• Title/Summary/Keyword: natural mixed forest

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Studies on the Seed Characteristics and Viabilities of Six Acer Species in Relation to Natural Regeneration in Korea (천연갱신과 관련된 한국산 단풍나무속 6종의 종자특성과 종자활력에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Gab-Tae;Kim, Hoi-Jin
    • Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.358-364
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    • 2011
  • To examine the possibility of natural regeneration of six Acer species in broadleaved mixed forest in Korean peninsula, samples of six Acer species' samaras were collected at several seed sources from September to October 2009 and 2010, and seed morphological characteristics and viability were studied using cutting method. Inflorescense type of Acer mandshuricum(AM), A. pseudosieboldianum(APS) and A. palmatum(AP) is corymb, that of A. pictum subsp. mono(APSM) and A. okamotoanum(AO) is flat-topped panicle, and that of A. ukurunduense(AU) is raceme. Number of seed-set per inflorescense proves the highest value 38.5 sets in AU and the lowest value 2.4 sets in APS. Diameter of the seeds proves highest value 13.5mm in AO, and the lowest value 4.7mm in APS. Angles between the wings proves the highest values $130.05^{\circ}$ in APS, and the lowest value $48.60^{\circ}$ in AU. Air dry weight of 20 seed-sets proves highest value 3,900mg, in AO, and the lowest value 404mg in AU. Viable seed ratio of AP proves 50%, and that of AU does 43.2%. Those of other four species ranges 8.6~22.2%. Considering postdispersal seed predators and disturbance of litter, viable seeds of APSM, AO, AM, and APS supplied in the natural forest in Korea might be insufficient for seedling establishment. This study showed that sound viable seed supply might be key factors of natural regeneration of major Acer species in Korea. The openings made by insect pests were observed on the seed-coat of APSM, AM, AU, and APS samara, and Bradybatus sharpi were observed in the samaras of APSM and AO. Further study on the seed insect fauna, pre- and post-dispersal seed viability, and annual variation on these factor should be needed.

Effects of Ozonized Soybean Oil to Changes of Chemical Structures and Bond Strength of pMD (오존산화 처리한 콩기름을 이용한 변성 pMDI 접착제의 화학 구조 및 접착력 변화)

  • You, Young Sam;Lee, Hyun Jong;Lee, Taek Jun;Park, Heon
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.36 no.4
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    • pp.37-43
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    • 2008
  • The research attempted to develop an eco-friendly wood adhesive based on vegetable oil (soybean oil), the renewable and sustainable natural resources, using ozonification technology for the chemical structure modification. The soybean oils (SBO) were reacted with $O_3$ at the rate of 7.13 g/h for different times, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 120 minutes. Modified chemical structure of the ozonized SBOs were examined by Fourier transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrum. The FT-IR spectrum of SBO had an absorbance peak at $3010cm^{-1}$ that is the characteristic peak of the unsaturated double bonds. As ozone treatment time increased, the peak of the double bond was disappeared and aldehyde or carboxyl peak appeared at $1700cm^{-1}$. The dry, wet, and cyclic boiling bond strengths of the ozonized SBO mixed with polymeric diphenylmethane-4, 4-diisocyanate (pMDI) were also investigated. In the dry shear test, all strengths met constantly the standard requirement of $7.0kgf/cm^2$ (KS F3101 2006). The bond strengths gradually increased with increasing ozone treatment time. The highest strength showed at 60 minutes ozone treatment and decreased values at 120 minutes. In the cyclic boiling shear test, 30, 60 and 120 minutes exceeded the standard requirement.

A Study on the Biotope's Characters of the Mixed Rural City(I) - In the case of Maejuri area in Sunghwan eup, Chonan city - (도농통합형 도시에 있어서 생물서식처 공간특성에 관한 연구(I) - 천안시 성환읍 매주리지역을 중심으로 -)

  • Lee, Haeng-Youl;Bang, Kwang-Ja;Lee, Jae-Keun
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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    • v.2 no.2
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    • pp.78-87
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    • 1999
  • This study was aimed to establish the method and process of the Biotope Mapping System.(B.M.S.) The main aspects of research for biotope were divided by 4 schemes such as biosphere, geosphere, antroposphere and evaluation informations. The cartographic function of GIS(geographic information system) was also used to mapping them. The B.M.S. had been progressed with 5 steps : (1) making research goals, (2) constructing the graphic and attribute databases, (3) classifying 3 types of biotope such as tree/shrub biotop, grass biotop and wetland biotop. (4) cross-analyzing biotope types against land use, habitat characters, relief characters and danger/disturbance elements, (5) evaluating the biotope's potentialities. Only 3 steps of them were done in this study. The results of applicating the B.M.S on the research site as followings : 1. The interdisciplinary researches were needed to develop the B.M.S in Korea since ecological habitat conditions of Germany, England are differed from them of Korea. 2. The distributions of the land uses in Maejuri, Seunghwan eup in Chonan city were mainly recorded by forest(29.82%), orchard(14.11%) and landscaping around building site(9.05%). 3. The percentages of the Tree/Shrub Biotope type were ranged by the orchard type(23.8%), natural and artificial deciduous type with natural coniferous(23.6%) and etc. 4. The Grass Biotope type was mainly recorded by the wild grassland type(27.99%), garden type(14.21%) and peddy field with wild grassland(13.24%). 5. The distributions of the wetland were pointed high at the wetland type with reed marsh and edge vegetation around wetland(54.79%) and etc.

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Pollen analysis from Osong Archaeological Site, Chungbuk Province: Vegetation and Environmental Implication (충북 청주시 오송지구 유적 발굴지의 화분분석: 색생과 퇴적환경 고찰)

  • Yi, Sang-Heon;Kim, Ju-Yong
    • The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.25-33
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    • 2010
  • Holocene vegetation and climate changes were assumed on the basis of pollen records from Wonpyeong Trench II-3 of the Osong archaeological site, Cheongju, Chungbuk Province, Korea. An organic matter beared in coarse sediments appeared to be low throughout the succession. Although an occurrence of pollen grains is not high, some dominant and principal taxa may indicate vegetation changes response to climate changes in central inland area of the Korean Peninsula. The age determination can be estimated with indirect way by comparing with previous age-controlled pollen studies. It is assumed that the former last glacial conifer forests had been changed into open mixed conifers and deciduous broadleaved forest during the early Holocene period. Warmer and more humid climate conditions, during the mid-Holocene, might have allowed the hardwoods including deciduous- and evergreen-broadleaved trees, and warm-preferring pine tree to flourish. Subsequently, the former forests were replaced by mixed of conifer and deciduous broadleaved forest owing to deterioration of climate conditions during the late Holocene. Human activity is also detected by agricultural indicators, such as buckwheat and large pollen grains comparable to corn, in upper most pollen profile. During this time, the forests in studied area were primarily affected by human disturbance rather than natural environment.

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A Study on Forestation for Landscaping around the Lakes in the Upper Watersheds of North Han River (북한강상류수계(北漢江上流水系)의 호수단지주변삼림(湖水団地周辺森林)의 풍경적시업(風景的施業)에 관(関)한 연구(硏究))

  • Ho, Ul Yeong
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.54 no.1
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    • pp.1-24
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    • 1981
  • Kangweon-Do is rich in sightseeing resources. There are three sightseeing areas;first, mountain area including Seolak and Ohdae National Parks, and chiak Provincial Park; second eastern coastal area; third lake area including the watersheds of North Han River. In this paper, several methods of forestation were studied for landscaping the North Han River watersheds centering around Chounchon. In Chunchon lake complex, there are four lakes; Uiam, Chunchon, Soyang and Paro from down to upper stream. The total surface area of the above four lakes is $14.4km^2$ the total pondage of them 4,155 million $m^3$, the total generation of electric power of them 410 thousand Kw, and the total forest area bordering on them $1,208km^2$. The bordering forest consists of planned management forest ($745km^2$) and non-planned management forest ($463km^2$). The latter is divided into green belt zone, natural conservation area, and protection forest. The forest in green belt amounts to $177km^2$ and centers around the 10km radios from Chunchon. The forest in natural conservation area amounts to $165km^2$, which is established within 2km sight range from the Soyang-lake sides. Protection forest surrounding the lakes is $121km^2$ There are many scenic places, recreation gardens, cultural goods and ruins in this lake complex, which are the same good tourist resources as lakes and forest. The forest encirelng the lakes has the poor average growing stock of $15m^3/ha$, because 70% of the forest consists of the young plantation of 1 to 2 age class. The ration of the needle-leaved forest, the broad-leaved forest and the mixed forest in 35:37:28. From the standpoint of ownership, the forest consists of national forest (36%), provincial forest (14%), Gun forest (5%) and private forest(45%). The greater part of the forest soil, originated from granite and gneiss, is much liable to weathering. Because the surface soil is mostly sterile, the fertilization for improving the soil quality is strongly urged. Considering the above-mentioned, the forestation methods for improving landscape of the North Han River Watersheds are suggested as follows: 1) The mature-stage forest should be induced by means of fertilizing and tendering, as the forest in this area is the young plantation with poor soil. 2) The bare land should be afforested by planting the rapid growing species, such as rigida pine, alder, and etc. 3) The bare land in the canyon with moderate moist and comparatively rich soil should be planted with Korean-pine, larch, ro fir. 4) Japaness-pine stand should be changed into Korean-pine, fir, spruce or hemlock stand from ravine to top gradually, because the Japanese-pine has poor capacity of water conservation and great liability to pine gall midge. 5) Present hard-wood forest, consisting of miscellaneous trees comparatively less valuable from the point of wood quality and scenerity, should be change into oak, maple, fraxinus-rhynchophylla, birch or juglan stand which is comparatively more valuable. 6) In the mountain foot within the sight-range, stands should be established with such species as cherry, weeping willow, white poplar, machilus, maiden-hair tree, juniper, chestnut or apricot. 7) The regeneration of some broad-leaved forests should be induced to the middle forest type, leading to the harmonious arrangement of the two storied forest and the coppice. 8) For the preservation of scenery, the reproduction of the soft-wood forest should be done under the selection method or the shelter-wood system. 9) Mixed forest should be regenerated under the middle forest system with upper needle-leaved forest and lower broad-leaved forest. In brief, the nature's mysteriousness should be conserved by combining the womanly elegance of the lakes and the manly grandeur of the forest.

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A Study on the Gwanbang forest of Ganghwa in the Joseon Dynasty Period (조선시대 강화지역 관방림(關防林)의 특성 연구)

  • Shim, Sun-Hui;Lee Jae-Yong;Kim, Choong-Sik
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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    • v.41 no.1
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    • pp.35-46
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    • 2023
  • This study investigated and analyzed ancient records on the type, planting background, and construction process of Gwanbang forest(關防林) planned for military defense during the Joseon Dynasty to find out the purpose, location, and planting species of Gwanbang forest. The research results were as follows. During the Joseon Dynasty, Gwanbang forests were created around various government facilities(關防施設), such as Eupseong(邑城), major government offices, camps, and fortifications, for the purpose of defending against enemies. Gwanbang forest includes Yeongaeglim(嶺阨林), which was created on the crest of a strategically important hill, and Military Forest created for military purposes. Most of the spirit forest was designated as Geumsan(禁山) and protected and managed, and the Gwanbang forest was created for various purposes such as shielding, flood damage and river bank erosion prevention as well as external defense. In addition, in order to continuously and efficiently produce wood, which is a material for ships, buildings, and agricultural tools, in most cases, large areas were created as mixed forests. As for the species constituting the Gwanbang forest, there are records of tangerine tree, which is effective for defense because it has thorns, and deciduous broad-leaved trees such as zelkova, elm, willow, david hemiptelea, and oak appear. In the case of Ganghwa island, which served as the defense of the capital and the royal family during the Joseon Dynasty, several records have confirmed that a forest densely planted with trifoliate orange was created for the purpose of Gwanbang forest to reinforce the defense of the outer fortress. Based on historical research in the literature, assuming that the natural monument 'Gapgotri tangerine tree in Ganghwa Island' was planted in the 30th year of King Sukjong(1704), the first record of planting trifoliate orange in Ganghwa Island, the maximum age is estimated to be more than 319 years.

Analysis of Distribution and Association Structure on the Sawtooth Oak (Quercus acutissima) Forest in Korea (한국 상수리나무(Quercus acutissima)림의 분포와 군집구조 분석)

  • Kim, In-Taek;Song, Min-Sub;Jung, Sung-Hun
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.19 no.3
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    • pp.356-361
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    • 2009
  • This study has targeted Quercus acutissima forests in Korea and has classified the association between Quercus acutissima forests by using the phytosociological method. In addition, the correlation between each association, distribution, potential natural vegetation, and aspect of Quercus acutissima forest according to location have been analyzed to examine the characteristics of the Korean Quercus acutissima forests. Through factor analysis of DECORANA, it was revealed that Quercetum serrato-acutissimae forms in the basal zones of mountains, Quercetum mongolico-acutissimae is formed in the highlands, in the relatively high mountain area, and Carpino-Quercetum acutissimae is mainly distributed in valleys. However, this phenomenon is not very obvious, as each association structure is often mixed up. This result is caused by inhomogeneity of the Quercus acutissima forests, and most of it is distributed in basal zones or around farmlands where there are severe disturbance factors. The proposed potential natural vegetation of the Quercus acutissima forests in Korea is as follows; Quercetum serrato-acutissimae$\rightarrow$Quercus aliena-Quercus serrata community$\rightarrow$Quercus serrata community, Quercetum mongolico-acutissimae$\rightarrow$Quercus aliena-Quercus mongolica community$\rightarrow$Quercus mongolica community, Carpino-Quercetum acutissimae$\rightarrow$Quercus aliena-Carpinus laxiflora community$\rightarrow$Carpinus laxiflora community.

Feasibility of seed bank for restoration of salt marsh: a case study around the Gwangyang Bay, southern Korea

  • Lee, Seon-Mi;Cho, Yong-Chan;Lee, Chang-Seok
    • Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.35 no.2
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    • pp.123-129
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    • 2012
  • Salt marsh is an important transitional zone among terrestrial, riverine, and marine ecosystems and is a productive habitat that interacts extensively with adjacent landscape elements of estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Nowadays, in addition to various human activities, a variety of natural processes induce changes in salt marshes. This study aims to provide background information to restore disturbed salt marshes and to propose their ecological restoration using seed banks. The study area is a prepared area for the Gwangyang Container Port located in the southern Korea. This area was formed by accumulating mud soils dredged from the bottom of the forward sea. This land was created in a serial process of preparing the Gwangyang container port and the salt marsh was passively restored by seeds buried in mud soil dredged from seabed. As a result of stand ordination based on vegetation data collected from the land, stands were arranged according to tolerance to salinity in the order of $Suaeda$ $maritima$, $Salicornia$ $europaea$, and $Phragmites$ $communis$ communities on the Axis 1. Landscape structure of the projected area was analyzed as well. Edges of the projected area were divided from the marginal waterway by the dike. Four types of vegetation appeared on the dike: $Alnus$ $firma$ plantation, $Robinia$ $pseudoacacia$ plantation, $Lespedeza$ $cyrtobotrya$ plantation, and grassland. In the more internal areas, two types of vegetation sequences appeared: $Aster$ $tripolium$ community-$Suaeda$ $glauca$ community-$Salicornia$ $europaea$ community sequence and $Aster$ $tripolium$ community-$Suaeda$ $maritima$ community-$S.$ $europaea$ community sequence. Mixed community showed the highest species diversity (H' = 0.86) and $S.$ $europaea$ community showed the lowest (H' = 0.0). Evenness is the highest in Mixed community (J' = 2.26) and the lowest in $S.$ $maritime-S.$ $europaea$ community (J' = 0.0). Several plant communities were successfully established on the land created by mud soil dredged from the bottom of Gwangyang Bay. Moreover, community diversity in this area approached a similar level with those from other studies involving natural salt marshes. Therefore, restoration effect based on community diversity obtained in our study can be evaluated as a successful achievement. In this respect, although most salt marshes in Korea and other places worldwide have been destroyed or disturbed by excessive land use, feasibility of seed bank as a restoration tool is greatly expected.

Prediction of Heat-treatment Time of Black Pine Log Damaged by Pine Wilt Disease (소나무재선충병 피해를 받은 곰솔 원목의 열처리 소요시간 예측)

  • Han, Yeonjung;Seo, Yeon-Ok;Jung, Sung-Cheol;Eom, Chang-Deuk
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.44 no.3
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    • pp.370-380
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    • 2016
  • The black pine logs damaged by pine wilt disease in Jeju-do were heat-treated to extend the utilization of domestic trees damaged by pine wilt disease. The heat-treatment of wood requires wood to be heated to $56^{\circ}C$ for 30 min at the core. The average moisture content and top-diameter of the black pine logs were ranged from 46% to 141% and from 180 mm to 500 mm, respectively. And the basic specific gravity and oven-dry specific gravity of the black pine logs were 0.47 and 0.52, respectively. The time required for heat-treatment at $105^{\circ}C$ temperature was ranged from 7.7 h to 44.2 h, depending on moisture content and top-diameter. The temperature distribution was used to predict the time required for heat-treatment of black pine log with various moisture contents and top-diameters using finite difference method. The thermal properties of wood including the thermal conductivity and specific heat in accordance with moisture content were calculated. Heat transfer coefficient for mixed convection in form of adding natural convection and forced convection was used for heat transfer analysis. The error between the measured and predicted values ranged from 3% to 45%. The predicted times required for heat-treatment of black pine log with 50% moisture content and 200 mm, 300 mm, and 400 mm top-diameter were 10.9 h, 18.3 h, and 27.0 h, respectively. If the initial moisture content of black pine log is 75%, heat treatment times of 13.6 h, 22.5 h, and 32.8 h were predicted in accordance with top-diameter. And if the initial moisture content of black pine log is 100%, heat treatment times of 16.2 h, 26.5 h, and 38.2 h were predicted in accordance with top-diameter. When the physical properties of logs damaged by pine wilt disease are presented, these results can be applicable to the heat-treatment of red pine and Korean pine logs as well.

Pathogenicity of Entomopathogenic Nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae Pocheon Strain Against Anomia mesogona and Anomis commoda(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (무궁화잎밤나방(Anomis mesogona)과 큰붉은잎밤나방(Anomis commoda)에 대한 Steinernema carpocapsae 포천 계통의 병원성)

  • Kim Hyeong-Hwan;Park Hyung-Soon;Cho Yoon-Jin;Lee Dong-Woon;Choo Ho-Yul;Goo Kwan-Hyo
    • Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.17-25
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    • 2005
  • Pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematde, Steinernema carpocapsae Pocheon strain (ScP) was evaluated against different larval stages(2nd, 3-4th and 5th) of Anomis commode and Anomis mesogona(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in petri dish and pot. The $LC_{50}$ values were increased in proportion to larval stage of A. commoda and A. mesogona. $LC_{50}$ value of ScP against 2nd instar of A. commoda and A. mesogona was 9.7 and 4.5, respectively. The 2nd instar of both species was also susceptible to ScP in pot test. That is, mortality of 2nd instar of A. commode and A. mesogona was higher representing $72.5\%\;and\;87.5\%$ 5 days later after treatment, respectively, when ScP was applied at the ,ate of 90,000 infective juveniles(Ijs) per $pot(=1\times10^9\;Ijs/ha)$. However, susceptibility was decreased from 3rd instar. Mortality of 5th instar of A. commoda and A. mesogona was $5.0\%\;and\;10.0\%$, respectively, at the rate of 90,000 Ijs/pot. When ScP was applied into pot including mixed larval stages from 2nd to 5th instar(10 larvae far 2nd instar, 10 larvae for 3rd - 4th instars, and 10 larvae for 5th instar) at the rate of 90,000 Ijs/pot, mortality of A. commoda and A. mesogona was $69.2\%\;and\;50.0\%$, respectively.