• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.2 s.64
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• pp.343-354
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• 2006

Human emotion is the issue which is subjective, difficult to define and even more difficult to measure because it's personal. In general, the methods for measuring human emotion is divided in two, one is the psychological way based on user's subjective evaluation and another is the physiological way based on physiological signs. However, these methods have some limitations. Therefore, in this study we suggested the methods for measuring users emotion in the natural and accessible environment for the design field. In order to observe user's emotional changes while they interact with a product, we have extracted some emotional words and representative emotions, and made a set of subjective evaluation scales. With these scales, emotion logging program 'VideoTAME' was developed as an effective measurement tool for complementing the current psychological methods. In the testing module of 'VdeoTAME,' participants evaluate their emotional changes through playing and watching the video dips of their performing tasks in the experiment room. In the analyzing module, the researchers replay the results created by participants during the experiment and analyze the results using Microsoft Exel. It is hoped that this study will be of great help for designers for effective measurement of user's emotions naturally expressed while using a product.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.68-75
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• 2017

Demand for dwarf mondo grass (DMG; Ophiopogon japonicus 'Nanus') as an ornamental garden plant is expected to grow in the future. The purpose of this study was to investigate the levels of shade tolerance and ground cover by growing DMG under a variety of shade conditions for 18 months (May 2015~October 2016). DMG plants grown in bare ground for 3 years in Jangheung-gun, Jeonnam were used for testing. In an experimental site created in Naju city in Jeonnam, the DMG was planted in planters ($70cm{\times}70cm{\times}24cm$) and covered with a shading curtain to block natural light. Shaded conditions were then arranged under different levels of shade (0%, 55% and 75%). When the plants were grown, growth (leaf size, the number of leaves, fresh weight and dry weight) and ground coverage of DMG were analyzed. According to the results, DMG growth in terms of leaf size and the number of leaves was statistically higher under zero shade (full sunlight), when compared to other shaded conditions. DMG's fresh and dry weights were significantly greater under 0% and 55% shade, compared to those under 75% shade. The degrees of shade tolerance required for normal growth of DMG were found in the range of 0~50%, meaning that more than 50% shade may decrease plant growth. There were no statistical differences in ground coverage rates of DMG under different levels of shade. When 220 tillers were planted per $1m^2$ of plot, up to 80% of the area was covered by DMG after 18 months. Since DMG requires nutrient-rich soil to grow, sufficient nitrogen fertilizers are proposed to accelerate the ground cover of DMG. As DMG remained alive over the winter in the experiments, this study also suggests that DMG can be planted in the southern temperate region.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.239-246
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to find out the potential of the Mosidae(Adenophora remtriflora) leaf, one of the natural ingredients, for the cosmetics by measuring their antioxidant functions and skin improving effects. The result of the phytonutrient of the Mosidae leaf test shows, that the heat extract of Mosidae leaf DPPH has 9% higher ability than Ethanol extract.(p<0.05), but significant a difference was not found between the hydroxyl Radical of Mosidae leaf heat extract (65.22%) and Ethanol extract(63.50%). Mosidae leaf heat extract(40.82mg/mL) has much lower polyphenol compound than Ethanol extract(47.90mg/mL)(p<0.05). A clinical test of Mosidae leaf powder pack was performed for a group of 16 middle aged women(age between 35-60) from October 20 to November 17, 2011. Control group was used on the right cheek, and test group was used on left cheek for comparison. The procedure was twice a week for 4 weeks to identify and grade level of moisture, roughness, pore size and spot. After 4 weeks of testing, there were significant improvements in moisture enhancement and spot(p<0.05), subtle change in roughness and the size of the pores. Therefore, we confirmed skin improvement effect of Mosidae leaf as new cosmetic material.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.17 no.2 s.67
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• pp.128-138
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• 2007

At low in-situ stress, the continuity and distribution of natural fractures in rock mass predominantly control the failure processes. However at high in-situ stress, the failure process are affected and eventually dominated by stress-induced fractures preferentially growing parallel to the excavation boundary. This fracturing is often observed in brittle type of failure such as slabbing or spatting. Recent studies on the stress- or excavation-induced damage of rock revealed its importance especially in a highly stressed regime. In order to evaluate the brittle failure around a deep underground opening, physical model experiments were carried out. For the experiments a new tue triaxial testing system was made. According to visual observation and acoustic emission detection, brittle failure grades were classified under three categories. The test results indicate that where higher horizontal stress, acting perpendicular $(S_{H2})$ and parallel $(S_{H1})$ to the axis of the tunnel respectively, were applied, the failure grade at a constant vertical stress level (Sy) was lowered. The failure initiation stress was also increased with the increasing $S_{H1}\;and\;S_{H2}$. From the multi-variable regression on failure initiation stress and true triaxial stress conditions, $f(S_v,\;S_{H1},\;S_{H2})$ was proposed.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.258-270
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• 2016

This study was conducted to test the green-tide mitigation technique in the lower part of the Sook Stream (Chusori) of Daecheong Reservoir from June 27 to August 24, 2014. And the effects were compared with weekly monitoring result of the watching station of the algae alert system (AAS) as well as test beds reach. The green-tide in a test bed was begun from the upstream, and it was gradually transferred and spread toward the downstream by the hydrological factors. The total amount of algae removed by algae removal device during the test period was 33,920 kg, and solids dewatered by natural gravity was 8,480 kg. Also chlorophyll-a content was 2.83 kg, the number of blue-green algae cells was equivalent to $78.6{\times}10^{14}$ cells. Compared with the results of the watching station of AAS, the pre-concentrate removal work in the outbreak waters was able to suggest the possibility of green-tide mitigation. In addition, an effective management of the green-tide was required spatial and temporal occurrence information and practical device technology. Particularly, the optimal timing of algae removal in the river-reservoir hybrid system was recommended at times before the monsoon rainy season and reached the lowest water level.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.27-36
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• 2014

Due to the latitudinal location of Korea, the seasonally frozen ground has been focused on as research topics such as the frost heaving under the asphalt road rather than the permafrost ground. However, the recent construction of the second Korean Antarctic research station, the Jangbogo station and the participation on the development of the natural gas pipeline in Russia arouse the research interests on the behavior of the permafrost ground. At the design process of the geotechnical structures on the permafrost ground, the evaluation of the creep characteristics of the frozen soil is very crucial. Since the domestic specification on the frozen soil testing does not exist currently, it is necessary to evaluate the creep characteristics of frozen soils systematically with regard to the affecting factors. Therefore, the creep characteristics of the frozen specimens of dense Jumoonjin sand were evaluated under various loads at -5 and $-10^{\circ}C$. Based on the test results, as the load became close to the strength and the temperature became lower, the duration of the secondary creep became shorter and more distinct tertiary creep responses were observed.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.607-619
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• 2019

This study used Natural Monument water spiders and their habitats as educational contents, so those students could have a scientific literacy and the beautiful memories of Eundaeri's marshes through developing a virtual fieldwork courses (VFC) and observing the ecology of water spiders. In order to develop the program, the 2015 revised national curriculum and its textbooks were analyzed. In accordance with the STEAM model, we developed teaching-learning materials for 7 classes. Students produced 3D panorama virtual fieldwork courses (PVFC) about water spider by team-based cooperative learning, enabling them to emotionally experience the meaning and value of water spiders. A panel of six education experts verified the validity of the program and found it to be fairly valid at 4.24 (CVI = .88) on the 5-point Likert scale. In order to confirm the suitability of the program, students in the middle school science clubs participated in pilot testing camp. Their average classes satisfaction was 4.24 and students were very satisfied with the usefulness of the program, the fresh learning contents, and the suitability of the convergence education class. This study could contribute to convergence education related to ecology and virtual reality for adolescents.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.321-329
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• 2021

A measure of managerial ability was derived using DEA, a measure of management efficiency, and the correlation coefficient between discretionary accrual and non-discretionary accrual, net income and operating cash flow standard deviation was used as a proxy for income smoothing. verified. In addition, the manager's compensation was used by taking the natural logarithm of the cash compensation per manager. The analysis results are summarized as follows. The analysis period for hypothesis testing is from 2004 to 2017, as a result of the hypothesis analysis of the correlation with the level of manager's compensation, it was suggested that the income smoothing behavior decreased the performance-based compensation and increased the performance-controlled compensation. This can be said to be the result of indirectly confirming that additional compensation is differentially paid for income smoothing. This study has a contribution to the study by empirically analyzing whether income smoothing affects the relationship between managerial ability and managerial compensation. However, although a number of previous studies empirically analyzed that there are upper and lower bounds for manager compensation, there is limitations that could not be analyzed for asymmetric compensation due to income smoothing is expected to expand.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.345-349
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• 2019

In Korea, the mountainous area occupies more than 70% of the whole country, cutting of earth slope that cuts a part of the ground surface is widely used when building infrastructures such as road, railroad, and industrial complex construction. In recent years, regulations on environmental damage have become more strict, and various methods have been developed and applied. Among them, Concrete-Panel Retaining Wall technique is actively applied. Concrete-Panel Retaining Wall is a method to resist horizontal earth pressure by forming a wall by attaching a precast retaining wall to the front of the support material and increasing the shear strength of the disk through reinforcement of the support material. Soil nailing, earth bolt, and ground anchor are used as support material. Among them, ground anchor is a more aggressive reinforcement type that introduces tensile load in advance to the steel wire, and a large concentrated load acts on the front panel. This concentrated load is a factor that creates cracks in the concrete panel and reduces the durability of the retaining wall itself. In this study, steel pipe sleeves and reinforcements were purchased at the anchorage of the panel to prevent cracks, and by applying bumpy shear keys to the end of the panel, the weakness of the individual behavior of the existing grout anchors was improved. The problem of degraded landscape by exposure to front concrete of retaining wall and protrusion of anchorage was solved by the production of natural stone patterns and the construction of sections that do not protrude the anchorage. In order to verify the effectiveness of anti-crack sleeves and reinforcements used in the null, indoor testing and three-dimensional numerical analysis have been performed, and the use of steel pipe sleeves and reinforcements has demonstrated the overall strength increase and crack suppression effect of panels.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.492-501
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• 2019

Nitrogen-containing heterocycles such as quinoline, quinazolinones and indole are scaffolds of natural products and have broad biological effects. During the last years those structures have been intensively synthesized and modified to yield new synthetic molecules that can specifically inhibit the activity of dysregulated protein kinases in cancer cells. Herein, a series of newly synthesized isoquinolinamine (FX-1 to 8) and isoindoloquinazolinone (FX-9, FX-42, FX-43) compounds were evaluated in regards to their anti-leukemic potential on human B- and T- acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells. Several biological effects were observed. B-ALL cells (SEM, RS4;11) were more sensitive against isoquinolinamine compounds than T-ALL cells (Jurkat, CEM). In SEM cells, metabolic activity decreased with $10{\mu}M$ up to 26.7% (FX-3), 25.2% (FX-7) and 14.5% (FX-8). The 3-(p-Tolyl) isoquinolin-1-amine FX-9 was the most effective agent against B- and T-ALL cells with IC50 values ranging from 0.54 to $1.94{\mu}M$. None of the tested compounds displayed hemolysis on erythrocytes or cytotoxicity against healthy leukocytes. Anti-proliferative effect of FX-9 was associated with changes in cell morphology and apoptosis induction. Further, influence of FX-9 on PI3K/AKT, MAPK and JAK/STAT signaling was detected but was heterogeneous. Functional inhibition testing of 58 kinases revealed no specific inhibitory activity among cancer-related kinases. In conclusion, FX-9 displays significant antileukemic activity in B- and T-ALL cells and should be further evaluated in regards to the mechanisms of action. Further compounds of the current series might serve as templates for the design of new compounds and as basic structures for modification approaches.