• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.343-346
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• 2005

Earthquake resistance design has been developed many countries like Japan, USA, Mexico, New Zealand etc., which countries have experienced many earthquakes. Nowadays, earthquake resistance design has come into worldwide use. In Korea, the seismic design regulations have been established since 1988 in order to minimize the economic losses. Recently performance based design method has been adopted as a new Earthquake resistance design method. These regulations, however, are targeted for newly constructed buildings, In Korea, there are no regulations for existing buildings that built before 1988. So, we need to prepare the regulations that evaluate the seismic performance, furthermore proper retrofitting design guideline needs to be proposed when remodeling old buildings. This study was performed that many existing apartments is being a Remodeling object when considering the present condition of existing apartment and the problems of cost and environment in the future plan. When Remodeling construction is reviewed by former the Seismic Performance Evaluation Method, generating problems is evaluation by using Push-over. According to this, it provides the appropriate method of calculating the Seismic Ship Performance Index.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.291-295
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• 2011

A bake-out process using auto switchgear for five days was performed to evaluate the reduction effect of the concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and formaldehyde in a newly-built elementary school gymnasium. Reduction rates of VOCs were observed as followings: 38.2, 64.2, 86.3, 80.2, and 71.5% for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and styrene, respectively, which satisfies the indoor air quality standards of newly-built apartment houses in Korea. The reduction rate of total VOCs and formaldehyde were 67.0 and 24.7%, respectively. Those results proved that the bake-out process using auto switchgear was effective for reducing indoor air pollutants.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 기계환기에 의한 실내공기질 개선효과를 현장실험을 통해 파악하기 위해 환기설비를 갖춘 A 신축아파트와 다중이용시설인 B 백화점을 연구 대상으로 하였다. A 신축아파트에서는 새집증후군 등 주요 실내공기오염의 원인물질인 VOCs 및 HCHO를 측정 대상물질로 선정하고 미환기 상태에서 16가구에서 전반적인 신축아파트의 실내공기오염 특성을 파악하였으며, 이중 상대적으로 TVOC 농도가 높은 2가구를 대상으로 환기전후의 농도 특성을 파악하였다. B 백화점에서는 $CO_2$ 및 HCHO를 대상물질로 선정하고 1~7층별로 미환기시와 기계환기 1시간 이후의 농도 특성을 통해 환기에 의한 저감율을 파악하였으며, 이후 환기시설 정상가동 상태에서 3년간 실내공기오염물질의 농도 특성을 파악하였다. 미환기 상태에서 A 신축아파트의 VOCs 및 HCHO 농도는 일부 지점에서는 에틸벤젠, 자일렌 등의 농도가 실내환경기준을 초과하고 있었다. 특히 환기전후의 TVOC 농도 특성은 A-1 지점의 경우 미환기시 $3,547{\mu}g/m^3$에서 환기시 $961{\mu}g/m^3$ 그리고 A-2 지점의 경우 미환기시 $3,117{\mu}g/m^3$에서 환기시 $594{\mu}g/m^3$으로 환기에 의해 각각 73%, 81% 저감율이 나타났다. 또한 개별 VOCs 및 HCHO물질별 환기에 의한 저감율은 31.4~96.7%로 나타났으며, 환기이후 모든 물질이 실내기준보다 훨씬 낮은 수준으로 나타났다. B 백화점에서는 평균 $CO_2$ 농도는 미환기시 855 ppm에서 기계환기 1시간 이후 580 ppm으로 약 32% 저감되었으며, HCHO의 평균농도도 $251{\mu}g/m^3$에서 $70.3{\mu}g/m^3$으로 약 72%의 저감되는 것으로 나타났다. 이후 환기시설 정상가동 상태에서 3년간 실내공기질의 측정결과 지속적으로 실내환경 기준을 만족하였다. 최근 실내공기질 개선을 위해 다양한 개선 방법이 소개되고 있으나, 이중 기계환기는 신축아파트 및 다중이용시설 등에서 실내공기질을 실내환경기준 이하로 지속적이고 쾌적하게 유지할 수 효과적 방법으로 고려된다.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.171-186
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• 2012

The objective of this study is to find out the recent trends of hanok design based on 58 hanoks appeared in architecture magazines in the last 10 years. The cases are analyzed in terms of location, size, building form, spatial organization, material, roof form, and the ceiling form of living room. The consequences of this study is as follows; Most of the recent hanoks are built in rural area (91.4%), which shows the hanok is not accepted as an urban house type. Hanoks tend to be built in 2 stories whose 2nd floor is smaller than the 1st floor. (34.5%) The preferred size is total floor area of $99.2{\sim}165.2m^2$ (62.0%), 3 rooms (46.6%) with a traditional ondol room (60.3%). The buildings with ㄱ-shape (43.1%) and linear-shape (27.6%) are preferred, and the compact plan type similar with apartment house appears (13.8%). In the roof design that greatly influences the appearance of building, the traditional design factors such as half-hipped roof (55.2%), double eaves (27.6%), and eaves curve tend to be sustained. In terms of spatial organization, most of recent hanoks have double-layed plan (74.2%). The living room mostly has separately defined space. (82.8%) The indoor and outdoor tend to be connected by a narrow wooden veranda (39.7%), while some cases don't have any wooden floor space (48.3%). The entrance is adopted as an important spatial element in front part of building (75.9%), and it influences the appearance of building. The living room, the counterpart of the wooden floor hall in traditional hanok, and kitchen tend to be interiorized. In terms of material, the cement roof tile and red clay brick are preferred. Consequently, the walls of recent hanoks have the image of brick structure rather than the wooden frame structure of traditonal hanok.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.421-432
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• 2018

Objectives: In this study, we started to develop an indoor garden integrated IoT solution based on IAQ (indoor air quality) and interconnection with an environmental database for smart management of indoor gardens. The purpose of this study was to develop and apply an integrated solution for customized air purification from an indoor garden through big data analysis using IoT technology. Methods: An IoT-based IAQ monitoring system was established in three households within a new apartment building. Based on real-time and long-term data collected, $PM_{2.5}$, $CO_2$, temperature, and humidity changes were compared to those of indoor garden applications and the analyzed results were indexed. Results As a result of the installation, all three households had no results exceeding the standard for indoor air pollution on average $PM_{2.5}$ and $CO_2$ indices. In the case of indoor garden installation, the IAQ index increased to the "Good" section after the installation, and readings in the "Bad" section shown before the installation disappeared. The comfort index also did not dip into the "Uncomfortable" section, where it had been preinstallation, and significantly lowered the average score from "Uncomfortable for sensitive groups" to "Good". Overall, the IAQ composite index for the generation of installations decreased the "Good" interval, but "Bad" did not appear. Conclusions In this study on developing an integrated solution for IAQ based on IoT indoor gardens, big data was analyzed to determine IAQ and comfort indexes and an IAQ composite index. Through this process, it became understood that it is necessary to monitor IAQ based on IoT.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 2017

This study aims to investigate the change in building density and residential environment after the reconstruction of decrepit public rental housing complexes formed in accordance with the Land Readjustment Project during the 1970s-80s. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: First, in terms of change in residential environment after the reconstruction, floor plans that were limited to two to four types and to small apartments measuring $42.9m^2$(13py)-$56.1m^2$ (17py) became varied, presenting 5-6 types of floor plans and various sizes of apartments. In particular, the reconstructed apartments were mainly built in a size smaller than 85($m^2$) and in the 3LDK floor plan and staircase-style unit architectural structure in order to reflect the lifestyle of residents. Second, in terms of change in building density after the reconstruction, the building coverage ratio did not change a lot, but the floor area ratio showed great change depending on the complex, ranging from a minimum of 2.9 times (Singdong Complex) to a maximum of 5.4 times (Eoyangdong Complex). Such change is attributable to the reconstruction policy that aims to improve the residential environment for original residents, secure economic feasibility and efficiency, and reflect the lifestyle of residents while incorporating dividends assigned to the existing housing project members as well as the maximum floor area ratio allowed by the regulation. Additionally, in terms of change in the number of floors and building density after the reconstruction, the former 5-story apartments were changed to apartments with 16-28 stories. Accordingly, the number of households in each complex has also increased by 20%. Third, according to the characteristics of parking facilities in terms of the size and density of parking spaces, former apartment complexes had only aboveground parking lots, not underground parking area. The newly constructed apartment complexes have underground parking space, and the parking-housing ratio is 1.1-1.3 cars.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.118-127
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• 2009

The current global spread of communal residential culture and the trend of continuing increase of newly built apartment environment are increasing the demand of home network products for each residential space and among households. The continuing advancement of ubiquitous and the introduction and development of home network system are promoting the demand for the product design. The residential culture change and the apartment interior design change are having mutual effects on the lifestyle of residents and the product design and demand new product design. Coordination with interior products, interior style and products, product and fashion design and reconstruction and fusion between the products and their element factors are the core element of this design study. Based on this, integrated design strategy and concept research and analysis were studied for the design process, and have been expressed in three dimension design through which the design functionality and the external aesthetical design can correspond to each other. It's because the aspect of the future development prospect can be predicted in detail by presenting practical design plan.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.197-202
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• 2007

Formaldehyde is a typical indoor air pollutant that has numerous adverse health problems in modern living conditions. Phytoremediation that use plants to remove contaminants from polluted media can be applied to improve indoor air quality. Two sets of experiments; 1) two rooms in newly built auditorium and 2) a bed room in 2-year-old apartment; were performed to investigate plant effects on indoor formaldehyde concentration. It was observed from the experiments that plant can help decontaminating formaldehyde at low concentration level (0.1 ppm) but the effects decreased considerably at hish concentration (1ppm). The purification effects of indoor plant also showed the periodic pattern due to its physiological activity. More purification was observed as increasing plant density in the bed room but the formaldehyde concentration returned the original concentration level in two days after removing plants. It was suggested from the results that air purification using plants is an effective means of reduction on indoor formaldehyde level, though, reduction of source is highly desirable when the concentration level is high. The results also suggest that introducing supplementary purifying aids and/or efficient ventilation could be considered due to periodic removal pattern of plant.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.462-467
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• 2009

Researches and developments on BEMS are performed world-widely through sustainable management in various conditions. However, there are many obstacles to adapt the system in existing buildings because it needs highly expensive equipments, which are designed for newly built buildings, to install. Therefore, there are numerous limits exist when applying the BEMS in established buildings. The purpose of this study estimates the optimization of RF output power in WSN(Wireless Sensor Networks), which is the essential technology to develop PEMS. The results of this study is as follows ; 1) Applying WSN technique in buildings was possible. 2) As RF output power increases, the number of relay node reduced, therefore, the WSN showed more stability. 3) When estimating optimal RF output power in school, it should be considered between the number of relay node and RF output power. 4) Considering battery consumption and possibility of reception, the best suited RF output power is -20dbm in apartment house.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.917-917
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• 2003

The auditory experiments based on the subjective annoyance responses were undertaken for the establishment of the adverb modifiers of the heavy-weight impact noises. The standard heavy weight impact noise, impact ball noise and adult walking noise were recorded by dummy head at a newly-built apartment and were presented to the subjects by headphones. The levels of the three impact noises were varied from 30 to 60㏈(A) and the subjects matched one of the adverb modifiers to each level of the noise sources. As a result, seven scale modifiers were established and the intervals between the modifiers were found as equal. In addition, it was found that the lower annoyance noise limits for the heavyweight impact, impact ball and walking were 40-45㏈ (L$\sub$I, Fmax. AW), which is 6㏈ lower than in the previous study. The background noise level was as low as 21㏈(A) in the test booth, therefore, the testing conditions need to be concerned for evaluation of floor impact noise.