• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.176-188
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• 2008

Anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide in Northeast Asia are of great concern because of their impact on air quality and atmospheric chemistry on regional and intercontinental scales. Satellite remote sensing based on DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) technique has been preferred to measure atmospheric trace species and to investigate their emission characteristics on regional and global scales. Absorption spectra obtained by the satellite-born instrument, SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography) have been utilized to retrieve the information of $SO_2$ and $NO_2$ over Northeast Asia. $SO_2$ levels over Northeast Asia were in order of East China, Yellow Sea, South Sea and Korean Peninsula with mean vertical columns of $1.78({\pm}1.0){\times}10^{16}$, $1.11({\pm}0.67){\times}10^{16}$, $0.60({\pm}0.63){\times}10^{16}$, $0.71({\pm}0.65){\times}10^{16}\;molecules/cm^2$, respectively. $NO_2$ levels were in order of East China, Yellow Sea, Korean Peninsula, and South Sea with mean vertical columns of $1.2({\pm}0.56){\times}10^{16}$, $0.38({\pm}0.19){\times}10^{16}$, $0.48({\pm}0.28){\times}10^{16}$, $0.26({\pm}0.16){\times}10^{16}\;molecules/cm^2$, respectively. High levels of $SO_2$ and $NO_2$ were observed over East China, in particular in winter by the contribution of heating fuel combustion exhausts. The $SO_2$ and $NO_2$ levels over East China were the highest in January with 34% and 42% higher over the annual means. Low levels of $SO_2$ ranged over Korean peninsula, while $NO_2$ levels were relatively high, in particular in winter. The $SO_2$ and $NO_2$ levels over Yellow Sea were relatively higher compared to those over Korean peninsula and South Sea, which could be mainly attributed to their transport from East China.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.607-618
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• 2017

Harmful air pollutants are exhausted from the various industrial facilities including the coal-fired thermal power plants and these substances affects on the human health as well as the nature environment. In particular, nitrogen oxides ($NO_x$) and sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) are known to be causative substances to form fine particles ($PM_{2.5}$), which are also deleterious to human health. The integrated system composed of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) have been widely applied in order to control $NO_x$ and $SO_2$ emissions, resulting in high investment and operational costs, maintenance problems, and technical limitations. Recently, new technologies for the simultaneous removal of $NO_x$ and $SO_2$ from the flue gas, such as absorption, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), non-thermal plasma (NTP), and electron beam (EB), are investigated in order to replace current integrated systems. The proposed technologies are based on the oxidation of $NO_x$ and $SO_2$ to $HNO_3$ and $H_2SO_4$ by using strong aqueous oxidants or oxidative radicals, the absorption of $HNO_3$ and $H_2SO_4$ into water at the gas-liquid interface, and the neutralization with additive reagents. In this paper, we summarize the technical improvements of each simultaneous abatement processes and the future prospect of technologies for demonstrating large-scaled applications.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 1979

This experiment was conducted to find out the effects on soybean plant exposed with various concentration and different fumigation periods of ammonia gas ($0.2mg/{\ell}$). The yield of soybean, nitrogen and, chlorophyll contents in leaves, and percentage of destroyed leaf area were investigated. The results were summarized as: 1. The soybean yield losses and percentage of destroyed leaf area were positively correlated with concentration of inflicting ammonia gas respectively. The yield losses was higher at noon exposure time than at night exposure time. 2. The soybean yield was negatively correlated with the percentage of destroyed leaf area. 3. The highest percentage of destroyed leaf area had at afternoon exposure time (14:00-15:00 o'clock) by $0.2mg/{\ell}$ ammonia gas fumigation, and the lowest one had at midnight exposure time (22:00-23:00 o'clock). 4. According to the increasing concentration of ammonia gas, the total and water soluble nitrogen contents in soybean leaves were increased, but the contents of chlorphyll b on decreasing rate. 5. The nitrogen contents in plant were higher in the afternoon exposure than in the morning, but the contents of chlorophyll were higher at night time exposure than at day time. 6. The highest decreasing of absorption spectra of chlorohpyll in chloroplast had at 10:00-11:00 o'clock on fumigation time and the lowest one had at 22:00-23:00 o'clock.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.957-966
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• 2003

Effects of Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysacharide(LPS) and dietary krill meal on the Growth and feed utilization were investigated in broiler chicks. Eight cages of five newly hatched chicks each were assigned and fed to one of the experimental diets containing 0.0,(basal) 0.5 or 1.0% krill meal during 3 weeks of experimental period. And half(four) of the eight cages were i.p. injected with saline or LPS(Immune response activation) every alternate day three times beginning 8 day-old during 2 week of age. Dietary krill meal did not affect growth, feed efficiency, nitrogen balance(NB), uric acid excretion, and ME utilization when the saline was injected. However, the immune response activation lowered daily gain and feed intake and NB and increased uric acid excretion, and the relative liver and spleen weight. Also, birds fed diet containing krill meal 1.0% reduced the feed efficiency and increased spleen weight, and ME and NB or ME required for gain compared with those fed basal and krill meal 0.5% diets in LPS-injected chicks. During recovery period from the immunological stress in 3rd week of age, the krill meal diet reduced the weight of liver and spleen, The results showcd that dietary krill meal did not affect the growth of broiler chicks, but the higher uric acid excretion or dietary ME value indicated the increased protein decomposition or absorption of dietary energy sources in immune response activated birds.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.345-350
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• 1986

In order to select suitable strains for utilization as soybean inoculants, the affinity between Rhizobium japonicum strains isolated from the domestic field and the several soybean varieties being distributed as recommended species was investigated by cross-inoculation experiments. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Rhizobium japonicum R-214 and R-138 showed broad affinity range to varies soybean species in terms of the nodule forming ability, the nitrogen fixing activity and the amount of total nitrogen absorption. In contrast, Rhizobium japonicum R-224 showed very low affinity to the same soybean groups. 2. The affinity of Hwang-Keum Kong and Jang-Paeck Kong to the rhizobium strains was the most signigicant, and that of Jang-Yeop Kong, Dong-Buk Tae, Paeck-Woon Kong and Dan-Yeop Kong was also significant. On the other hand, Pang-Sa Kong showed low affinity to the strains. 3. In general, the strains having high nitrogen-fixing activity seemed to possess the broad affinity range to the soybean hosts.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.509-523
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• 2016

The soil prediction can provide quantitative soil information for sustainable mountainous ecosystem management. Visible near infrared spectroscopy, one of soil prediction methods, has been applied to predict several soil properties with effective costs, rapid and nondesctructive analysis, and satisfactory accuracy. Spectral preprocessing is a essential procedure to correct noisy spectra for visible near infrared spectroscopy. However, there are no attempts to evaluate various spectral preprocessing methods. We tested 5 different pretreatments, namely continuum removal, Savitzky-Golay filter, discrete wavelet transform, 1st derivative, and 2nd derivative to predict soil carbon(C) and nitrogen(N). Partial least squares regression was used for the prediction method. The total of 153 soil samples was split into 122 samples for calibration and 31 samples for validation. In the all range, absorption was increased with increasing C contents. Specifically, the visible region (650nm and 700nm) showed high values of the correlation coefficient with soil C and N contents. For spectral preprocessing methods, continuum removal had the highest prediction accuracy(Root Mean Square Error) for C(9.53mg/g) and N(0.79mg/g). Therefore, continuum removal was selected as the best preprocessing method. Additionally, there were no distinct differences between Savitzky-Golay filter and discrete wavelet transform for visual assessment and the methods showed similar validation results. According to the results, we also recommended Savitzky-Golay filter that is a simple pre-treatment with continuum removal.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.84-96
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• 2007

We performed the experiments to manufacture the hydrophobic $200cells/in^2$-zeolite honeycomb using HY-type zeolite of Si/Al ratio of 80 for separating and removing the VOCs emitted from small and medium size-plants by adsorption and to determine the drying method for the honeycomb at $105^{\circ}C$ without cracking, then measured performances of the honeycomb to adsorb the benzene, o-xylene, and MEK and to desorb the benzene and MEK saturated on the honeycomb by the nitrogen gas as the desorption gas. As a results, the good honeycomb was formed and the honeycomb was not cracked when the mixing ratio of the zeolite to bentonite to methyl cellulose to polyvinyl alcohol to glycerine to water is 100 : 8.73 : 2.18 : 4.19 : 1.38 : 126 and dried the honeycomb at $105^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours in the drying oven. The shape of the dried honeycomb was not changed after calcination, and the compressive strengths of the honeycomb after drying and calcination were 6.7 and $0.69kg/cm^2$, respectively. The adsorption efficiencies of the honeycomb for benzene, o-xylene, and MEK were $92{\sim}96%$ at the room temperature. The desorption efficiency at $180^{\circ}C$ was higher than that at $150^{\circ}C\;by\;1.5{\sim}13.8%$ depending on the flow rate of the nitrogen gas, and it was found that desorption efficiency is higher than 85% at $180^{\circ}C$ and 1.0L/min of the nitrogen gas. At $180^{\circ}C$ and 0.2 L/min, the concentration of the benzene and MEK in the used desorption gas are higher than 40,000 and 50,000ppm, respectively, so it be used as the fuel for preheating the desorption gas fed into the column in desorption cycle.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1620-1620
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• 2001

Forages, both grazed and conserved, provide the basis of ruminant production systems throughout the world. More than 90 per cent of the feed energy consumed by herbivorous animals world - wide were provided by forages. With such world - wide dependence on forages, the economic and nutritional necessity of been able to characterize them in a meaningful way is vital. The characterization of forages for productive animals is becoming important for several reasons. Relative to conventional laboratory procedures, Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) offers advantages of simplicity, speed, reduced chemical waste, and more cost-effective prediction of product functionality. NIR spectroscopy represents a radical departure from conventional analytical methods, in that entire sample of forage is characterized in terms of its absorption properties in the near infrared region, rather than separate subsamples being treated with various chemicals to isolate specific components. This forces the analyst to abandon his/her traditional narrow focus on the sample (one analyte at a time) and to take a broader view of the relationship between components within the sample and between the sample and the population from which it comes. forage is usually analysed by NIRS in dry and ground presentation. Initial success of NIRS analysis of coarse forages suggest a need to better understand the potential for analysis of minimally processed samples. Preparation costs and possible compositional alterations could be reduced by samples presented to the instrument in undried and unground conditions. NIRS has gained widespread acceptance for the analysis of forage quality constituents on dry material, however little attention has been given to the use of NIRS for chemical determinations on undried and unground forages. Relatively few works reported the use of NIRS to determine quality parameters on undried materials, most of them on both grass and corn silage. Only two works have been found on the determination of quality parameters on fresh forages. The objectives of this paper were (1) to evaluate the use of NIRS for determination of nitrogen and moisture on undried and unground forage samples and (2) to explore two mathematical treatments and two NIR regions to predict chemical parameters on fresh forage. Four hundred forage samples (n: 400) were analysed in a NIRS 6500 instrument (NIR Systems, PA, USA) in reflectance mode. Two mathematical treatments were applied: 1,4,4,1 and 2,5,5,2. Predictive equations were developed using modified partial least squares (MPLS) with internal cross - validation. Coefficient of determination in calibration (${R^2}_{CAL}$) and standard error in cross-validation (SECV) for moisture were 0.92 (12.4) and 0.92 (12.4) for 1,4,4,1 and 2,5,5,2 respectively, on g $kg^{-1}$ dry weight. For crude protein NIRS calibration statistics yield a (${R^2}_{CAL}$) and (SECV) of 0.85 (19.8) and 0.85 (19.6) for 1,4,4,1 and 2,5,5,2 respectively, on a dry weight. It was concluded that NIRS is a suitable method to predict moisture and nitrogen on fresh forage without samples preparation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.371-377
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• 2009

The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effects of different dietary ratios of whole-crop corn silage and alfalfa hay on nitrogen (N) digestion, duodenal flow and metabolism across the portal-drained viscera (PDV) of growing beef steers, and to elucidate their relationships. Four steers (236${\pm}$7 kg BW) fitted with duodenal cannulae and chronic indwelling catheters into the portal and mesenteric veins and abdominal aorta were used in a 4${\times}$4 Latin square design. Animals were fed (at 12-h intervals) the 4 diets consisting of whole-crop corn silage (C) and alfalfa hay (A) in 80:20 (C8A2), 60:40 (C6A4), 40:60 (C4A6) and 20:80 (C2A8) ratios of which dietary crude protein (CP) was 10.5, 12.0, 13.5 and 15.0% of dry matter (DM), respectively. Feeding level was restricted to 95% of ad libitum intake to measure N digestion, blood flow and net flux of N across the PDV. Digestibility of DM and neutral detergent fiber and digestible energy intake linearly increased as the ratio of alfalfa hay increased. The N intake, duodenal flow and intestinal disappearance increased linearly with increasing alfalfa hay. Arterial and portal concentrations of ${\alpha}$-amino N showed a quadratic response to increasing levels of alfalfa hay and were the highest in steers fed the C6A4 diet. The net PDV release of ${\alpha}$-amino N and ammonia N increased linearly with increasing alfalfa hay, but urea N uptake by PDV did not differ among diets. As a percentage of apparently digested N in the total gut, net PDV release of ${\alpha}$-amino N linearly decreased from 66 to 48% with increasing alfalfa hay. Conversely, net PDV recovery of ${\alpha}$-amino N to intestinal N disappearance varied with increasing alfalfa hay accounting for 49, 50, 58 and 61% on C8A2, C6A4, C4A6 and C2A8 diets, respectively. Net PDV uptake of urea N, relative to apparently digested N, linearly decreased from 81 to 25% as alfalfa hay increased from 20 to 80% of DM intake. Considering PDV uptake of urea N, microbial efficiency and conversion of total tract digested N to PDV ${\alpha}$-amino N net supply, a diet consisting of 80% whole-crop corn silage and 20% alfalfa hay (10.5% CP) was the best, while considering the quantities of intestinal N disappearance and ${\alpha}$-amino N absorption, a diet of 20% whole-crop corn silage and 80% alfalfa hay (15% CP) would be preferred. The proportion of ${\alpha}$-amino N recovered by PDV relative to the intestinal N disappearance may vary with energy intake level of mixed forage diets.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.spc1
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• pp.88-93
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• 2005

The functional vice (Oryza sativa L.) has been highly regarded recently, in the change of rice maykets in the world. Goami2 (GA), one of the functional rice varieties, was developed from high-quality rice, Ilpumbyeo (IP). From the previous study, GA has been proved its beneficial effect on the improvement of metabolic control and body weight reduction especially in obesity, We could certain that GA was very difficult to be gelatinized due to the micro lump shown in the Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) photos. To improve its cooking quality, we investigated the changes of physicochemical properties, which were differentiated by the conditions of milling and blending. As GA was milled every $2\%$ until eliminating $12\%$, the nitrogen content was decreased linearly. But the decreasing rate of nitrogen content of GA during milling process was relatively lower than that of IP. Thus, we assumed that GA has relatively high nitrogen in inner starch of grain. The degree of milling had no effect on the gelatinization of cooked GA, but affected lightness and whiteness linearly, which were ranged in normal values when the rice was milled more than $10\%$ in weight. So we could concluded that the milling process was not proper to improve cooking quality of GA. And we could suggested that GA was needed to soak into water at least one hour before cooking by it water absorption rate at normal temperature$(21^{\circ}C)$ and sensory evaluation. From the texture analysis, cooked GA had higher hardness than other varieties. Therefore, we blended GA with IP, Baekjinju(BJ) and Hwasunchalbyeo(HS), then subjected to sensory evaluation. All evaluation items including the sensory preference were the highest scores for the rice blended with glutinous rice varieties, BJ and HS.