• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.11 no.32
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• pp.71-74
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• 2004

The macrocycle L exhibited a switch on-off behavior through the fluorescent responses by aromatic imine molecule 1 (X=H) / trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). In the 'switch on' state, it was supposed that the aromatic imine molecule 1 is in the cavity of macrocycle L and a photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from the nitrogen of azacrown part to the anthryl group is inhibited by the interaction between the aromatic imine molecule 1 and the azacrown part of macrocycle L. In the 'switch off' state, it was supposed that the protonated imine molecule 1 is induced by the continuous addition of TFA and a repulsion between the protonated azacrown part and the protonated imine molecule 1 is occurred. It was considered that this process induces the intermolecular PET from the protonated imine molecule 1 to the anthryl group of macrocycle L because of a proximity effect between the anthryl group and the protonated imine molecule 1. From the investigation of the transient emission decay curve, the macrocycle L showed three components (3.45 ns (79.72%), 0.61 ns (14.53%), and 0.10 ns (5.75%). When the imine molecule 1 was added in the macrocycle L as molar ratio=1:1, the first main component showed a little longer lifetime as 3.68 ns (82.75%) although the other two components were similar as 0.64 ns (14.28%) and 0.08 ns (2.96%). On the contrary, when the imine molecule 3 (X=C1) was added in the macrocycle L as molar ratio=l:1, all the three components were decreased such as 3.27 ns (69.83%), 0.44 ns (13.24%), and 0.06 ns (16.93%). The fluorescent pH titration of macrocycle L was carried out from pH=3 to pH=9. The macrocycle L and C $U^{2+}$- macrocycle L complex were intersected at about pH=5, while the E $u^{3+}$ -macrocycle L complex was intersected at about pH=5.5. In addtion, we investigated the fluorescence change of macrocycle L as a function of the substituent constant ($\sigma$$_{p}$$^{o}$) showing in the para-substituent with electron withdrawing groups (X=F, Cl) and electron donating groups (X=C $H_3$, OC $H_3$, N(C $H_3$)$_2$), respectively, as well as non-substituent (X=H).).ctively, as well as non-substituent (X=H).

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1022-1030
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• 2006

Activated sludge reactors maintaining an MLSS of 3,000 mg/L and packed Bio Contact Media (BCM fixed beds) was studied in lab-scale to determine the optimal packing ratio and an HRT of aerobic reactor in terms of organic removal, nitrification, denitrification efficiencies. At all HRTs of 3 hr, 5 hr, 7 hr respectively, reactors without BCM, control reactors, had the lowest TCODcr removal efficiency about 74.6%, and reactors with the BCM packing ratios of 10%, 15%, 20% had a greater TCODcr removal efficiency above 81.4%. As HRT decreased, the TCODcr removal efficiency decreased also in all reactors. However, a better utilization of TCODcr even at a higher organic loading was observed in reactors with BCM. The nitrification efficiency at all reactors was greater than 94%, and reactor with 20% packing of BCM had the highest nitrification efficiency at 97.9% while the TKN loading increased at $0.085mgTKN/m^3{\ast}day$ as HRT decreased, In terms of denitrification efficiency, the reactor without BCM ranged from 11.6% to 13.7%, and the reactors with BCM ranged from 28.3% to 63.4% which suggests that the more BCM is packed in the reactors, the higher the denitrification efficiency is achieved. Two parallel $A^2/O$ systems maintaining an MLSS of 3,000 mg/L were operated to investigate the effect of BCM packing ratio of 20% on organic removal, nitrification, denitrification efficiencies. Packing with BCM in system of aerobic reactor affected the SCODcr removal efficiency that increased from 73% to 78%. The nitrification efficiency for both systems with or without BCM was greater than 95%. The denitrification efficiency of systems with BCM and without BCM was 85.8% and 81.8%, respectively which appears that the denitrification efficiency was increased slightly by packing BCM. Compared denitrification efficiency in $A^2/O$ system to previous experimental study with activated sludge reactors operates with the same HRT $A^2/O$ system showed only 29% greater denitrification efficiency. It suggests that $A^2/O$ system with BCM can achieve a similar level of denitrification efficiency when the HRT of anoxic reactor is decreased to some extent.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.1732-1741
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• 2013

Two experiments were conducted to determine physical and chemical properties of vermicelli waste (VW) and effect of VW inclusion levels on growth performance of broilers. In experiment 1, VW samples were randomly collected from vermicelli industry in Thailand to analyze nutritional composition. Vermicelli waste contained 9.96% moisture, 12.06% CP, 32.30% crude fiber (CF), and 0.57% ether extract (EE), as DM basis. The ratio of insoluble:soluble non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) was 43.4:8.9. A total of 120 chicks (6 pens per treatment and 10 chicks per pen) were fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet or 20% VW substituted diet to determine the apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen retention ($AME_n$) of VW. The $AME_n$ of VW was $1,844.7{\pm}130.71$ kcal/kg. In experiment 2, a total of 1,200 chicks were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments for 42-d growth assay. There were 300 chicks with 6 pens per treatment and 50 chicks per pen. The dietary treatments contained 0%, 5%, 10%, or 15% VW, respectively. All diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. From 0 to 18 d of age chicks fed VW diets had higher (p<0.001) feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with those fed the control diet. No difference was observed during grower and finisher phase (19 to 42 d). Chicks fed VW diets had lower relative weight of abdominal fat (p<0.001) but higher relative weight of gizzard (p<0.05) than those of chicks fed the control diet. Increasing VW inclusion levels increased ileal digesta viscosity (p<0.05) and intestinal villus height of chicks (p<0.001). For apparent total tract digestibility assay, there were 4 metabolic cages of 6 chicks that were fed experimental treatment diets (the same as in the growth assay) in a 10-d total excreta collection. Increasing VW inclusion levels linearly decreased (p<0.05) apparent total tract digestibility of DM and CF.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.691-699
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• 2013

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the metabolizable energy (ME) value, standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) of soybean meal (SBM), soy protein concentrate (SPC) and fermented soybean meal (FSBM), and the application of these products in early-weaned piglets. In Exp. 1, four barrows with initial body weight (BW) of $14.2{\pm}1.4$ kg were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The diet 1 contained corn as the only energy source. The other three diets replaced 25% of corn in diet 1 with one of the three soybean products, and the digestable energy (DE) and ME contents were determined by difference. In Exp. 2, four barrows (initial BW of $18.2{\pm}1.5$ kg) were fitted with ileal T-cannulas and allotted to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Three cornstarch-based diets were formulated using each of the soybean products as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also formulated to measure endogenous losses of AA. In Exp. 3, ninety six piglets (initial BW of $5.6{\pm}0.9$ kg) weaned at $21{\pm}2$ d were blocked by weight and assigned to one of three treatments for a 21-d growth performance study. The control diet was based on corn and SBM, the two treatments' diets contained either 10% SPC or FSBM and were formulated to same SID lysine to ME ratio of 3.6 g/Mcal. The results showed that the ME content of SPC was greater than SBM (p<0.05). The SID of most AA in SPC was greater than the SID of AA in SBM (p<0.05). For the essential AA, the SID of histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine and threonine in FSBM were greater than in SBM (p<0.05). Even though they were fed same SID lysine to ME ratio of 3.6 g/Mcal diets, pigs fed SPC and FSBM diets had greater weight gain, G:F (p<0.05) and better fecal score (p<0.05) than pigs fed SBM diet. In conclusion, SPC showed a higher ME content and SID of AA than the SBM. SID of some essential AA in FSBM was higher than SBM and was similar with SPC. But the lower antigenic proteins and anti-nutritional factors content in SPC and FSBM may be the main factors affecting the performance of early-weaned piglets rather than the increased ME content and SID of AA.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.85-90
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• 1978

In present study, the effect of various factors including the solvent concentration, extraction time, extraction temperature and the ratio of sample vs extraction solvent(w/v) upon the extractability of the NaOH soluble proteins of marine algae were investigated. Seven species of sun-dried algae, the major ones in consumption as food, namely Porphyra suborbiculata, Undaria pinnatifida(natural and cultivated), Sargassum fulvellum, Sargassum kjellmanianum, Ulva pertusa, Enteromorpha linza and Codium coarctatum were used for the extraction of the NaOH soluble protein. The frozen and masceratd samples were prepared by the same mettled described in previous paper(Lee, 1977). In case of the TCA insoluble protein, all samples reached maxima at 0.025M NaOH solution while the 0.05M for extractable total nitrogen. Variation of the ratio of sample vs solvent gave slight effect upon the extractability, 100 ml solvent added to 1 g dried sample was effective. The effect of extraction time on the extractability differed from species. The extractabilty of Enteromorpha linza, Ulva pertusa and Codium coarctatum reached maxima within 1 hour extraction and 2 hours for the cultivated Undaria pinnatifida while 3 flours for the natural Undaria pinnatifida, Sargassum fulvellum, Sargassum kjellmanianum and Porphyra suborbiculata. The most effective extraction temperature was $60^{\circ}C$ for all samples.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.227-235
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• 1993

This study was carried out to evaluate the possibility of composting for organic solid waste from restaurants and domestics. Small three vessels were prepared which were conditioned to semianaerobic, convectional and air-blowed type. During the experiment period for 4 months, the values of volatile solid(VS) %, moisture % and carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio of the wastes in the vessels were stabilized, 80 % to 40-50 %, 80 % to 48-55 % and 18 to 8-10, respectively. On the basis of VS % and C/N ratio, the reactions were more adaptable to 2nd order formula than to 1st order one, Reaction rate constant of the 3 vessels were estimated, $4.96{\times}10^{-5}(day^{-1})$ in the semianaerobic type, $5.82{\times}10^{-5}(day^{-1})$ in the convectional type and $8.42{\times}10^{-5}(day^{-1})$ in the air-blowed type on VS. Compared reaction rate constants(k), it can be said that composting period shorten if air is supplied artificially and that vessels simular to those of this study are useful for household organic waste at the backyards.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.373-377
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• 2007

Alfalfa silage and corn silage are the major dairy feeds in most dairy operations in Michigan, USA. In recent years, the need to improve digestible fiber and dry matter intake of forages to meet the nutrient requirements of high yielding dairy cows and the willingness to plant corn specifically for silage has led plant breeders to focus on the brown mid-rib (BMR) trait. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different ratio of alfalfa to BMR corn silage and ration level of forage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) on animal performance of lactating cows in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. This study was conducted at the Upper Peninsula Experiment Station of Michigan State University in Chatham, Michigan, USA. Two different ratios of forage type (high alfalfa silage/low BMR corn silage, AS, and high BMR corn silage/low alfalfa silage, BMRCS) and two different dietary NDF contents (27% NDF, 27 = low forage/high grain feeding, and 33% NDF, 33 = high forage/low grain feeding) were used. The experimental design was a $4{\times}4$ Latin Square with 20 milking cows (12 multiparous and 8 primiparous). This trial had four 21-day periods with 14 d adaptation and 7 d data collection. Milk yield and body condition score (BCS) on the AS-27, BMRCS-27 and BMRCS-33 treatments were significantly (p<0.05) higher than on the AS-33 treatment. Dry matter intake of the AS-27 and BMRCS-27 treatments was significantly (p<0.05) higher than for the AS-33 and BMRCS-33 treatments. Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) on the AS-33 treatment was significantly (p<0.05) higher than on the other diet treatments. A key finding of this study was that the BMRCS-33 (higher amounts of brown mid-rib corn silage than alfalfa silage, high forage and low grain feeding diet at 33% NDF) led to the equal highest milk production whilst having the equal lowest dry matter intake. This study demonstrated that the diet with higher ratio of highly digestible NDF forage such as brown mid-rib corn silage to alfalfa silage could lower grain feeding in the ration.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.827-839
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• 2015

A total of 144 weaned crossed pigs were used in a 42-d trial to explore the effects of different concentrations/combinations of benzoic acid and thymol on growth performance and gut characteristics in weaned pigs. Pigs were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments: i) control (C), basal diet, ii) C+1,000 mg/kg benzoic acid+100 mg/kg thymol (BT1), iii) C+1,000 mg/kg benzoic acid+200 mg/kg thymol (BT2) and, iv) C+2,000 mg/kg benzoic acid+100 mg/kg thymol (BT3). Relative to the control, pigs fed diet BT3 had lower diarrhoea score during the overall period (p<0.10) and improved feed to gain ratio between days 1 to 14 (p<0.05), which was accompanied by improved apparent total tract digestibility of ether extract, Ca and crude ash (p<0.05), and larger lipase, lactase and sucrose activities in the jejunum (p<0.05) at d 14 and d 42. Similarly, relative to the control, pigs fed diet BT3 had higher counts for Lactobacillus spp in digesta of ileum at d 14 (p<0.05), and pigs fed diets BT1, BT2, or BT3 also had higher counts of Bacillus spp in digesta of caecum at d 14 (p<0.05), and lower concentration of ammonia nitrogen in digesta of caecum at d 14 and d 42 (p<0.05). Finally, pigs fed diet BT3 had higher concentration of butyric acid in digesta of caecum at d 42 (p<0.05), and a larger villus height:crypt depth ratio in jejunum and ileum at d 14 (p<0.05) than pigs fed the control diet. In conclusion, piglets fed diet supplementation with different concentrations/combinations of benzoic acid and thymol could improve feed efficiency and diarrhoea, and improve gut microfloral composition. The combination of 2,000 mg/kg benzoic acid+100 mg/kg thymol produced better effects than other treatments in most measurements.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.651-656
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• 2007

Fish-frames which are left after obtaining fillets or muscle during fish processing, consist of useful food components such as muscle, collagen, calcium, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This study was carried out to prepare snack using flatfish frame and also to elucidate food component characterization of the snack. The results of heavy metal and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) content suggested that flatfish frame was a suitable material for preparing snack. The optimal addition ratio of flatfish frame to mix was 3% for preparing snack according to the results of VBN content, water activity and sensory evaluation. The major fatty acids of the snack with 3% flatfish frame (SFF) were 16:0 and 18:0 as saturates, 18:1n-9+7 as monoenes, and 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 as polyenes, while EPA and DHA were contained in small amount SFF. Total amino acid content (9,281.9 mg/100 g) of the SFF was higher than that of the snack without flatfish frame (7,791.3 mg/100 g) and the major amino acids were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline and leucine. The calcium and phosphorus contents of SFF were 492.3 mg/100 g and 270.3 mg/100 g, respectively. The Ca/P of SFA was 1.82 which is a good ratio for the absorption of calcium. The SFF was superior in total amino acid, calcium and phosphorus contents compared to the snack without flatfish frame.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.261-268
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• 2006

Fish-frames are processing byproducts, which are left after obtaining fillets or muscle during fish processing. The fish-frame generally consists of muscle, collagen, calcium, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We used fish-frame powder (FFP) of chum salmon and skipjack tuna to prepare and characterize snacks for human consumption with different proportions of FFP. The crude protein and lipid contents of fish-frames were 16.3 and 9.4% for chum salmon and 18.6 and 8.3% for skipjack tuna, respectively. The volatile basic nitrogen (30.6 mg/100 g) and browning index (0.393) of FFP from chum salmon were lower than those of FFP from skipjack tuna. Thus, the FFP of chum salmon was better for making snacks than that of skipjack tuna. Five snacks were prepared with 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% (w/w) substitution ratios of FFP from chum salmon. The moisture content of the snacks decreased (33.6 to 11.5%) with increasing FFP substitution ratio, whereas crude ash (2.9 to 7.5%), protein (11.4 to 18.4%) and lipid (13.7 to 35.1%) increased. Sensory scores for the texture and taste of the snack with 30% FFP were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those for other snacks; the color and flavor scores of all snacks did not differ significantly. The major fatty acids in the snacks were 16:0 and 18:0 as saturates, 18:1n-9 as monoenes, and 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 as polyenes. Snacks with FFP contained small amounts of EPA (0.5 to 0.8%) and DHA (1.3 to 1.8%) in the total lipid composition. The total amino acid content (16.08 g/100 g) of the snack with 30% FFP was higher than that of the snack without FFP (11.18 g/100 g), and the major amino acids were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, leucine, and lysine. The calcium and phosphorus contents of the snack with 30% FFP were 1,272 mg/100 g and 854 mg/100 g, respectively, and their ratio was the optimal range (2:1 to 1:2) for body absorption efficiency.