• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.205-210
• /
• 2010

본 논문은 체내외 실험에서 생강 나무 추출물 (LOE)의 항혈소판과 항혈전 활성에 대한 내용으로 주요 내용은 다음과 같다. 생강 나무는 심혈관과 염증성 질환에 사용되는 전통 약초이다. LOE의 항혈소판과 항혈전 활성은 체외 실험으로 혈소판 응집과 라디칼 소거 활성을 관찰하였고, 체내 실험으로 폐동맥 혈전증을 관찰하였다. LOE는 농도 의존적으로 $IC_{50}$ 값이 3.9 ${\pm}$ 0.1 ${\mu}g$/ml인 안정된 DPPH 라디칼을 소거하였고, $IC_{50}$ 값이 0.9 ${\pm}$ 0.1 mg/ml와 0.4 ${\pm}$ 0.1 mg/ml인 콜라겐-유도 혈소판 응집과 ADP-유도 혈소판 응집을 농도 의존적으로 저해하였다. LOE의 저해 효과는 $IC_{50}$ 값이 1.0 ${\pm}$ 0.5와 1.0 ${\pm}$ 0.7 mg/ml인 아스피린과 비교하였다. LOE의 경구 투여는 콜라겐과 에피네프린의 정맥 주사로 유도된 폐동맥 혈전증을 가진 생쥐 사망을 억제하였다. 따라서 LOE는 항혈소판 활성에 기인하는 항혈전제 이다는 내용이다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
• /
• 제18권3호
• /
• pp.740-746
• /
• 2004

In order to identify the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of natural herbal extracts, widely used in the Korean traditional medicine, an in vitro screening system was designed using pGL3, a luciferase reporter vector, and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and cyclooxygenase (COX)-II as target genes. The promoter regions of each gene was generated by PCR using the human chromosome as template DNA, and inserted into pGL3 vector with Kpnl and Hindlll. The final construct was transfected into human myleomonocytic leukemia cells (U937) that could be differentiated and activated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Using this system, we tested the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of several herbal extracts being regarded to have the medicinal effects of diminishing the body heat and complementing Qi. The well-known chemicals of PD98059 and berberine chloride were used as controls of the transcriptional inhibitors of TNF-α and COX-II, respectively. Among them, Salvia miltiorrhiza (Dan-Sam) was found to exhibit the significant medicinal properties of anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.45-56
• /
• 2013

본 연구에서는 자원 재활용을 위해 시멘트를 전혀 사용하지 않고 잠재 수경성을 지닌 고로슬래그를 이용하여 사질토를 고결시키고자 하였다. 알칼리 활성화제에 의해 경화되는 고로슬래그의 함유량과 알칼리 활성화제의 종류를 달리 하여 이들이 사질토의 조기강도에 미치는 영향에 대하여 연구하였다. 고로슬래그의 함유량을 사질토의 4, 8, 12, 16%로 하고 여섯 종류(두 종류의 천연재료, 네 종류의 화학약품)의 알칼리 활성화제를 사용하여 공시체를 제작하였다. 제작한 공시체는 3일 또는 7일 동안 대기중 양생한 다음 일축압축강도시험을 실시하였다. 알칼리 활성화제 종류에 따른 일축압축강도는 탄산칼륨, 수산화칼슘, 수산화나트륨, 수산화칼륨 순으로 높게 측정되었으며, 동일한 성분을 가진 천연재료보다 화학약품을 사용한 공시체의 일축압축강도가 높게 나타났다. 3일 양생한 공시체 중 최대 일축압축 강도가 발현된 것은 16%의 고로슬래그에 수산화칼륨을 사용한 경우로 3MPa 정도의 강도가 측정되었으며, 이는 초속 경시멘트 16%를 사용한 공시체 강도의 37%에 해당된다. 알칼리 활성화제 종류에 관계없이 고로슬래그 함유량이 증가함에 따라 건조밀도가 증가하면서 일축압축강도도 증가하였으며, 양생기간이 3일에서 7일로 증가함에 따라 최대 97%의 강도 증가가 발생하였다. 고결된 모래의 XRD 분석 결과 C-S-H 화합물이 생성되었으며, SEM 분석 결과에서는 고로슬래그 함유량이 증가할수록 생성되는 수화물도 증가하여 모래 입자를 에워싸는 형태를 보였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.402-413
• /
• 2001

Food safety is a term broadly applied to food quality that may adversely affect human health. These include zoonotic diseases and acute and chronic effects of ingesting natural and human-made xenobiotics. There are two major areas of concern over the presence of residues of antibiotics in animal-derived foodstuffs with regard to human health. The first is allergic reactions. Some antibiotics, such as penicillins can evoke allergic reactions even though small amounts of them are ingested or exposed by parenteral routes. The second is development of antibiotic resistance in gut bacteria of human. Recently multi-resistant pneumococcal, glycopeptide-resistant enterococci and gram negative bacteria with extended-spectrum $\beta$-lactamases have spread all over the world, and are now a serious therapeutic problem in human. Although it is evident that drugs are required in the efficient production of meat, milk and eggs, their indiscriminate use should never be substituted for hygienic management of farm. Drug should be used only when they are required. In addition to veterinary drugs, environmental contaminants that were contaminated in feed, water and air can make residues in animal products. Mycotoxins, heavy metals, pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals derived from industries can be harmful both to animal and human health. Most of organic contaminants, such as dioxin, PCBs and DDT, and metals are persistent in environment and biological organisms and can be accumulated in fat and hard tissues. Some of them are suspected to have endocrine disrupting, carcinogenic, teratogenic, immunodepressive and nervous effects. The governmental agencies concerned make efforts to prevent residue problems; approval of drugs including withdrawal times of each preparation of drugs, establishment of tolerances, guidelines regarding drug use and sanitation enforcement of livestock products. National residue program is conducted to audit the status of the chemical residues in foods. Recently HACCP has been introduced to promote food safety from farm to table by reducing hazardous biological, chemical and physical factors. Animal Production Food Safety Program, Quality Assurance Programs, Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank are para- or non-governmental activities ensuring food safety. This topic will cover classification and usage or sources of chemical residues, their adverse effects, and chemical residue status of some countries. Issues are expanded to residue detection methodologies, toxicological and pharmacokinetic backgrounds of MRL and withdrawal time establishments, and the importance of non-governmental activities with regard to reducing chemical residues in food.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.359-366
• /
• 1993

Molds are eucaryotic, multicellular, multinucleate, filamentous organisms that reproduce by forming asexual and sexual spores. The spores are readily spread through the air and because they are very light-weight and tend to behave like dust particles, they are easily disseminated on air currents. Molds therefore are ubiquitous organisms that are found everywhere, throughout the environment. The natural habitat of most molds is the soil where they grow on and break down decaying vegetable matter. Thus, where there is decaying organic matter in an area, there are often high numbers of mold spores in the atmosphere of the environment. Molds are common contaminants of plant materials, including grains and seeds, and therefore readily contaminate human foods and animal feeds. Molds can tolerate relatively harsh environments and adapt to more severe stresses than most microorganisms. They require less available moisture for growth than bacteria and yeasts and can grow on substrates containing concentrations of sugar or salt that bacteria can not tolerate. Most molds are highly aerobic, requiring oxygen for growth. Molds grow over a wide temperature range, but few can grow at extremely high temperatures. Molds have simple nutritional requirements, requiring primarily a source of carbon and simple organic nitrogen. Because of this, molds can grow on many foods and feed materials and cause spoilage and deterioration. Some molds ran produce toxic substances known as mycotoxins, which are toxic to humans and animals. Mold growth in foods can be controlled by manipulating factors such as atmosphere, moisture content, water activity, relative humidity and temperature. The presence of other microorganisms tends to restrict mold growth, especially if conditions are favorable for growth of bacteria or yeasts. Certain chemicals in the substrate may also inhibit mold growth. These may be naturally occurring or added for the purpose of preservation. Only a relatively few of the approximately 100,000 different species of fungi are involved in the deterioration of food and agricultural commodities and production of mycotoxins. Deteriorative and toxic mold species are found primarily in the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Alternaria, Trichothecium, Trichoderma, Rhizopus, Mucor and Cladosporium. While many molds can be observed as surface growth on foods, they also often occur as internal contaminants of nuts, seeds and grains. Mold deterioration of foods and agricultural commodities is a serious problem world-wide. However, molds also pose hazards to human and animal health in the form of mycotoxins, as infectious agents and as respiratory irritants and allergens. Thus, molds are involved in a number of human and animal diseases with serious implication for health.

• 한국습지학회지
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.529-534
• /
• 2013

본 연구에서는 4대강 수계를 중심으로 발생한 각종 수질오염사고를 분석하였고, 수질오염방제 센터에서 수행한 업무도 평가한 후, 향후 발생하게 될 수질오염사고에 대한 대응 체계에 대하여 고찰하였다. 2007년부터 2012년까지 발생한 수질오염사고는 연평균 66.7건이었으나, 인명피해 사고는 없었다. 한강권역에서 89건(25.4%)으로 가장 높았으며, 낙동강권역에서 71건(20.3%), 금강권역에서 42건(12%), 영산강권역에서 28건(8%)이 발생한 것으로 조사되었고, 주요 4대강을 제외한 기타 하천에서도 104건(29.7%)이 발생했다. 관리부주의로 인한 사고가 가장 높은 비율인 179건(51.1%)을 차지하였고, 기타 80건(22.7%), 자연현상 70건(19.9%) 및 교통사고 21건(5.9%) 순으로 나타났다. 방제지원 실적은 유류유출로 인한 오염사고 발생 건수가 51건으로 전체의 대부분인 45건(89%), 수환경변화로 인한 물고기 폐사 사고 5건(9%), 화학물질 유출로 인한 오염사고 건수는 1건(2%)으로 분석되었다. 수질오염사고 발생시의 대응체계를 분석한 결과, 대형사고 및 중소형사고 모두 국가 전문기관, 즉 수질오염방제센터의 역할 또는 임무에 대한 법제화가 필요한 실정이다.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.143-150
• /
• 2007

Although animal and epidemiological studies have suggested oxidative stress as an etiological factor in pathogenesis including cancer, inflammation, sepsis, fibrosis, cardiovascularlneurodegenerative diseases and aging-related disorders, conflicting results have been obtained in clinical trial with antioxidants. The reason for this discrepancy remains unknown but may be due, in part, to the lack of a validated assay system for evaluating antioxidant capacity. The antioxidant activity of a series of sugar alcohols against peroxyl radicals, hydroxyl radicals and peroxynitrites was determined by the total oxy-radical scavenging capacity (TOSC) assay and cell-based assay using H4IIE cells. Specific TOSC values calculated from the slope of the linear regression for erythritol, xylitol, sorbitol or mannitol against peroxyl radicals was $2.1{\pm}0.2,\;3.7{\pm}0.3,\;9.1{\pm}0.3$ or $8.7{\pm}1.1$ TOSC/mM, respectively. Specific TOSC values for erythritol, xylitol, sorbitol or mannitol against peroxynitrite was $1.9{\pm}0.3,\;3.9{\pm}0.4,\;7.8{\pm}0.7$ or $7.7{\pm}0.5$ TOSC/mM, respectively. These results suggest that oxy-radical scavenging capacity is dependent on the number of aliphatic hydroxyl group in sugar alcohols of monosaccharide. Tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced cell toxicity determined by MTT assay was marginally attenuated by 10 mM erythritol, but completely inhibited by 10 mM xylitol, 2 mM sorbitol or 0.75 mM maltitol, a disaccharide alcohol. Oxidative stress markers, such as glutathione (GSH) and malondial-dehyde (MDA) levels, were measured in t-BHP-treated cells using HPLC equipped with a fluorescence detector and a reverse phase column. Erythritol did not change the levels of GSH and MDA in H411E cells treated with t-BHP. The t-BHP-induced changes in cellular GSH and MDA levels were ameliorated by 10 mM xylitol and completely blocked by 10 mM sorbitol and maltitol. These results indicate that sugar alcohols protect cells against oxidative stress via scavenging oxy-radical and suggest that TOSC assay in conjunction with cell-based assay is a valid method for evaluating antioxidant capacity of natural and synthetic chemicals.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.309-316
• /
• 2017

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 (TRPV3) is a non-selective cation channel with modest permeability to calcium ions. It is involved in intracellular calcium signaling and is therefore important in processes such as thermal sensation, skin barrier formation, and wound healing. TRPV3 was initially proposed as a warm temperature sensor. It is activated by synthetic small-molecule chemicals and plant-derived natural compounds such as camphor and eugenol. Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill (SC) has diverse pharmacological properties including antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing activities. It is extensively used as an oriental herbal medicine for the treatment of various diseases. In this study, we investigated whether SC fruit extracts and seed oil, as well as four compounds isolated from the fruit can activate the TRPV3 channel. By performing whole-cell patch clamp recording in HEK293T cells overexpressing TRPV3, we found that the methanolic extract of SC fruit has an agonistic effect on the TRPV3 channel. Furthermore, electrophysiological analysis revealed that ${\gamma}$-schisandrin, one of the isolated compounds, activated TRPV3 at a concentration of $30{\mu}M$. In addition, ${\gamma}$-schisandrin (${\sim}100{\mu}M$) increased cytoplasmic $Ca^{2+}$ concentrations by approximately 20% in response to TRPV3 activation. This is the first report to indicate that SC extract and ${\gamma}$-schisandrin can modulate the TRPV3 channel. This report also suggests a mechanism by which ${\gamma}$-schisandrin acts as a therapeutic agent against TRPV3-related diseases.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
• /
• 제5권2호
• /
• pp.126-132
• /
• 2009

The usage and types of chemicals are advancing, specializing, large-scaled increasing, and new chemical exposed workers are concerning to occupational disease. The generation of reactive oxygen in the body from carcinogen, mutation and DNA damage in cancer is protected by natural antioxidants (phytochemicals) with antimutagenic effect. There were many reports of ginsenoside Rb$_1$, Rg$_1$ grievances of the genetic mutation to suppress the effect confirm the genetic toxicity test with chromosomal aberration test and the Comet (SCGE) assay confirmed the suppression effect occurring chromosomal DNA damage. We had wanted to evaluate the compatibility and sensitivity between the chromosomal aberration (CA) test and the Comet assay. We used the CA test and Comet assay to evaluate the anti-genotoxicity of ginsenoside Rb$_1$ and Rg$_1$, in CHO-K1 (Chinese hamster ovary fibroblast) cell in vitro, composed negative control (solvent), positive control (benzo[a]pyrene), test group (carcinogen+variety concentration of ginsenoside) group. The positive control was benzo[a]pyrene (50 $\mu$M), well-known carcinogen, and the negative control was the 1 % DMSO solvent. The test group was a variety concentration of ginsenoside Rb$_1$, Rg$_1$ with 10$^{-8}$%, 10$^{-6}$%, 10$^{-4}$%, 10$^{-2}$%, 1%, 10%. In chromo-somal aberration test, we measured the number of cells with abnormally structured chromosome. In Comet assay, the Olive tail moment (OTM) and Tail length (TL) values were measured. The ratio of cell proliferation was increased 8.3% in 10$^{-8}$%, 10$^{-6}$%, 10$^{-4}$%, 10$^{-2}$%, 1%, 10% Rb$_1$ treated groups, and increased 10.4% in 10$^{-10}$%, 10$^{-8}$%, 10$^{-6}$%, 10$^{-4}$%, 10$^{-2}$%, 1% Rg$_1$ treated groups. In the CA test, the number of chromosomal aberration was decreased all the Rb$_1$ and Rg$_1$ treated groups. In the Comet assay, the OTM values were decreased in all the Rb$_1$ and Rg$_1$ treated groups. To evaluate the compatibility between CA and Comet assay, we compared the reducing ratio of chromosomal abnormalities with its OTM values, it was identified the antimutagenicity of ginsenoside, but it was more sensitive the CA test than the Comet assay. Ginsenoside Rb$_1$ and Rg$_1$ significantly decrease the number of cells with chromosomal aberration, and decrease the extent of DNA migration. Therefore, ginsenoside Rb$_1$, Rg$_1$ are thought as an antioxidant phytochemicals to protect mutagenicity. The in vitro Comet assay seems to be less sensitive than the in vitro chromosomal aberration test.

• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제40권4호
• /
• pp.437-443
• /
• 1995

오리방사에 의한 화학제 기능대체 효과와 유기미의 수량 및 품질을 검토코자 사양질답에 관행 시비량의 70%를 감비하고 일품벼를 중묘 이앙하여 이앙 3주후에 3주령오리를 10a당 30마리 밀도로 방사하고 무농약으로 재배하여 시험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 오리 3년차 방사논의 방사 직전 잡초 발생수는 무방사구보다 거의 반으로 줄어들었으나 피의 발생은 오히려 현저히 증가되었고 최고분얼기 잡초방제가는 관행 88%보다 92%로 높았으나 그 이후에 피의 방제는 효과가 적었다. 2. 오리 방사는 벼물바구미와 멸구류, 기타 곤충등과 소동물을 거의 포식하였으나 수잉기에 발생된 혹명나방피해는 방제하지 못하였다. 3. 오리 방사구는 관행구보다 표면수가 항상 현탁되어 있고 표층토의 산화환원전위차가 높아 유수형성기의 엽색이 관행 38.6보다 41.8로서 더 짙은 녹색을 유지하였으며 등숙기 까지 높은 근활력을 유지하였다. 4. 오리 방사구에서는 유기미 쌀수량이 648kg /10로서 관행구보다 3% 증수되었고 생산된 유기미는 '94년 고온년의 특이성으로 청미비율이 높아 관능검사에 의한 식미는 약간 나쁜 경미한 차이를 보였다.