• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.57-63
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• 2015

Objectives : Through the analysis of the harmonization(和) thought in Traditional Chinese culture, and then excavate the theory and application of Harmonization Method(和法) in Huang Di Nei Jing(黃帝內經) and Shanghan Zabing Lun(傷寒雜病論). Methods : We find the harmonization(和) means harmony and neutral in traditional Chinese culture, including the harmony of society, the harmony of the mind and the body, and so on. Results : Huang Di Nei Jing(黃帝內經) emphasized the health status is moderate, the disease state is unbalance, preserving our health should keep the yin-yang equilibrium, treating disease should reestablish the equilibrium status, which establish the foundation of the theory of Harmonization Method(和法). Shanghan Zabing Lun(傷寒雜病論) created the methods of settlement and harmony, which is a precedent for the wide application of Harmonization Method(和法) for future generations, including to reconcile the interior-exterior and yin-yang, to harmony the ying-wei and qi-blood, to reconcile the activities of qi of internal organs. Conclusions : The harmonization(和) is the ideological foundation of the theory system of TCM and the Harmonization Method(和法). The Harmonization Method(和法) is an important treatment method for clinical practice of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

• 한국전산구조공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산구조공학회 1999년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.252-259
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• 1999

One of the most important factors for a proper design of a slender compression member may be the exact determination of the elastic critical load of that member. In the cases of non-prismatic compression member, however, there are times when the exact critical load becomes impossible to determinate if one relies on the neutral equilibrium method or energy principle. Here in this paper, the approximate critical loads of symmetrically or non-symmetrically tapered members are computed by finite element method. The two parameters considered in this numerical analysis are the taper parameter, $\alpha$ and the sectional property parameters, m. The computed results for each sectional property parameter, m are presented in an algebraic equation which agrees with those by F.E.M The algebraic equation can be easily used by structural engineers, who are engaged in structural analysis and design of non-prismatic compression member.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.1071-1078
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• 2006

Three buffalo populations viz. Bhadawari, Tarai and local buffaloes of Kerala were genotyped using 24 heterologous polymorphic microsatellite loci. A total of 140 alleles were observed with an average observed heterozygosity of 0.63. All the loci were neutral and 18 out of the 24 loci were in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium. The $F_{IS}$ values (estimate of inbreeding) for 16 loci in all the three populations were negative. This indicated lack of population structure in the three populations. The effective number of immigrants was 5.88 per generation between the Tarai and Bhadawari populations which was quite high suggesting substantial gene flow. The genetic distances revealed closeness between the Tarai and Bhadawari populations which was expected from geographical contiguity. The FST values were not significantly different from zero showing no population differentiation. The Correspondence Analysis based on the allelic frequency data clustered the majority of the Tarai and Bhadawari individuals as an admixture.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.727-743
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• 2014

Geometrically nonlinear analysis of planar beam and frame structures made of functionally graded material (FGM) by using the finite element method is presented. The material property of the structures is assumed to be graded in the thickness direction by a power law distribution. A nonlinear beam element based on Bernoulli beam theory, taking the shift of the neutral axis position into account, is formulated in the context of the co-rotational formulation. The nonlinear equilibrium equations are solved by using the incremental/iterative procedure in a combination with the arc-length control method. Numerical examples show that the formulated element is capable to give accurate results by using just several elements. The influence of the material inhomogeneity in the geometrically nonlinear behavior of the FGM beam and frame structures is examined and highlighted.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제28권2A호
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• pp.243-247
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 수정유효탄성계수법에 근거하여 2축 휨과 축력을 동시에 받는 경우에 콘크리트의 크리프와 건조수축을 고려한 철근콘크리트 보의 효율적이고 합리적인 단면해석 방법을 제안하였다. 제안된 방법은 재령보정계수와 선형 크리프 이론을 이용하였으며, 응력의 분포를 평형조건으로부터 유도하였다. 제안된 방법을 사용하여 직사각형 단면에 대한 예제해석을 수행하였으며 직사각형 단면에서 변형도의 변화와 응력의 변화를 검토하였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제58권3호
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• pp.515-532
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• 2016

The elastoplastic response of functionally graded material (FGM) beams resting on a nonlinear elastic foundation to an eccentric axial load is investigated by using the finite element method. The FGM is assumed to be formed from ceramic and metal phases with their volume fraction vary in the thickness direction by a power-law function. A bilinear elastoplastic behavior is assumed for the metallic phase, and the effective elastoplastic properties of the FGM are evaluated by Tamura-Tomota-Ozawa (TTO) model. Based on the classical beam theory, a nonlinear finite beam element taking the shift in the neutral axis position into account is formulated and employed in the investigation. An incremental-iterative procedure in combination with the arc-length control method is employed in computing the equilibrium paths of the beams. The validation of the formulated element is confirmed by comparing the equilibrium paths obtained by using the present element and the one available in the literature. The numerical results show that the elastoplastic post-buckling of the FGM beams is unstable, and the post-buckling strength is higher for the beams associated with a higher ceramic content. Different from homogeneous beams, yielding in the FGM beam occurs in the layer near the ceramic layer before in the layer near metal surface. A parametric study is carried out to highlight the effect of the material distribution, foundation support and eccentric ratio on the elastoplastic response of the beams.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.14-26
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• 2014

This paper provides the prediction of ultimate longitudinal strengths of the hull girders of a very large crude carrier considering probabilistic damage extent due to collision and grounding accidents based on IMO Guidelines (2003). The probabilistic density functions of damage extent are expressed as a function of non-dimensional damage variables. The accumulated probabilistic levels of 10%, 30%, 50%, and 70% are taken into account for the estimation of damage extent. The ultimate strengths have been calculated using the in-house software called Ultimate Moment Analysis of Damaged Ships which is based on the progressive collapse method, with a new convergence criterion of force vector equilibrium. Damage indices are provided for several probable heeling angles from $0^{\circ}$ (sagging) to $180^{\circ}$ (hogging) due to collision- and grounding-induced structural failures and consequent flooding of compartments. This paper proves from the residual strength analyses that the second moment of area of a damage section can be a reliable index for the estimation of the residual ultimate strength. A simple polynomial formula is also proposed based on minimum residual ultimate strengths.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.131-154
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• 2012

환경세의 조세효율성과 관련된 기존의 연구들은 대부분 소비세 형태의 환경세를 가정하고 있다. 즉 환경세가 최종 산출물의 소비과정, 또는 생산과정에 투입되는 중간재 소비에 부과됨을 가정하는 것이다. 이는 암묵적으로 오염발생재의 소비가 오염자체와 상당히 밀접한 관계에 있음을 전제로 하는 것으로 보인다. 하지만 현실적으로 오염발생재의 소비와 여기에서 발생되는 오염자체는 동일하지 않기 때문에 이러한 가정은 현실을 왜곡할 가능성이 높다. 본 논문에서 환경세를 오염발생재의 소비에 부과되는 형태와 오염배출에 직접부과되는 형태로 구분하고, 과세형태에 따른 조세효율성을 계산적 일반균형시뮬레이션(computational general equilibrium simulation) 분석을 통해 비교해 보았다. 시뮬레이션 분석결과에 따르면 오염배출에 직접 과세되는 형태, 즉 배출세 형태의 환경세가 조세효율성 측면에서는 더욱 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 아울러 이와 같은 결과는 효용함수에 대한 동조성(homotheticity) 가정의 적용여부와는 무관한 것으로 분석되었다. 즉 시장왜곡적인 조세가 이미 도입되어 있는 경우, 세수중립적인 환경세의 조세효율성 개선효과는 효용함수의 동조성 가정여부에 따라 민감한 것으로 나타나지만, 조세효율성은 산출물의 소비에 부과되는 형태보다 배출세 형태의 환경세가 더 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국해안해양공학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.232-239
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• 2002

본 논문에서는 조위변화에 따른 오탁방지막 계류라인의 거동을 조사하였다. 거동분석으로부터 안전율을 고려하여 팽팽하게 적정케이블의 길이를 정하면 수심이 하강하더라도 긴장측 케이블은 거의 일정한 장력을 유지하는 것을 알 수 있었다 그러나, 이완케이블의 기능은 상실되어 구조체 전체의 불안정성을 초래할 수도 있는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 초기 직선긴장각이 계류거동에 미치는 영향을 조사해봄으로써 케이블 장력, 수중부상길이 케이블길이(재료량과 관계 있음)및 부체변위 등을 복합 고려하면서 계류 해석하여야만 적정한 설계를 할 필요가 있을 것으로 보였으며, 막체의 부착물로 인한 케이블의 장력은 줄어들어 재료손상은 일으키지 않으나 저면 앵글, Total scope 및 부체변위에 영향을 미쳐 구조물 전체의 불안정성을 초래할 수 있다는 것도 알 수 있었다.

• Mycobiology
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.73-83
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• 2017

The ability of dead cells of endophytic Drechslera hawaiiensis of Morus alba L. grown in heavy metals habitats for bioremoval of cadmium ($Cd^{2+}$), copper ($Cu^{2+}$), and lead ($Pb^{2+}$) in aqueous solution was evaluated under different conditions. Whereas the highest extent of $Cd^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$ removal and uptake occurred at pH 8 as well as $Pb^{2+}$ occurred at neutral pH (6-7) after equilibrium time 10 min. Initial concentration 30 mg/L of $Cd^{+2}$ for 10 min contact time and 50 to 90 mg/L of $Pb^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$ supported the highest biosorption after optimal contact time of 30 min achieved with biomass dose equal to 5 mg of dried died biomass of D. hawaiiensis. The maximum removal of $Cd^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, and $Pb^{2+}$ equal to 100%, 100%, and 99.6% with uptake capacity estimated to be 0.28, 2.33, and 9.63 mg/g from real industrial wastewater, respectively were achieved within 3 hr contact time at pH 7.0, 7.0, and 6.0, respectively by using the dead biomass of D. hawaiiensis compared to 94.7%, 98%, and 99.26% removal with uptake equal to 0.264, 2.3, and 9.58 mg/g of $Cd^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, and $Pb^{2+}$, respectively with the living cells of the strain under the same conditions. The biosorbent was analyzed by Fourier Transformer Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis to identify the various functional groups contributing in the sorption process. From FT-IR spectra analysis, hydroxyl and amides were the major functional groups contributed in biosorption process. It was concluded that endophytic D. hawaiiensis biomass can be used potentially as biosorbent for removing $Cd^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, and $Pb^{2+}$ in aqueous solutions.