• Proceedings of the Optical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2009.02a
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• pp.427-428
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• 2009

Optical imaging offers excellent spatio-temporal sensitivity that is unparalleled by any other perfusion based imaging techniques. We used in vivo optical recording of intrinsic signals (ORIS) to map neurovascular hemodynamics of perfusion, oximetry and membrane potential during epileptic events in rat and mouse neocortex. Studies of hemodynamic changes with ORIS alone were also performed in human. Laboratory studies in rodent epilepsy models have demonstrated a persistent increase in deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hbr) and a decrease in tissue oxygenation during interictal spikes and ictal events. This "epileptic dip", like the "initial dip" recorded during normal sensory processing, implies that the enormous rise in cerebral blood flow (CBF) is inadequate to meet the increased metabolic demands associated with synchronized epileptic activity. These findings are critically important to the interpretation of the perfusion-based imaging studies, such as fMRI. In addition, we visualized the effect of direct cortical electrical stimulation, an alterative epilepsy treatment. The optical data following direct cortical electrical stimulation showed that hemodynamic signals are sensitive to different electrical stimulation parameters. Furthermore, our recent data demonstrated that the application of unilateral electrical stimulation is able to elicit bilateral hemodynamic responses in rat neocortex.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.16D no.4
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• pp.613-620
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• 2009

It is necessary to develop a system of judging whether or not the parts are defective easily at low cost, especially in a small scale factory which manufactures a large variety of products in small amounts. To develop such system, we require to recognize objects using human's cognitive ability under various circumstances. Human's high intelligence originates mostly from neocortex of human brain. The HTM theory, which is proposed by Jeff Hopkins, is one of the recent researches to model the operation principle of neocortex. In this paper we developed PRESM (Parts image REcognition System for small scale Manufacturing industry) system based on the HTM theory to judge badness of manufactured products. As a result of application to the real field of workplace environments we identified the superiority of our recognition system.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.12 no.12
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• pp.1718-1727
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• 2009

Traditional character recognition systems usually aim at characters with simple variation. With the development of multimedia technology, printed characters may appear more diversely. Existing recognition technologies can't deal with Hangul recognition effectively in diverse environments. This paper presents a recognition system for multi-form Korean characters called RSMFK, which is based on the model of Hierarchical Temporal Memory (HTM). Our system can effectively recognize the printed Korean characters of different fonts, scales, rotation, noise and background. HTM is a model which simulates the neocortex of human brain to recognize and memorize intelligently. Experimental results show that RSMFK performs a good recognition rate of 97.8% on average, which is proved to be obviously improved over the conventional methods.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.1006-1015
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• 2009

This paper developed FRESH(Face image REcognition System for intelligent Home), proposed by Hopkins, which was to recognize the face of family members applying for HTM system that integrates a principal movement of human brain's neocortex with computers. For the purpose of confirming a result of the works, we took real photographs of both clear and distorted images, but the result produced higher accuracy about the distorted images providing by a real environment as well as clear images. In addition, the existing studies were focused on the recognition of facial zone that it was difficult to adapt for System for intelligent home. However, this thesis developed a system suitable for intelligent home which corresponds a facial image to his or her name.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.1494-1505
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• 2010

A variety of sounds take place in medium and small-sized manufactories producing many kinds of parts in a small quantity with one press. We developed the identification system for the quality of parts using HTM(Hierarchical Temporal Memory)-based sound recognition. HTM is the theory that the operation principle of human brain's neocortex is applied to computer, suggested by Jeff Hopkins. This theory memorizes temporal and spatial patterns hierarchically about the real world, which is known for its cognitive power superior to the previous recognition technologies in many cases. By applying the HTM model to the sound recognition, we developed the identification system for the quality of molding parts. In order to verify its performance we recorded the various sounds at the moment of producing parts in the real factory, constructed the HTM network of sound, and then identified the quality of parts by repeating learning and training. It reveals that this system gets an excellent and accurate results at the noisy factory.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.481-487
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• 1992

The present study was designed to investigate the appearance of the congenital aggregates of the ectodermal glial cells in the brain of the normal rodents. The brain samples were taken from mice fetus, juvenile mice, rats and rabbits. The appearance regions of the glial cell aggregates (GCA) were investigated and the cells in the GCA were identified with electron microscope. 1. GCA in the mouse fetus tended to be higher in cell density, larger in size and lower frequency in appearance than juvenile mouse. The regions of higher appearance frequency of GCA in the juveniles of mice, rats and rabbits were ordered as subependymal layer in the collateral trigone of lateral ventricles, molecular layer of the neocortex, inner layer except the molecular layer in the neocortex, cerebral medulla, corpus callosum and hippocampus. Appearance frequency of GCA in the neonatal mice tended to be higher until 5 day after birth, and were markedly decreased on 10 and 15 day after birth. 2. GCA tended to be closed on one side of the blood vessels or neurons but not perivascular or perineuronal appearance. 3. In electron microscophy, GCA were composed of immature oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in the subependymal, and tended to be more mature and loose in the neocortex and to be appended some microglia cells with age. The cells in the GCA of older mice tended to be more mature than in young mice.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.45 no.8
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• pp.588-602
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• 2022

Various RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are key components in RNA metabolism and contribute to several neurodevelopmental disorders. To date, only a few of such RBPs have been characterized for their roles in neocortex development. Here, we show that the RBP, Rbms1, is required for radial migration, polarization and differentiation of neuronal progenitors to neurons in the neocortex development. Rbms1 expression is highest in the early development in the developing cortex, with its expression gradually diminishing from embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5) to postnatal day 0 (P0). From in utero electroporation (IUE) experiments when Rbms1 levels are knocked down in neuronal progenitors, their transition from multipolar to bipolar state is delayed and this is accompanied by a delay in radial migration of these cells. Reduced Rbms1 levels in vivo also reduces differentiation as evidenced by a decrease in levels of several differentiation markers, meanwhile having no significant effects on proliferation and cell cycle rates of these cells. As an RNA binding protein, we profiled the RNA binders of Rbms1 by a cross-linked-RIP sequencing assay, followed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction verification and showed that Rbms1 binds and stabilizes the mRNA for Efr3a, a signaling adapter protein. We also demonstrate that ectopic Efr3a can recover the cells from the migration defects due to loss of Rbms1, both in vivo and in vitro migration assays with cultured cells. These imply that one of the functions of Rbms1 involves the stabilization of Efr3a RNA message, required for migration and maturation of neuronal progenitors in radial migration in the developing neocortex.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.79-89
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• 2024

Objectives : We aimed to identify the effects of acupuncture treatment on alleviating pain and depression and modulating brain neural activity in the neuropathic pain and depression comorbidity mouse model (PDCM). Methods : We performed partial sciatic nerve ligation on the right hind paw of mice to induce neuropathic pain and injected reserpine (2 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) for 10 days from the day of the surgery to induce pain and depression. Acupuncture treatment was performed for 10 days at the following locations: 1) ST36 and SP6 (Joksamni and Sameumgyo; JS), 2) KI1 and HT7 (Yongcheon and Sinmun; YS), 3) LR1, PC9, KI10, and PC3 (Pericardium tonification; PT), or 4) LR1, HT9, KI10, and HT3 (Heart tonification; HT). Pain-like behavior was measured using the von Frey test and depressive-like behavior was assessed using the open field test. Then, the c-Fos expression was analyzed in the brain regions of neocortex, striatum, hypothalamus, hippocampus, midbrain, and medulla to examine brain neural activity. Results : In PDCM, pain-like behavior was alleviated by acupuncture treatment on the JS, YS, PT, and HT, and depressive-like behavior was improved by acupuncture treatment on the JS and YS. JS and YS were derived as an optimized acupoint combination for improving neuropathic pain and depression comorbidity. Brain neural activities in the neocortex (infralimbic cortex) and hypothalamus (paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus; PVN) were commonly altered by both JS and YS acupuncture treatments. In addition, neural activities in the neocortex (prelimbic cortex; PrL) and midbrain (substantia nigra, lateral part of the dorsal raphe nucleus) were altered exclusively by JS acupuncture treatment, while changes in the area 2 of the anterior cingulate cortex and the cornu ammonis 3 of the hippocampus were specific to YS acupuncture treatment. Brain neural activity in the PrL and PVN regions was significantly correlated with changes in pain behavior. Conclusions : Both JS and YS acupuncture treatments alleviated pain and depressive-like behaviors, which were associated with modulation of neural activities in the neocortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and midbrain.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.1643-1656
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• 2010

It is necessary to develop a system to judge inferiority of goods to minimize the loss at small factories in which produces various kinds of goods with small amounts. That system can be developed based on HTM theory. HTM is a model to apply the operation principles of the neocortex in human brain to the machine learning. We have to build the trained HTM network to use the HTM-based machine learning system. It requires the knowledge for the HTM theory. This paper presents the design and implementation of the training system to support the development of HTM networks which recognize the molding parts to judge its badness. This training system allows field technicians to train the HTM network with high accuracy without the knowledge of the HTM theory. It also can be applied to any kind of the HTM-based judging systems for molding parts.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.1816-1825
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• 2019

Objective: We tried to analyze allele-specific expression in the pig neocortex using bioinformatic analysis of high-throughput sequencing results from the parental genomes and offspring transcriptomes from reciprocal crosses between Korean Native and Landrace pigs. Methods: We carried out sequencing of parental genomes and offspring transcriptomes using next generation sequencing. We subsequently carried out genome scale identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in two different ways using either individual genome mapping or joint genome mapping of the same breed parents that were used for the reciprocal crosses. Using parent-specific SNPs, allele-specifically expressed genes were analyzed. Results: Because of the low genome coverage (${\sim}4{\times}$) of the sequencing results, most SNPs were non-informative for parental lineage determination of the expressed alleles in the offspring and were thus excluded from our analysis. Consequently, 436 SNPs covering 336 genes were applicable to measure the imbalanced expression of paternal alleles in the offspring. By calculating the read ratios of parental alleles in the offspring, we identified seven genes showing allele-biased expression (p<0.05) including three previously reported and four newly identified genes in this study. Conclusion: The newly identified allele-specifically expressing genes in the neocortex of pigs should contribute to improving our knowledge on genomic imprinting in pigs. To our knowledge, this is the first study of allelic imbalance using high throughput analysis of both parental genomes and offspring transcriptomes of the reciprocal cross in outbred animals. Our study also showed the effect of the number of informative animals on the genome level investigation of allele-specific expression using RNA-seq analysis in livestock species.