• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.855-864
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to compare the physicochemical and nutritional properties of breast and thigh meat from commercial Chinese crossbred chickens (817 Crossbred chicken, 817C), imported commercial broilers (Arbor Acres broiler, AAB), and commercial spent hens (Hyline Brown, HLB). The crossbred chickens, commercial broilers and spent hens were slaughtered at their typical market ages of 45 d, 40 d, and 560 d, respectively. The results revealed that several different characteristic features for the three breeds. The meat of the 817C was darker than that of the other two genotypes. The 817C were also characterized by higher protein, lower intramuscular fat, and better texture attributes (cooking loss, pressing loss and Warner-Bratzler shear force [WBSF]) compared with AAB and HLB. The meat of the spent hens (i.e. HLB) was higher in WBSF and total collagen content than meat of the crossbred chickens and imported broilers. Furthermore, correlation analysis and principal component analysis revealed that there was a clear relationship among physicochemical properties of chicken meats. With regard to nutritional properties, it was found that 817C and HLB exhibited higher contents of essential amino acids and essential/non-essential amino acid ratios. In addition, 817C were noted to have highest content of microelements whereas AAB have highest content of potassium. Besides, 817C birds had particularly higher proportions of desirable fatty acids, essential fatty acids, polyunsaturated/saturated and (18:0+18:1)/16:0 ratios. The present study also revealed that there were significant differences on breast meat and thigh meat for the physicochemical and nutritional properties, regardless of chicken breeds. In conclusion, meat of crossbred chickens has some unique features and exhibited more advantages over commercial broilers and spent hens. Therefore, the current investigation would provide valuable information for the chicken meat product processing, and influence the consumption of different chicken meat.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.97-112
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• 2007

Most traditional newspaper publishers provide online editions to counter the competition of online news providers. However, the relationship between the online and print editions of the same newspaper has not been clearly defined. Some see the online newspaper as a substitute, while others consider it a complement. A 2002 NAA online newspaper consumer survey indicated that one-third of its respondents said they were now using the print newspaper less. Others have argued that the online edition will not wipe out print consumption, and may even complement it. While the print edition offers particular advantages such as portability, less eye strain, and the tactile experience of a printed page, the online edition also offers specific advantages such as access to breaking news, continually updated information, access to old archives, etc. All these factors would tend to lower the degree of interchangeability between the products. However, recent empirical studies show that the online edition is a substitute for rather than a complement of the print edition. Still, to some print readers, the online edition provides additional value. In this paper, by capturing the two different aspects of online editions the substitute aspect and the additional value added aspect as well as other available online alternatives, we develop an analytical model to derive the optimal production and distribution strategies of both online and print editions. Confronting the "free versus fee" issue, we show that it is optimal to provide an online version of the print newspaper for free to non-print subscribers. However, the amount of free news content that the publishers need to put on the Web depends on the available alternatives on the online market. The "fee" and "free" options both have merits and demerits as well. If the publisher charges for the online version of the print newspaper, she can generate revenue from the fee charged to online readers. However, doing so will limit the size of the online audience and further reduce online advertising revenue. At the same time, by providing a high-quality online version and charging for it, the price of the print newspaper must stay low in order to lure high valued readers. On the contrary, if the publisher provides an online version of the print newspaper for free, she can obtain a larger audience for the online version. At the same time, by providing a low-quality online newspaper, the publisher can increase the print newspaper price to get more revenue from high valued offline readers, although no revenue is incoming from online version readers. Through systematic measuring of all the pros and cons, our analysis shows that the optimal option is not "fee" but "free."

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.1653-1658
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• 2002

The objectives of this study were to examine calpain activity and meat tenderness by three different feeding patterns in Korean native cattle (KNC). Total forty-five animals were assigned each fifteen in long term restriction feeding (LTFR), long-term restriction feeding and hormone treatment (LTFR-tH), and short term non-restriction feeding (STFNR), respectively. Concentrate was restricted based on body weight in exp 1 and 2. However, it was fed ad libitum in exp. 3. Hormonal implantation was made with $M-PO^{TM}$ for bulls and with $F-TO^{TM}$ for heifers at 18, 20, 22 months of age in exp. 2. Animals were purchased (3-5 month old) from local cattle market and managed in two local farms and university research unit at three different years. Animals were slaughtered at 24 months for long-term trial and at 18 month for short term-trial. Loin and tender loin muscle was used for calpain activity and meat quality. Calpain proteolytic system was not changed by treatment. However, calpastatin activity was low in short-term trial. The calpain and calpastatin activity is reciprocal relationship, therefore, the high calpain activity may effect on quality grade. The shear force value was decreased as the processing of aging after postmortem. On the other hand, the cooking loss was significantly higher in short-term than in long-term trial, and then gradually decreased by the aging. Hormone implants to increase meat yield influenced to calpastatin activity more powerfully than calpain activity to meat tenderness. In meat color-a*, there was not significant difference in loin. Meat color-b* was decreased as postmortem aging time increased in tenderloin. Western blots were done to learn whether these proteins are degraded during postmortem storage and whether this degradation temporally parallels the decrease of shear force value. Vinculin was detected at 0 day and 1 day and degraded after 3 day. In conclusion, Calpain activity was affected slightly on meat tenderness. But meat tenderness was influenced by calpastatin, more effectively.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.287-300
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• 2005

The globalization of services is closely related to other economic problems facing the world today. These are: 1) the globalization of economic activities, 2) the servicization of economic activities. The world economy is now move interconnected than at any time in its history. Investment decisions, production processes, labor market regulations and even environmental legislation made by one country or company affect other economies, other companies and the lives of individuals. In fact, it is nearly impossible to think of a country that is not connected to the world economy in some form or another and it is no exaggeration to state that globalization is already an unassailable fact. The fabric of our economy and the way we do business are changing. This change is the transformation from a marketplace on goods to one focused on services. That is to say, we live and work in a service-centered, service-sensitive economy. As a result of the globalization an servicization of economic activities, services require the globalization, and services are increasing their international trade, foreign investment, agreements, alliances, mergers and collaboration networks. It is quite obvious that services are affected by globalization ; but raising the question by how much leads us to the paradox of service globalization, services represent 70% of the most advances economies but only account for less than 25% of international trade and almost half of direct investment; mergers and takeovers. These figures create a paradox that can be explained by two reasons. First; the natural(the service relationship) and artificial difficulties(barriers to trade) faced by the service sector that inhibits globalization. Second, the non-inclusion in official statistics of the share of internationalized goods that are due to services, for example intra-firm trade or the service value incorporated into exported goods. If these were taken into account the service trade figures would be extremely different. The first explanation can be subdivided into a number of elements. The OECD identifies six reasons:services cannot be stored; client-supplies interaction requires local presence; most service firms are SEMs; products are highly differentiated; cultural differences are especially important in this field; and, finally, trade barriers and restrictions on local operations exist. However, despite all of this, globalization produces clear advantages to suppliers. Therefore, the objective of this study is to explore the main forms of service globalization and differences between that of goods, and is to identify distinctive aspects of service globalization within the framework of the global economy.

• Korean Business Review
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.81-108
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• 2005

Recent market environment shows a new relationship between customer and company, which you could not observe in the past. Customers now are used to various benefits through the participation of marketing process. It is no wonder that customers visit company web site, gather a lot of information about the product on the website, and express their satisfaction and opinions about the product. Furthermore, these activities are being made ubiquitously. Despite the fact there are a lot of customer participation in the Internet environment, Customers Participation has been given little attention in the academic literature. This study explores the effect of the properties of Internet infra on customers participation. The implications of this study are as follows. First, by reviewing the literature on the performance and process of customers participation in the marketing activities, this study identifies why customers did not participate in the marketing activities under non-Internet environment. Second, this study identifies the properties of Internet infra influencing customers informative participation. Third, we suggest some managerial strategies for enhancing the performance of a company by customer participation. Consequently, we suggest managerial implications for completely different marketing strategies in response to customers participation in the marketing activities under the digital environment.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.87-117
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• 2010

'Entrepreneurship' which means spirit or activity seeking new value by challenging boldly the uncertainty is one of the most important concept in 21st century business environment. Franchise Industry taking a relationship with distribution industry also needs entrepreneurship. As franchise industry consists of small and medium enterprises, the entrepreneurship of franchisor's CEO is important for the franchisor's growth. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors influencing on the entrepreneurship of franchisor's CEO, and the effect of the CEO's entrepreneurship on franchisor's performance. For this purpose, this study set CEO's psychological characteristics, market characteristics, and social-institutional characteristics as independent variables, CEO's entrepreneurship as parameter variables, and franchisor's performance as dependent variables. And to analyze this study model, this study collected questionnaires from 152 franchisors' CEOs, and uses SEM(Structural Equation Modeling). As the result, 'CEO's Entrepreneurship' influenced on both 'Franchisor's Financial Performance' and 'Franchisor's Non Financial Performance'. The results of this study provide some guides for franchisor's CEO and government policies.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.145-158
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of the ownership structure of unlisted firms on KOSDAQ listing. There are few studies analyzing the characteristics of listing success based on ownership structure. For startup executives, there is not enough data to refer to the ownership structure that can increase the possibility of listing. This paper examines the effects of ownership structure on IPO success through comparison between listed successful and failed companies among the companies in application for KOSDAQ listing eligibility review. The major findings are as follows; (1) Venture capital investment and shareholding have a statistically positive effect on the success of KOSDAQ listing. This results indicate that the venture capital's investment alleviate the problem of information asymmetry, and it is a valid signal for market participants. The result means the role of venture capital seems to be important when companies are listed on the KOSDAQ. (2) The largest shareholder's stake has an inverted-U shape relationship with listing success. In other words, the ownership concentration mitigates moral hazard problem, which leads to listing success. However, if the ownership concentration exceeds a certain level, the chances of success in listing will decrease due to concerns over the pursuit of private interests. The result suggests that the largest shareholder's stake reduce agency problem. This study academically contributes to the existing literature by demonstrating the ownership structure affects IPOs, and explaining the results based on agent theory and signal theory. Our results provide practical implications for companies preparing for an IPO on the KOSDAQ.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.219-228
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• 2022

In order to improve audit quality, it is essential to understand the occurrence of disagreement between auditors and managers, and this study aims to analyze the impact of Business Strategies on audit risk and accounting audit delay. To this end, we conducted an empirical analysis using sample 2,910 firm-year data from 2018 to 2020 of KOSPI-listed and KOSDAQ-listed companies. The results of the empirical analysis of this study are as follows. First, compared to the companies of defender type, prospectors can expand audit procedures for new products, R&D costs, and intangible assets, and increase audit delays due to disagreement between managers and auditors. Second, compared to KOSPI-listed companies, the prospectors in KOSDAQ are more likely to have lower financial reporting quality, which further increases audit delays. The results of this study analyzed whether a company's Business Strategy affects the possibility of disagreement between an auditor and a company, and verified whether there is a difference in the audit report lag by stock market. The results of this study show that auditors' strong duty of care is needed for the companies of prospector type with high audit risk, and it is meaningful to present reinforced audit systems and specific guidelines for the companies of prospector type through the definition of prospector type. It also enables the expansion of research to identify the relationship between non-financial factors and audit risks that make up the companies of prospector type.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2024

Regarding the discourse on the correlation between governmental financial support and firm performance, much emphasis has been placed on the role of individual corporate characteristics as well as spatial features. However, there is a notable scarcity of empirical research examining the integrated impact of corporate and cluster characteristics on managerial performance. This study addresses this gap by empirically analyzing the financial and non-financial outcomes resulting from specific allocations of governmental financial support. Additionally, it explores corporate and cluster characteristics predicted to moderate the influence between governmental financial support and firm performance. The analysis employs a two-level hierarchical linear model (HLM) at individual and group levels. The data, reorganized based on business registration numbers at the firm and cluster levels, ultimately utilized panel data from 83,395 firms and 641 clusters. The research findings indicate that governmental financial support demonstrates a positive effect (+) on both sales and patents for firms, suggesting its effectiveness in complementing market failures. Results from the hierarchical linear model analysis show that when combined with human capital capacity, absorptive capacity, and cluster network density, governmental financial support exhibits significant positive effects on sales. This study contributes theoretical and practical insights by analyzing the relationship between governmental financial support and firm performance using a two-level hierarchical linear model. It highlights the role of corporate characteristics such as human capital and absorptive capacity, along with cluster characteristics like cluster network density, in moderating the effects of governmental financial support on firm performance.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.494-499
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• 2009

To investigate the relationship between the carcass defects considered by a meat grader and quality grade A, a total of 59,700 broiler carcasses, which were reared from September 1, 2007 to August 31, 2008 and randomly selected from 597 broiler farms with 100 broilers in each farm, were graded by a meat grader using the Korean meat grading system. The average slaughter weight of the broilers increased at the 31- to 33-d age but decreased after the 37-d age. The average daily gain to grade A ratio of the broilers was highest in autumn, and the bruises, flesh blemishes, and abnormalities of the carcasses were found to have been most frequent in winter (p<0.05). The number of economical defects (EDs) increased with the increase in the slaughter age, and the correlation coefficients of the EDs and grade A were -0.88, -0.48, and -0.12 in terms of the conformation, exposed flesh/cuts/tears, and skin discolorations of the carcasses, respectively. The correlation coefficients of the non-economical defects (NEDs) and the grade A of the broiler carcasses were -0.16, -0.22, and -0.32 in terms of the feathers, alien substances, and carcass treatment, respectively. The total number of defects (EDs + NEDs) and the grade A were highly correlated (-0.93), and in particular, the correlation between the grade A and the EDs was -0.91. It can be deemed that the grade A from a meat grader is highly correlated with the EDs. Therefore, the results suggest that broiler carcass grade evaluation using a meat grading system can provide direct information on profits in the market. The resulting carcass grade of broilers can also provide the information needed to decide on a proper incentive for a farm that has attained a good quality grade.