• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.1-7
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• 1976

This study was carried out to observe the nutritive effects of feeding rice diet and rice diet mixed with barley or millet, or both on the growth rate and biological availability of some nutrients by albino rats. The experimental diets were prepared on the basis of isocaloric and isonitrogenous containing 357 kcal of energy and 12g of protein per 100g of diet. The experimental animals weighing about 66g of both sexes were fed on 7 kinds of diets such as control diet, rice (100%) diet, rice (70%)+barley (30%) diet, rice (70%)+millet (30%) diet, rice (70%)+barley (20%)+millet (10%) diet, rice (70%)+barley (15%)+millet (15%) diet, and rice (70%)+barley (10%)+millet (20%) diet for 7 weeks. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. The gain in body weight was higher for barley and/or millet mixed with rice diet groups than rice diet group with no statistical difference. 2. Although there was no difference in the amount of food consumed by experimental groups, the food efficiency ratio was sightly higher for the miked diet groups than rice atone diet group. 3. The protein efficiency ratio was also higher for barley and millet miked with rice diet groups than rice diet group, although statistical significance was not found. 4. Apparent digestibility of protein of rice diet group was significantly (P<0.01) higher than any other diet group. Although there was no remarkable difference between mixed diet group was found, the apparent digestibility of protein tended to increase when rats were fed on the barley and millet mixed with rice diet. Apparent biological value (p<0.05) and net protein utilization (p<0.01) were also significantly higher for the groups fed mixed diet with barley and/or millet than rice diet group, and those for millet alone mixed diet were slightly lower. 5. The content of total nitrogen in the liver and of protein in serum were not significantly different among experimental groups. It may be concluded from the above results that an adequate supplementation of rice with other cereals and mixing ratio of other cereals to rice were important for the efficient utilization of protein in total diet.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.16-26
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• 1980

Soluble carbohydrates and free amino acids in the terminal buds of Pinus elliottii were analyzed to understand the nutritional status of the buds during the period of female strobilus initiation. Grafted, 18-year-old slash pine trees in a seed orchard were divided into two groups, abundant-flowering (AFG) and poor-flowering group (PFG) according to their flowering history. Four types of terminal buds, with two types from each group, were examined: (1) large buds in upper crown (female-producing buds) and small buds in lower crown (male-producing) in AFG, (2) large buds in upper crown (vegetative buds) and small buds in lower crown (male-producing) in PFG. Bud samples were collected four times from late July to early September. Free sugars and free amino acids (75% ethanol-soluble) were determined by gas chromatography and automatic analysis, respectively. Sugar content in the large buds of both groups was greater than in the small buds of the same group. Fructose and glucose were major sugars found in the bud tissue. Arginine was the most abundant amino acid in all four types of buds, with the concentration increased from 23% in late July to 60% in early September. Arginine and total amino acid content in the female-producing buds of AFG was much lower than three other types of buds. When female-producing buds and male-producing buds of AFG were compared in their arginine content, the former contained about same amount as the latter in late July, but showed one-fourth of the latter in early September. The low level of argining in the female-producing buds suggested a minimal or negative role of arginine in the initiation of female flower primordia. A higher sugar to amino acid ratio was observed with female-producing buds of AFG than with vegetative or male-producing buds of either flowering group. The low amino acid content in the female­producing buds suggested that initiation of female strobilus primordia was associated with temporary reduction in the metabolic activity of the buds.

• The Korean Journal of Blood Transfusion
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.115-126
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• 2012

Background: Umbilical cord (UC) is a promising source of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). We compared the characteristics of MSCs from cryopreserved UC with those from fresh tissues, and demonstrated the possibility of UC cryopreservation for acquisition of MSCs from cryopreserved UC. Methods: Each UC was sliced into two types ($1{\sim}2mm^3$ vs. 0.5 cm), and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen using different media (autologous cord blood plasma, aCBP vs. RPMI 1640). A fresh aliquot of $1{\sim}2mm^3$-sized UC was used as control tissue. After one week, the cryopreserved tissues were thawed and cultured. For the 0.5 cm UC, a slicing step into $1{\sim}2mm^3$ was needed. Cell count, viability, proliferative activity, and surface antigens were determined from harvested MSCs. Several growth factors (EGF, IGF-1, PDGF, TGF-${\beta}$, bFGF, and VEGF), were measured from the culture supernatant. Results: Eleven UC were enrolled in the study. Efficiencies of obtaining MSCs were higher in cryopreserved UC using RPMI 1640, compared with use of aCBP; the same result was observed for 0.5 cm sized UC, compared with $1{\sim}2mm^3$ sized UC. No difference in proliferative activity was observed between MSCs from fresh and cryopreserved UC. The amount of growth factors in culture supernatant using RPMI 1640 was larger than that of fresh tissues. Conclusion: We obtained growth factors from the supernatant as well as MSCs from cryopreserved UC. As with a cord blood bank, in the future, cryopreservation of UC for acquisition of both MSCs and growth factors would be possible in a time of need.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.72-77
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• 1989

A study was conducted to obtain acid tolerant and superior Rhizobium meliloti strain for alfalfa on hilly acid soils. With host plant, eight isolates of R, meliloti selected in the vicinity of Milyang were evaluated for their ability to establish symbiotic effectiveness in acidified tube culture medium and vermiculite pot with different urea levels. Among isolates "YA03" was characterized for the ability to manifest to acid tolerance in three different soils of which pH were 5.0, 6.0, and 7.5. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. Of eight isolates "YA03" and "YA09" performed nodule in the tube medium of pH5.0, and in the symbiotic effectiveness YA03 was superior to others. 2. Alfalfa growth and $N_2-fixing$ activity by the inoculation of "YA03" isolate were better than others at the level of urea 1.25mM as well as nonurea. 3. Application of urea with inoculation of "YA03" islate to alfalfa was one of the effective factors for symbiotic effectiveness. 4. In infertile soil of pH5.0 inoculation of R. meliloti "YA03" to alfalfa caused the increase of shoot dry matter of 320% as compared to the control, and the total amount of yield was 131% as much yield in moderate fertile soil of pH7.5. Finally R. meliloti "YA03" isolate was selected as an acid tolerant strain.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.301-306
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• 1989

For the agricultural utilization of Korean forest land resources, which constitutes most of country, the distribution of environment and soil physico-chemical properties of establishable grass lands were clarified. The surveyed data were analized for the reasonable utilization and management of establishable grass land. The results were as follows ; 1. About 50.2% of the grass lands to be established were located under the 200m in altitude. The higher the altitude was, the more the organic matter content. 2. Tall type grass species such as Miscanthus purpurascens, Purple eulalia, and Themeda Japonica covered 71.3% of the natural vegetation in the soils of grass land to be established. 3. The extent of sandy and clayey soils which might be limited in the establishment of grassland was only 3.3%, meanwhile majority of the soils were in the favourable condition for grassland that is about 94% have more than 20cm in available soil depth and about 60.5% of the soils have less than 10% of gravels and stones in the soil profiles. 4. The chemical properties of the prearranged grassland soils were worse than the established grasslands, especially in the content of available $P_2O_5$. 5. The amount of fertilizer recommended for meadow were 286kg of nitrogen per hectare, 271kg of phosphorus, 224kg of potassium and 2040kg of calcium per hectare, but for grazing land were 201, 204, 136 and 1920kg/ha respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.372-379
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• 2006

This study was carried out to improve chemical properties of salt-accumulated plastic film house soil. Compressed expansion rice hull was applied at 0, 2.5, 5.0, $7.5Mg\;ha^{-1}$, and drip irrigation was initiated at -33 kilopascals (kPa) of soil water potential and ceased adjusted up to -10 kPa. Another treatment was the application of inflated rice hull at $5.0Mg\;ha^{-1}$ with drip irrigation starting at soil water potential -20 kPa and adjusted to -10 kPa. Lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.) was cultivated at sandy loam soil with $5.1dS\;m^{-1}$ of electrical conductivity (EC). $EC_w$(1:5) of plots treated with $5.0Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of inflated rice hull and irrigated at the point of -20 kPa and -33 kPa of soil water potential was reduced by 26% and 24% less than untreated control plot, respectively. Soil $EC_w$(1:5) has close relationship with $Cl^-$ as well as $NO_3{^-}-N$ and $SO{_4}^{2-}$ in the soil. Total nitrogen in leaf of lettuce was deficient in the earlier growth stage. The yield of lettuce increased by 6% by the application of inflated rice hull of $5.0Mg\;ha^{-1}$ with drip irrigation starting at -33 kPa of soil water potential. It decreased 4% when the drip irrigation was stated at -20 kPa of soil water potential. The amount of water used for irrigation was reduced with the increasing application of inflated rice hull. The watering initiated at the point of -33 kPa was more economical compared with starting at -20 kPa.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.922-928
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• 2011

In order to properly manage the quality of water in Juam Lake, distributions and growth characteristics of submerged plants in Boknae flood control reservoir were investigated. In addition, the total amount of nutrient load by submerged plants were investigated. The total vegetation area was $1,146,849m^2$ of total flood control reservoirs ($1,848,568m^2$) before flooding. By August 19, all of Boknae flood control reservoir was flooded during rainy season. Dominant plants were MISSA (Miscanthus sacchariflorus), SCPMA (Scirpus fluviatilis) and CRXDM (Carex dimorpholepis) which occupied 87% of all flood control reservoirs. The total amounts of organic matter loads at different submerged plants were great in the order of CRXDM ($501,642kg\;area^{-1}$) > SCPMA ($20,987kg\;area^{-1}$) > MISSA ($3,413kg\;area^{-1}$). The total amounts of nitrogen loads by CRXDM, SCPMA and MISSA under different submerged plants were 56%, 3.9% and 0.8%, respectively. The total amounts of phosphorus loads at different submerged plants were on the order of CRXDM ($1,842kg\;area^{-1}$) > SCPMA ($78kg\;area^{-1}$) > MISSA ($14.8kg\;area^{-1}$). Therefore, the results of this study suggest that organic matter, T-N and T-P in water quality of Juam lake were strongly influenced by submerged plants in flood control reservoir.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1130-1136
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• 2011

This study was carried out to determine the effects of pig slurry on growth of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Dejima), soil chemistry properties and infiltration water quality in volcanic ash soil and non-volcanic ash soil of Jeju. Fertilization of liquid pig manure was based on nitrogen. In volcanic ash soil and non-volcanic ash soil, there was no difference in the height and diameter of stems in chemical fertilizer and liquid pig manure application treatments. Also yields of potatoes were no significantly difference in chemical fertilizer and liquid pig manure application treatments. pH in all soil was increased by application of liquid pig manure compared to the chemical fertilizer plot. Contents of exchangeable K in all soil were accumulated excessively by fertilization of pig manure 100% compared to the chemical fertilizer 100%. But there was no difference between the chemical fertilizer 50%+liquid pig manure 50% and chemical fertilizer 100%. No difference between the chemical fertilizer and liquid pig manure was observed in available phosphate, exchangeable Ca and Mg. $NO_3$-N concentration of infiltration water sample collected at 70cm of soil depth was lower non-fertilizer than chemical fertilizer and liquid pig manure application treatments. In volcanic ash soil, the $NO_3$-N concentration of infiltration water was decreased from early, except liquid manure 100%. In non volcanic ash soil, the $NO_3$-N concentration of infiltration water increased until October 8, but then was reduced. In all soils, $NO_3$-N concentration of infiltration water was higher in the liquid manure 100% than those in the chemical fertilizer 100% and chemical fertilizer 50%+liquid pig manure 50%, but there were no differences. In conclusion, the growth of potato, fertilization of soil and $NO_3$-N content of infiltration water were not different between chemical 50%+liquid pig manure 50% and chemical 100% plot. So, liquid pig manure could be substituted for some amount of chemical fertilizer.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.945-953
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• 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of swine liquid manure (SLM) on rice grown in Yeonggwang-gun in 2008. The treatments consisted of SLM and chemical fertilizer (CF) based on the recommended amount of nitrogen (11 kg N $10a^{-1}$). The Total N content of the SLM used was 2,881 mg $L^{-1}$. Plant height at the early stage of growth and tiller number were not significantly different between plots applied with swine liquid manure and those with chemical fertilizer in all areas. Plant height at the later stage of growth, lodging and yield were not significantly different between plots applied with swine liquid manure and those with chemical fertilizer in three areas (Baeksu, Gunnam, Beopseong). Plant height at the later stage of growth, as well as lodging were higher in SLM plots than in chemically fertilized plots in Yeonggwang and Yeomsan. However, grain yield was lower in SLM plots than in chemically fertilized plots in these areas. Soil organic matter content and exchangeable cations increased in the swine liquid manure applied plots. Moreover, heavy metal content did not increase in the plots treated with swine liquid manure. Further research to determine the suitable rate of swine liquid manure is needed to reduce lodging damage and to increase the yield and quality of rice.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.49-61
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• 2019

Swine manure has been recognized as a organic sources for composting and many research was conducted to efficiently utilize and treat. This study was to evaluate a feasibility for producing swine manure compost under various treatment with mixture of swine manure and saw dust. Treatments were designed as follows; non aerated composting pile(REF), aerated composting pile of $100L/m^3$(EXP1), and aerated composting pile of $150L/m^3$(EXP2). The total days of fermentation were 28 days and each samples were collected at every 7 days from starting of composting. Temperature sensors were installed under 30~40cm from the surface of composting pile. Inner temperature in composting piles of EXP1 and EXP2 was rapidly increased to $67{\sim}75^{\circ}C$ within 1~2 days. The elevated temperatures found during the thermophilic phase are essential for rapid degradation of organic materials. While swine manure composted, moisture content, total nitrogen, EC of EXP1, EXP2 in sample at 28 days were lower than those of REF. But, pH and organic matter of EXP1, EXP2 in sample at 28 days were higher than those of REF. After finishing fermentation experiment, maturity was evaluated with germination test. Calculated germination index(GI) at REF, EXP1 and EXP2 were 23.49, 68.50 and 51.81, respectively. The values of germination index were higher at EXP1 and EXP2 which is aerated composting piles than REF which is non aerated composting pile. According to the results, composting process by aerated static pile compost had significant effect on the reduction of required period for composting. Supplying adequate amount of air to compost swine manure will greatly reduce composting period.