• 건축역사연구
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.15-26
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• 2018

As a result of reviewing various documents and existing researches, since the late Goryeo period, the most active period in the Ondol(溫突, Korean floor heating system) facilities is the 17th century. The phenomenological reason was recovering the buildings destroyed by the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592(壬辰倭亂) & the Manchu War of 1636(丙子胡亂), but the underlying cause was an abnormal climate in which a pair of summer and winter cold continued. In the 17th century, as the Ondol facilities grew rapidly without distinction between regions and classes, the supply and demand of fuel caused economic and natural environmental problems. And a negative and positive view on Ondol was suggested. Since the middle of the 18th century, when the demand and supply of Ondol reached its peak, which could no longer increase, a new awareness of Ondol began to grow. The room was called the Panbang(板房) and the Ondol, depending on the material that made up the floor. It was considered natural to have the Ondol from this time on. The Incan(因間) and Jo(竈) that were made to burn were started to be recorded as a kitchen, regardless of size and function. Changes in social awareness of Ondol have led to concerns about heating efficiency. A variety of architectural explorations were conducted. Such a search was later realized in concrete architectural form. There is a double Ondoll structure, and the column spacing is reduced compared to the previous one. The heat buffer space is formed around the Ondol room, and the double window can control the light and the air going in and out.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.369-380
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• 2017

The effects of the vertical component of a ground motion on the earthquake performances of semi-ductile high-rise R/C structures were investigated in the present study. Linear and non-linear time-history analyses were conducted on an existing in-service R/C building for the loading scenarios including and excluding the vertical component of the ground motion. The ratio of the vertical peak acceleration to the horizontal peak acceleration (V/H) of the ground motion was adopted as the main parameter of the study. Three different near-source earthquake records with varying V/H ratio were used in the analyses. The linear time-history analyses indicated that the incorporation of the vertical component of a ground motion into analyses greatly influences the vertical deflections of a structure and the overturning moments at its base. The lateral deflections, the angles of rotation and the base shear forces were influenced to a lesser extent. Considering the key indicators of vertical deflection and overturning moments determined from the linear time-history analysis, the non-linear analyses revealed that the changes in the forces and deformations of the structure with the inclusion of the vertical ground motion are resisted by the shear-walls. The performances and damage states of the beams were not affected by the vertical ground motion. The vertical ground motion component of earthquakes is markedly concluded to be considered for design and damage estimation of the vertical load-bearing elements of the shear-walls and columns.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.251-263
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• 2008

Eight species and four genera belonging to two families of antipatharians have been reported in Korea. In the present study, the major specimens were collected from the coastal areas of Jejudo Island from 2005 to 2006, and the other ones which have been deposited in the Natural History Museum and the Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University during the period from 1965 to 2004 were reexamined. As a result of this work, four species, Myriopathes bifaria, M. stechowi, M. ulex and Plumapathes pennacea are new to Korean antipatharian fauna. In this study, total six species including previously recorded species of the family Myriopathidae were described. And the distribution range of Myriopathes lata was turned out to be expanded from southwestern sea to the eastern sea, up to Ulleungdo Is. of Korea. Especially, the sexuality and the gonadal stage of M. lata which are collected during their reproduction period were also determined by means of histological analysis.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2001년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.128-131
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• 2001

We evaluated natural attenuation of petroleum hydrocarbons in a shallow aquifer using a modeling study. The studied shallow aquifer was severely contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, especially toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (i.e, TEX). The exact spill history was not known. Therefor we used a contaminant level in May 1999 (the first sampling date of our integrated study) as an initial contaminant concentration. we calibrated required transport parameters using the contamination levels obtained from groundwater analyses in September of 1999. For fate and transport of the petroleum contaminants, five case 2 with sorption and degradation. case 3 with sorption and degradation (half decay constant compared with case 2), case 4 with degradation but no sorption, and case 5 with sorption but no degradation. For sorption and degradation, a linear sorption isotherm and first order irreversible decay was assumed, respectively and no additional contamination source to groundwater is also assumed.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.209-214
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• 2008

Six species, four genera belonging to two families of antipatharians have been reported in Korea. In the present study, the major specimens were collected from the coastal areas of Jejudo Island from 2005 to 2006, and the other ones which have been deposited in the Natural History Museum and the Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University during the period from 1965 to 2004 were reexamined. As a result of this work, two species, Cirripathes spiralis and Stichopathes filiformis, are newly recorded to Korean antipatharian fauna.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.87-105
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• 1999

A objective of this study is to examine a commercial practices and analyze a trade environment for a successful launch of Indonesian market. In general, Indonesian trade environment is composed of a natural environment, religious peculiarity, history and politic, an economic prospect. In order to understand a commercial practice exactly and then be possible a favorable business achievement, a natural character, a mode of living, custom of a meal and invitation, custom of gift, religious taboo, a human relationship, commercial power, a tendency of product preference should be recognized. The results of the study indicate mostly that even though an excellent brand image, a good Quality and an efficient sales network are a basic factor for making of a successful business. However practically it is more important to understand a business custom and a natural character of Indonesian. Because business is made up of through relation between human being eventually.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.23-28
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• 1999

Sensilla on the aedeagi of 4 species under the genus Damaster were studied using scanning electron microscopy. A total of 37 types of sensilla were distinguished from the aedeagi of the species examined. The number of sensilla types was the largest in D. (Coptolabrus) smaragdinus branickii, 25, and 23 in D. (C.) jankowskii jankowskii. In D. (Acoptolabrus) gehinii gehinii and D. (Damaster) blaptoides blaptoides, 22 and 21 types of sensilla were found, respectively. External morphology and distribution patterns of sensilla were also described. The phylogenetic relationships among the species were discussed based on their distribution patterns.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.319-329
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• 2020

The sponge-dwelling shrimp, Anchistioides compressus Paulson, 1875, is recorded from Munseom Islet, Jejudo Island, Korea for the first time. All specimens were collected inside the orange coloured sponges by trimix diving at depth from 36-45 m on the rocky reef slope. Anchistioides compressus is characterized by the shape of the rostrum, the posterolateral teeth of the sixth somite, stylocerite being well developed, the anterior margin of the scaphocerite sharply produced, and the biunguiculate dactyli of the ambulatory pereiopods, as well as the proportions of the fingers of the second pereiopods. An illustrated description of the specimens and colour photo are provided to aid future recognition.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.832-846
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• 2020

Service organizations increasingly adopt data-based intelligent engines called chatbots in support of the interaction between customers and the companies. Two different types of chatbots have been suggested and introduced by companies leading the adoption of this emerging technology: rule-based chatbots and natural language processing-based chatbots. While the differences between these two types of technologies look relatively clear, the organizational and practical impacts of the differences have not been systematically explored. This study performed an experiment to compare the use of the two different types of chatbots used in practice by two comparable organizations. These two types of actual chatbots were used by Korean on-line shopping malls with similar business models (mobile shopping), length of history, size and reputation. The comparison was made based on such dimensions as usability, searchability, reliability and attractiveness. Contraty to conventional expectation that the superiority in technology will produce superior usability, the results show mixed superiority. The discussion on the reasons is presented.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제83권4호
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• pp.429-440
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• 1994

휴양공간(休養空間)의 환경특성(環境特性)과 이용자의 행동(行動) 및 인지반응(認知反應)과의 상호관계를 밝혀, 자연지역에 존재하는 다양(多樣)한 이용 공간에 대한 휴양(休養) 평가(評價)를 실시하였다. 본 연구는 일본(日本) 대판부(大阪府)의 자연공원내(自然公園內)에 있는 수림(樹林), 수변공간(水邊空間), 자유광장(自由廣場) 및 기타 휴양시설(休養施設)들을 연구대상 공간으로 설정하고, 현지 이용자에 대한 직접(直接) 설문 조사를 실시하여 얻어진 정보를 분석한 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 수림(樹林)과 수변공간(水邊空間)은 야외 휴양 공간의 기본적 구성요소인 것으로 판단된다. 수림은 임층구성(林層構成)에 따라 휴양 평가의 차이가 있다. 특히 활엽수림(闊葉樹林)은 그 효용성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 2) 자유광장(自由廣場)은 활용성이 광범위한 휴양 공간이지만 이용 형태에 대응한 공간규모나 지형 등을 설정하여야 하며, 지피식물(地被植物)의 도입과 철저한 관리가 요청된다. 3) 야외 휴양 공간내의 인공시설(人工施設)(전망대(展望臺), 곤충관(昆蟲館), 캠프장(場))은 휴양적(休養的) 평가치(評價値)가 낮은 것으로 나타났으나 다양한 이용성이 있으므로 야외 휴양 활동에 반드시 필요한 것으로 생각된다. 다만 그 설치에 있어서 주변의 자연경관(自然景觀)과 환경용량(環境容量)을 신중히 고려하여야 한다. 4) 전통적인 역사(歷史), 문화시설(文化施設)도 야외 휴양자원의 귀중한 구성요소가 되고 있음이 인정됨으로 이에 대한 지속적인 보전 대책이 강구되어야 할 것이다.