
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• 2011

This study investigated Korean university students' perceptions of NESTs (Native English Speaking Teachers) and NNESTs (Non-native English Speaking Teachers) in TEE (Teaching English through English) courses to examine strengths and weaknesses of NESTs and NNESTs. 100 university students who had an experience in taking TEE courses with both NESTs and NNESTs answered the questionnaire in which they were asked to answer questions of general area, language skills, affective areas, and teaching behaviors. 20 students out of them were also interviewed to consolidate the data. The results revealed that except for speaking ability, students did not express a strong preference for NESTs and they did have a preference in learning some specific skills. In terms of affective areas, students had a preference for NNESTs. In addition, there were differences in teaching behaviors of NESTs and NNESTs. These findings have valuable implications for NNESTs to improve their speaking proficiency: analyzing and participating in discourses, and monitoring teaching practice through videotaping.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.77-97
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• 2007

To compare data on the speech act of requests from two different methods, a study was conducted in which both native and non-native speakers of English participated as subjects, and data were collected by means of actual e-mail writing and DCT (discourse completion test). The analysis of requests from the two different data-gathering methods showed that despite some similarities, considerable differences existed between e-mail and DCT requests in several important aspects of requests such as amount of talk, directness level, downgraders and supportive moves which play an important role in making a given request sound less imposing and more polite. Also it was shown that requests of non-native speakers differed considerably from requests of native speakers in terms of the four aspects of requests across type of data-gathering methods. Based on the findings, some suggestions were made for both further research and L2 classrooms.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2014

An automatic speech recognition system is one of the popular research problems. There are many research groups working in this field for different language including Japanese. Japanese vowel recognition is one of important parts in the Japanese speech recognition system. The vowel classification system with the Mamdani fuzzy inference system was developed in this research. We tested our system on the blind test data set collected from one male native Japanese speaker and four male non-native Japanese speakers. All subjects in the blind test data set were not the same subjects in the training data set. We found out that the classification rate from the training data set is 95.0 %. In the speaker-independent experiments, the classification rate from the native speaker is around 70.0 %, whereas that from the non-native speakers is around 80.5 %.

• Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.497-508
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• 2001

This study tested whether non-native speakers approximated native-like locus equation slopes. Russian learners of English acquired native-like values of the locus equation slope for the English bilabial, and English learners of Russian made slight modifications to the locus equation slope of the Russian bilabial. The acquisition of the locus equations occurred gradually with experience. While English speakers, with limited experience with Russian, failed to approximate Russian-typical value of the locus equations slope, Russian speakers, with more extensive experience with English, succeeded in approximating the locus equation for English bilabial. The observation of locus equation transfer effect supports for the locus equation hypothesis as the unit of acquisition over CV-by-CV learning.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.53-75
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• 2012

The present study examined the role of language proficiency in dyadic discourse in the organization of repairs and the distribution of linguistic features contained in repairs. One native speaker of English and five non-native speakers participated and formed three dyads: one same-proficiency NNS-NNS (non-native speaker), one different-proficiency NNS-NNS, and one NS (native speaker)-NNS dyads. Results showed that overall repair patterns in this type of interaction were more conversational than didactic, and that the degree of difference in proficiency between the participants in the dyad influenced repair patterns and the distribution of linguistic features in relation to repair patterns. Also, discussed in the present paper are some implications of the results and other issues related to language learning.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.168-168
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• 1996

In this paper I will examine some concrete examples of the obstacles faced by non-native speakers of Japanese when learning the language. I will go on to suggest ways in which these obstacles may be overcome. Nowadays there are numerous Japanese language books available for non-native speakers. However, most of these introductory Japanese language books focus on topics such as pronunciation, accent and intonation. Notable, these introductory textbooks provide insufficient emphasis on prosodic features of the Japanese language. The Japanese language has been considered by many teachers as relatively easy compared to other languages, due to its simple phonetic structure. This may be a partial explanation of the reason why the teaching of prosodic features has generally been given insufficient emphasis. To teach Japanese efficiently at a university level I have combined an emphasis on the teaching of prosodic features together with my experience of television announcing. This has entailed using television news programmes and contemporary reading materials in my class. Using taped material I intend to describe a case-study of teaching of Japanese articulation.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.115-121
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• 2011

This paper examines how L2 speech production varies according to learner's L2 proficiency level. L2 speech production variations are analyzed by quantitative measures at word and phone levels using Korean learners' English corpus. Word-level variations are analyzed using correctness to explain how speech realizations are different from the canonical forms, while accuracy is used for analysis at phone level to reflect phone insertions and deletions together with substitutions. The results show that speech production of learners with different L2 proficiency levels are considerably different in terms of performance and individual realizations at word and phone levels. These results confirm that speech production of non-native speakers varies according to their L2 proficiency levels, even though they share the same L1 background. Furthermore, they will contribute to improve non-native speech recognition performance of ASR-based English language educational system for Korean learners of English.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.103-114
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• 2002

Language plays a central role in everyday communication activities. Therefore, an individual need to be able to use language to communicate with confidence and without fear. One of the major fears that people have is the fear of communication. This fear is most of the time due to a lack of confidence in communicating in a particular language or due to poor proficiency in the language. In some cases it can also be due to attitudinal problems. In the context of teaching and learning English as a second or foreign language, students can have a great fear of using English with confidence. This fear can be an acute one and thus students may avoid using English to communicate. However, non native speakers of English need to be highly competent in the use of the English language for a variety of communicative purposes particularly in meeting the challenges of globalisation and that of the digital age. This article presents some insights on language apprehension found among communication undergraduates who are non native speakers of English.