• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.169-173
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• 2014

The aim of present study was to improve the quality of silage using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and chlorella as a supplement. Italian ryegrass (IRG) mediated silage was prepared with lactic acid bacteria (L. plantarum) and different concentration of chlorella. We analyzed the nutritional profiles such as crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF) neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total digestible nutrient (TDN) and in-vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), microbial counts and fermentative acids such as lactic acid, acetic acid and butyric acid in the control and experimental silage after three months. It shows increased crude protein content and also maintains the rest of nutritional values as compared with control silage. LAB inoculation with chlorella as supplementation slightly reduced the pH of the silage. In addition, it increased the fermentative acids production as compared with control silage and inhibits the undesired microbial growth especially fungi in the silage. Therefore, we suggest that LAB inoculation and chlorella supplementation to the IRG mediated silage could be improved the nutritional quality of the silage which is an intrinsic feature for the application in the preparation of animal feeds and functional foods.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.513-524
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• 1993

mechanisms for the hypocholesterolemic effects of $\beta$-glucan remain unclear. Rats were divided into 3 groups ; normal control group, atherogenic group(oral administration of cholesterol 40 mg/kg/day plus vit. $D_2$ 320,000 IU/kg/day), $\beta$-glucan treatment group(atherogenic treatment plus $\beta$-glucan 0.135 g/kg/day). The $\beta$-glucan treatment group showed moderate increases of serum lipids concentration compared with atherogenic group. In histopathological examination, aortas showed no critical lesions. The total fecal neutral sterols and bile acids excreted for 6 days was increased compared with both normal and atherogenic group. To compare effects of soluble fiber and insoluble fiber extracted from barley on postprandial lipemia, 5 healthy male adults ingested on separate days a low-fiber(total dietary fiber 2.61g) control meal or dietary fiber-enriched(12.61g) meals. Fasting and postprandial blood samples were obtained for 6.5h and serum lipids were analyzed. The serum total lipids, total cholesterols, LDL & VLDL-cholesterol were markedly reduced with soluble fiber-enriched meals, but no decrease with insoluble fiber-enriched meals. These results suggest that mechanisms for the hypocholesterolemic effect of $\beta$-glucan on rats were due to the inhibition of cholesterol absorption in the intestinal lumen and acceleration of cholesterol catabolism in the liver. And the soluble dietary fiber($\beta$-glucan) has the hypocholesterolemic effect by dropping serum LDL & VLDL-cholesterol in the clinical study.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.599-607
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• 2017

Most normal cells express L-type amino acid transporter 2 (LAT2). However, L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is highly expressed in many tumor cells and presumed to support their increased growth and proliferation. This study examined the effects of JPH203, a selective LAT1 inhibitor, on cell growth and its mechanism for cell death in Saos2 human osteosarcoma cells. FOB human osteoblastic cells and Saos2 cells expressed LAT1 and LAT2 together with their associating protein 4F2 heavy chain, but the expression of LAT2 in the Saos2 cells was especially weak. JPH203 and BCH, a non-selective L-type amino acid transporter inhibitor, potently inhibited L-leucine uptake in Saos2 cells. As expected, the intrinsic ability of JPH203 to inhibit L-leucine uptake was far more efficient than that of BCH in Saos2 cells. Likewise, JPH203 and BCH inhibited Saos2 cell growth with JPH203 being superior to BCH in this regard. Furthermore, JPH203 increased apoptosis rates and formed DNA ladder in Saos2 cells. Moreover, JPH203 activated the mitochondria-dependent apoptotic signaling pathway by upregulating pro-apoptotic factors, such as Bad, Bax, and Bak, and the active form of caspase-9, and downregulating anti-apoptotic factors, such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. These results suggest that the inhibition of LAT1 activity via JPH203, which may act as a potential novel anti-cancer agent, leads to apoptosis mediated by the mitochondria-dependent intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by inducing the intracellular depletion of neutral amino acids essential for cell growth in Saos2 human osteosarcoma cells.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.212-218
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• 2010

Korean red ginseng (KRG) has been shown to enhance endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in experimental animals; however, little is known about its pharmacological effects on vascular stiffness in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial was carried out to determine whether KRG has beneficial effects on arterial stiffness, cardiovascular risk factors such as plasma lipid profiles and blood pressure (BP), and Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) activity. Twenty patients (mean age, 62.5 years) with stable angina pectoris were given KRG (2.7 g/day) and a placebo alternatively for 10 weeks. Blood biochemical analysis and pulse wave velocity (PWV) recording were performed on day 0 and after the completion of each treatment. ROCK activity was assessed based on the level of phospho-$Thr^{853}$ in the myosin-binding subunit of myosin light chain phosphatase, determined by Western blot analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. KRG significantly decreased the systolic BP, brachial ankle PWV, and heart femoral PWV in the patients (all p<0.05), but did not significantly alter the serum lipid profiles, including triglycerides and total, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The ROCK activity tended to decrease (p=0.068) following KRG treatment. The placebo did not significantly alter any of the variables. In conclusion, KRG decreased systolic BP and arterial stiffness, probably via the inhibition of ROCK activity, in patients with CAD, but had a neutral effect on serum lipid profiles. Our data suggest that KRG has a therapeutic effect on CAD.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.8-8
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• 2019

The stringent response (SR) is characterized as a bacterial defense mechanism in response to various growth-inhibiting stresses. It is activated by accumulation of a small nucleotide regulator, (p)ppGpp, and induces global changes in bacterial transcription and translation. Recent work from our group has shown that (p)ppGpp plays a critical role in virulence and survival in Vibrio cholerae. The genes, relA and relV, are involved in the production of (p)ppGpp, while the spoT gene encodes an enzyme that hydrolyzes it in V. cholerae. A mutant strain defective in (p)ppGpp production (i.e. ${\Delta}relA{\Delta}relV{\Delta}spoT$ mutant) lost the ability to produce cholera toxin (CT) and lost their viability due to uncontrolled production of organic acids, when grown with extra glucose. In contrast, the ${\Delta}relA{\Delta}spoT$ mutant, a (p)ppGpp overproducer strain, produced enhanced level of CT and exhibited better growth in glucose supplemented media via glucose metabolic switch from organic fermentation to acetoin, a neutral fermentation end product, fermentation. These findings indicates that (p)ppGpp, in addition to its well-known role as a SR mediator, positively regulates CT production and maintenance of growth fitness in V. cholerae. This implicates SR as a promising drug target, inhibition of which may possibly downregulate V. cholerae virulence and survival fitness. Therefore, we screened a chemical library and identified a compound that induces medium acidification (termed iMAC) and thereby loss of wild type V. cholerae viability under glucose-rich conditions. Further, we present a potential mechanism by which the compound inhibits (p)ppGpp accumulation. Together, these results indicate that iMAC treatment causes V. cholerae cells to produce significantly less (p)ppGpp, an important regulator of the bacterial virulence and survival response, and further suggesting that it has a therapeutic potential to be developed as a novel antibacterial agent against cholera.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.1040-1050
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• 2024

To isolate and analyze bacteria with Verticillium wilt-resistant properties from the fermentation residue of kitchen wastes, as well as explore their potential for new applications of the residue. A total of six bacterial strains exhibiting Verticillium wilt-resistant capabilities were isolated from the biogas residue of kitchen waste fermentation. Using a polyphasic approach, strain ZL6, which displayed the highest antagonistic activity against cotton Verticillium wilt, was identified as belonging to the Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bioassay results demonstrated that this strain possessed robust antagonistic abilities, effectively inhibiting V. dahliae spore germination and mycelial growth. Furthermore, P. aeruginosa ZL6 exhibited high temperature resistance (42℃), nitrogen fixation, and phosphorus removal activities. Pot experiments revealed that P. aeruginosa ZL6 fermentation broth treatment achieved a 47.72% biological control effect compared to the control group. Through activity tracking and protein mass spectrometry identification, a neutral metalloproteinase (Nml) was hypothesized as the main virulence factor. The mutant strain ZL6ߡNml exhibited a significant reduction in its ability to inhibit cotton Verticillium wilt compared to the strain P. aeruginosa ZL6. While the inhibitory activities could be partially restored by a complementation of nml gene in the mutant strain ZL6CMߡNml. This research provides a theoretical foundation for the future development and application of biogas residue as biocontrol agents against Verticillium wilt and as biological preservatives for agricultural products. Additionally, this study presents a novel approach for mitigating the substantial amount of biogas residue generated from kitchen waste fermentation.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.45-55
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• 2010

In this study, the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and neuronal cell protective effects of water, 100% methanol and dichlromethane extracts from garlic were investigated. We found that dichloromethane extract of garlic resulted in a dose-dependent manner on AChE inhibition ($IC_{50}$: $36.1{\mu}g/mL$). In cell viability assay using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazoliumbromide (MTT), cell viabilities of water, 100% methanol and dichlromethane extracts were lower (almost under 40%) than amyloid ${\beta}$ protein ($A{\beta}$)-induced neurotoxicity. Because $A{\beta}$ is also known to increase neuronal cell membrane breakdown, neuronal apoptosis was further confirmed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and neutral red uptake (NRU) assay. Water extract presented relative protection against $A{\beta}$-induced membrane damage in LDH assay. However all garlic extracts showed significant problem with decrease of cell viability in NRU assay, especially at dichloromethan extract. To determine active compounds in column fractions (98:2 fraction) from dichloromethane extract which showed significant AChE inhibitory effect, we performed HPLC and LC-MS analysis. It was supposed that garlic may contain allyl methyl disulfide, diallyl monosulfide, and diallyl disulfide as active compounds.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of phenobarbital sodium(PB) and 3-methylcholanthrene(3-MC) on carbofuran cytotoxicity and to develop antitoxic agents based on the effectivness. Experimental groups for carbofuran cytotoxicity were divided into five groups ; medium alone and four treatments of carbofuran (1, 25, 50 and $100{\mu}M)$, and those for compensation effects were divided into six groups ; medium alone, $IC_{50}$ carbofuran and four combinations of carbofuran and PB or 3-MC($IC_{50}$ carbofuran plus 1, 25, 50, $100{\mu}M$ of PB and 3-MC, respectively). After incubation for 48 hrs under the same conditions, MTT(Tetrazolium MTT), NR(Neutral red) and SRB(Sulforhodamine B protein) assay were performed. Fifty percentage inhibition of MTT, NR, and SRB against carbofuran in rat fibroblast cell were 60.7, 82.5 and $87.0{\mu}M$, respectively. At the combination treatments of $IC_{50}$ of carbofuran and $100{\mu}M$ of PB, the significant compensation effects were observed from the results of MTT and NR but not from that of SRB absorbance. And at the combination treatments of $IC_{50}$ of carbofuran and 3-MC, the relatively significant compensation effects were found at $50{\mu}M$ 3-MC from the results of MTT and at $100{\mu}M$ 3-MC from that of NR and SRB absorbances, respectively. From the results of light microscopy, combination treatments of $carbofuran(IC_{50})$ and PB or 3-MC showed good regeneration in carbofuran toxicity of rat fibroblast cells. These results suggest that PB or 3-MC can compensate the cytotoxity of carbofuran insecticide in rat NIH3T3 fibroblast cells.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.633-640
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• 2011

After Ganoderma lucidum was cultured in mushroom complete medium (MCM) supplemented with ginseng extract (GE), crude polysaccharide (GL-GE-CP) was fractionated from mycelium. Among GL-GE-CP from mycelium in MCM supplemented with 5, 10, and 15% GE (v/v ratio of MCM to GE), GL-GE-15-CP (15% GE) most significantly enhanced macrophage stimulation and intestinal immune system modulating activity compared with GL-CP in MCM without GE. When GL-GE-15-CP was further fractionated on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B, GL-GE-15-CP-II displayed more potent activity than subfractions from GL-CP on macrophage stimulation, interleukin-12 production, and intestinal immune system modulation (1.75-, 5.68-, and 1.76-fold, respectively). Anti-metastasis effect against colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cells was also enhanced by GL-GE-15-CP-II (72.8% inhibition). In addition, GL-GE-15-CP-II contained neutral sugar (83.00%) and uronic acid (9.11%), and consisted of Ara, Man, Gal and Glc (molar ratio of 0.39:0.50:0.75:1.00). Furthermore, GE supplementation helped to enhance the immunomodulation in G. lucidum, and it is assumed that neutral polysaccharides play an important role.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.10
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• pp.1378-1387
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• 2012

To investigate the pharmacological activity of chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) on extraction conditions, chaga was extracted using water (reflux at $50^{\circ}C$, decoction over $90^{\circ}C$, pressure at $121^{\circ}C$) or ethanol (reflux at 50, 70, or $90^{\circ}C$). When water extract was further fractionated into crude polysaccharide (IO-CP), yields of IO-CP (4.8~16.8%) were higher than those of ethanolic extracts (IO-E, 1.9~2.7%) at increased temperature. For antioxidant activity, crude polysaccharide (IO-CP-121) obtained by pressurized extraction showed the highest polyphenolic and flavonoid contents (35.10 mg TAE/g and 18.48 mg QE/g, respectively) as well as DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities (26.08 and 27.99 mg AEAC/100 mg, respectively). Meanwhile, IO-CP-D (decoction) and IO-CP-50 (reflux) had more potent mitogenic effects (2.10- and 1.95-fold of saline control at 100 ${\mu}g/mL$) as well as intestinal immune system modulating activities (6.30- and 5.74-fold) compared to IO-CP-121, whereas ethanolic extracts showed no activity. Although no IO-CP showed cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 cells at 0.1 mg/mL, IO-CP-121 significantly inhibited TNF-${\alpha}$ and NO production as pro-inflammatory factors in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells (29.2 and 63.5%, respectively). Ethanolic extracts also showed no cytotoxicity at 0.1 mg/mL, whereas inhibition of TNF-${\alpha}$ and NO production was significantly low compared to that of IO-CP-121. In addition, active IO-CP-D was further fractionated into an unadsorbed (IO-CP-I) and seven adsorbed fractions (IO-CP-II~VIII) by DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography in order to isolate immunostimulating polysaccharide. IO-CP-II showed the most potent mitogenic effect and macrophage stimulating activity (4.51- and 1.64-fold, respectively). IO-CP-II mainly contained neutral sugars (61.86%) in addition to a small amount of uronic acid (2.96%), and component sugar analysis showed that IO-CP-II consisted mainly of Glc, Gal, and Man (molar ratio of 1.00:0.55:0.31). Therefore, extraction conditions affect the physiological activity of chaga, and immunostimulating polysaccharide fractionated from chaga by decoction is composed mainly of neutral sugars.