• KIEAE Journal
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.51-57
• /
• 2006

With people's awareness of environment-friendly buildings recently increasing, there is a need to develop environment-friendly construction materials to reduce indoorair pollution levels. Thus, efforts to develop loess finishing materials that can replace the finishing materials currently being used (e.g., gypsum boards and chemical products) are underway. An analysis of the characteristics of domestic loess products,however, revealed that the cracks on loess products can be lessened and their strength can be improved by adding chemical ingredients to them. Thus, this research sought to use 100% natural materials and to develop loess finishing materials. In the experiments that were conducted in this study, appropriate mixture ratios of loess and sand/silica sand were found, and cracks and contraction ratio changes in samples were analyzed by differentiating the ratios of natural ingredients, such as lime, fine jute threads, gypsum, and jute cuttings. Loess'particle size distribution was found to have a high correlation with loess decoration, and it was discovered that the mixture of lime and fine chute threads could improve the contraction ratio. Through this study, which made use of natural ingredients, environment-friendly construction materials that can exercise the original function of loess were developed.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
• /
• v.15 no.6
• /
• pp.39-46
• /
• 2003

The experiments about dyeing concentration, temperature and time were done using yellow, red and purple loess as natural inorganic dyes in order to verify a degree of dyeing, characteristics of color and fastness. The results were as following; 1. As a result of analyzing components of loess, purple loess was much than other loess in quartz component and coarse particles contained. This affected to the degree of dyeing. 2. The stronger dyeing concentration was, the more the degree of dyeing was improved, and yellow loess containing fine particles was the best in the degree of dyeing. 3. When it was dyed with raising up to $100^\circ{C}$ for 10 minutes after stirring for 20 minutes at $60^\circ{C}$, was better than on starting at $40^\circ{C}$ or $80^\circ{C}$ in the degree of dyeing. Also yellow loess was the best in these experiments. 4. Washing fastness of loess was low such as other natural dyes, but dyeing wasn't transferred to other textiles. On the other hand, light fastness of it was very excellent and rubbing fastness was relatively good as 3~3.5.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.619-627
• /
• 2000

Historically, dyed textiles were symbols of status and, because of their expense, reserved only for people of wealth and specalist, Early dye sources probably included plant, animal and mineral extracts. As synthetic dyes have been developed, beginning with synthetic indigo in 1897, reliance on natural dye sources diminished. But renewed interest in natural dyes is fueled by a pro-environment consumer aware of the ecological liabilities of the dye industry. Han Jee was imported from China where it was influenced to period of the three kingdoms(Silla, Baekje, Kokuryo). After that, Han Jee was used for paper in old Korea for long thime before paper was came with civilization. In this paper, dyeing of Han Jee with loess were investigated according to dyeing temperature, dyeing time, loess concentration, and effects of additives. As a reuslts, λmax of Han Jee dyed by loess was 710nm. ΔE values of Han Jee increased by loess concentration, dyeing time, dyeing temperature. Dyeing with additives treatment increased dyeability. Especially, Han Jee treated with aluminium acetate shows the largest dyeability of the Han Jee. The Han Jee dyed loess had very good lightfastness.

• KIEAE Journal
• /
• v.9 no.6
• /
• pp.13-18
• /
• 2009

Korean traditional houses have been developed in harmony with natural environment and comfortable indoor condition by using the natural resources including building layout, space composition and materials. Originally Korea traditional architectures have used wood lintel constructions and loess walls through the many years. Theses loess have many strength such as highly heat capacity, controling of humidity, a deodorant than any other materials. Nowaday it is recommended to use exterior and interior walls in loess wall to meet the eco-friendly materials to improve our residental environmental. Thus this study aims to research the sound insulation performance of traditional loess brick wall varied with thickness, thermal insulation materials and cavity wall. The sound insulation performance of these loess walls are compared with other masonry wall's and sound insulation performance of th walls were tested in anechoic laboratory to measure the sound transmission loss of these walls. The loess brick wall with 75mm thickness of cavity is shown the sound insulation performance with Rw 57 which is nearly same performances of 1B brick wall and cement 8' block wall, The improving effect of insulation materials is shown in the high frequency bandwidth. Especially, there is improving as much as 11 dB using the extruded poly stylene form(75mm) and poly ethylene film(0.7mm).

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2006

Tannin treatment has been used for improving the color fastness of dyed materials. In natural dyeing, the tannin treatment is highly effective in improving the fastness. The chitosan treatment also improves the fastness and depth of shade in natural dyeing. In this study, the effects of tannin and chitosan pre-treatment on the color and fastness in loess dyeing were investigated. Cotton woven fabric specimens and cotton knit fabric specimens were pre-treated with chitosan solution in acetic acid, and the specimens were then treated with or without tannin. The specimens were finally dyed with loess. The tannin treatment decreased the K/S values, while the chitosan treatment increased the K/S. Both the tannin treatment and the chitosan treatment increased the wash fastness and light fastness. In tannin treatment, tannin component and Fe component of loess may react together to decrease the lightness and develop dark color. For maintaining inherent color of the loess, it is much preferable to employ chitosan treatment rather than tannin treatment.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.44-51
• /
• 2012

In this study, hardened loess bodies, which did not compose of cement or any chemical binder, were made and tested to evaluate the physical properties such as slump, air content, and compressive strength. Addition of a natural binding material to mixture of loess and lime showed better performance in physical properties. However a lime among natural binding materials is considered as a superior binder to improve the properties of the hardened bodies. According to the experimental results, mixing proportion with 45% of W/B ratio, $285kg/m^3$ of water content, and 60% lime substitution ratio was recommended to acquire the good performance of physical properties for the hardened loess bodies.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.50-56
• /
• 2012

In this study, loess composites, loess with lanthanum and with aluminum, were made and evaluated for treatment of phosphorus removal in natural water system. Desiccation method for production of loess composite was superior to centrifugation method in obtaining high concentrated composites of lanthanum and aluminum. Washing of loess lanthanum composite by water did not deteriorat the lanthanum concentration in the composite, but this lowered the aluminum concentration of loess aluminum composite. Total of 15 and 37.5% of aluminum contents were removed after first washing treatment in aluminum loess of 0.05% and 0.1% respectively. However, no more aluminum loss was monitored with increase of washing times. Phosphorus removal efficiencies were not decreased with washed loess aluminum composite. Phosphorus removal was successfully achieved by adsorption of phosphate to loess composite at pH range of 5.0 ~ 8.0. Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm was observed in the adsorption of phosphate for loess composite. Dosages of 0.05% and 0.1% lanthanum composite for 95% of phosphorus removal could reduce its usage amount to 25% and 50%, respectively, comparing with dosage of loess alone. Dosages of 0.05% and 0.1% aluminum composite could reduce its usage amount to 48% and 63%, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.141-146
• /
• 2011

Loess, a natural clay, was evaluated as an adsorbent for the decolorization of Acid Orange II, an azo and reactive dye, from aqueous solution. Adsorption studies were performed at $30^{\circ}C$ and the effect of reaction time, loess dosage, initial concentration, loess particle size, pH, agitation rate were investigated to determine the optimum operation conditions. The removal efficiencies of color were measured to evaluate the effectiveness of loess. From this study, it was found that optimal reaction time was 10 min. Color removal efficiencies of Acid Orange II were increased as higher loess dosage, initial concentration and agitation rate. However, color removal efficiencies decreased when pH is high and loess particle becomes large. Adsorption of Acid Orange II fitted to the pseudo-second-order rate kinetics more than first-order rate kinetics. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm constants and correlation coefficients were calculated and compared. It was concluded that the adsorption data of Acid Orange II onto loess fitted to the Freundlich model more than Langmuir model.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.193-199
• /
• 2013

This study dyed rayon fabric using loess as a natural colorant. To obtain the optimal dyeing conditions, various dyeing conditions were examined (temperature, pH, time, and concentration). The color fastness was evaluated using standard washing and rubbing fastness tests. The results were as follows: The loess powder particle size ranged from 0.4 to $1.7{\mu}m$ with a distribution range of 1.1 to $1.4{\mu}m$, representing a fine and uniform manufactured loess powder. The loess component analysis showed a large amount of silicon dioxide and aluminum oxide. TheFT-IR spectra showed that the ammonium group in the rayon fabric produced N-H banding at $1,540cm^{-1}$. The highest K/S value for the rayon fabric was obtained when the pH was 8.0, and this value increased rapidly with a longer dyeing time and when increasing the loess concentration to 30% (w/v). Pre-treatment with a soybean solution produced the highest K/S value for the rayon fabric with a loess concentration of 30% (w/v). The SEM analysis showed a higher amount of loess adhered to the rayon fabric surface when increasing the loess concentration. However, pre-treatment with a cationic agent and soybean solution resulted in a much higher attachment of loess to the fabric surface. Thus, the experimental results showed that using a cationized fabric and pre-treatment with a soybean solution are more effective when dyeing rayon fabric with loess than when using only loess.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.20 no.6
• /
• pp.46-54
• /
• 2015

Toxicity and uptake of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in three different soils (OECD soil, natural soil and loess) to earthworm (Eisenia fetida) were investigated at several different spiked concentrations of TNT (0 to 200 mg/kg for OECD and natural soils, and 0 to 35 mg/kg for loess) and for different exposure periods (7, 14, 21, and 28 d). The LC₅₀ values for 7 d exposure were 160.1, 159.4, and 28.81 mg/kg for OECD soil, natural soil, and loess, respectively. The LC₅₀ values for 14, 21, and 28 d exposure were almost the same as those for 7 d exposure, showing that 7 d exposure time was enough to decide the toxicity (LC₅₀) of TNT to Eisenia fetida, because the highest concentration of TNT in earthworm body was observed within around 5 d. The LC₅₀ and uptake of TNT in loess were higher than those in OECD and natural soil. The uptake of TNT to the earthworm were correlated well with the initial concentration of TNT in the soil and TNT porewater concentration (R²> 0.9 in OECD, natural, and loess). The concentration of TNT in earthworm body decreased after 5 d, possibly caused by natural degradation of TNT by soil bacteria as well as earthworm.