• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.473-481
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• 2006

Readability, an indicator measuring the easiness of reading letters, has been known an important element that determines the communicative effectiveness of the self-guided interpretive signs. However, there are few studies to find out how the readability of the signs influence visitor's attraction and reading behavior of interpretive signs. This study examined the relationship between readability of interpretive signs and attraction, preferences, and intent to recommend reading signs to others. Data were collected from August to November of 2003 at a self-guided trail of Naejangsan National Park, Korea. 350 out of 375 responses from subjects who participated in the questionnaire survey were usable. Results showed that readability of the signs is related with the attraction, preferences, and intention of recommending reading signs to others. The higher the readability of the signs were, the higher the attraction, preferences, and intention of recommending reading signs were. Attraction and preferences were also positively related with intention of recommending reading signs. Preferences better explained intention of recommending reading signs than readability and attraction. These findings suggest that enhancing readability of the signs may lead to higher participation in reading them.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.105-112
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• 2013

Socially, citizens' safety needs get higher, therefore support system of emergency vehicles is desperate as it is one of national services. For emergency vehicles, rapid departure and prompt field arrival are necessary. However, delay of departure occurs frequently due to traffic jam within a city so it makes citizens suffer from inappropriate service. Thus this study researched overseas examples in order to adduce solution of obstacles we have when passing through bridges and tunnel. In order to help emergency vehicles to move smoothly, a proposal of design and method for rapid support system was made.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.159-169
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• 2006

Interpretive sign is a communication medium that is often used in self-guided interpretation. Understanding interpretive signs and their users is important to maximize the effectiveness of interpretation. This study evaluated design attributes of interpretive signs by visitor's personal characteristics and visiting patterns using Importance-Performance Analysis(IPA). Data were collected from August to September of 2003 at the self-guided trail in Naejangsan National Park, Korea. Visitors using the trail participated in a questionnaire survey, and a total of 276 subiects was used for data analysis. The IPA results showed that female(23.3%) than male(13.3%), low age group(43.3%) than middle(0.0%) and high age group(0.0%), higher education group(36.7%) than lower education group(0.0%), medium size group(33.3%) than large(10.0%) or small group(16.7%), 'with child' group(66.7%) than 'without child' group(20.0%) rated higher importance and lower performance on more design attributes of the interpretive signs. These groups also showed higher rate of 'Concentrate Here(CH)' attributes that require urgent improvement. The 'with child' group showed the especially high rate of 'CH' attributes. The results suggest that interpretive signs need to be designed considering diverse user groups. It is also necessary to develop some standardized items of the sign design attributes for more efficient and reliable implementation of IPA and other evaluative works.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.181-192
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• 2021

This study surveyed visitors' perceptions of Mudeungsan National Park's Seoseokdae Trail Section (STS) on the visitor reservation system (VRS). Data were collected from 248 visitors to STS selected through convenient sampling in May 2019. The majority (86.9%) of the respondents rated their overall experience in STS as either "no problem at all" or "little problem". Moreover, 43.0% of the respondents were aware of the VRS. The most popular information source for VRS was the Internet (49.7%), followed by other people (18.4%) and broadcasting media, e.g., TV (17.7%). While 69.9% of the respondents thought that implementation of VRS would be effective in improving managerial conditions of the STS, respondents perceived that "cumbersome reservation procedures" (79.3%) of the VRS operation was the most important problem, followed by "unfairness associated with Internet familiarity gap" (78.7%) and "deprivation of the opportunities to visit freely" (76.3%). The support for VRS implementation was higher among higher-aged, married, higher-educated, more frequent STS visitors, Gwangju residents, and solo visitors than the other groups. The "knowledge level about VRS" and "the awareness level about potential problems associated with VRS operation" negatively influenced the support for the implementation of VRS, while "the perceived managerial effectiveness of VRS" positively influenced it.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 2008

Radiotherapy would be the choice of treatment for human cancers, because of high cost-effectiveness. However, a certain population of patients shows a resistance to radiotherapy and recurrence. In an effort to increase the efficacy of radiotherapy, many efforts were driven to find the genes causing the unresponsiveness to ionizing radiation. In this paper, we compared the gene expression profiles of two lung cancer cell lines, H460 and H1299, which showed differential responses to ionizing radiations. Each cell were irradiated at 2 Gy, and harvested after 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours to examine the expressions. Two-way ANOVA analysis on time-series experiments of two cells could select 2863 genes differentially expressed upon ionizing radiation among 32,321 genes in microarray (p<0.05). We classified these genes into 21 clusters by SOM clustering according to the interaction between cell types and time. Two SOM clusters were enriched with apoptosis-related genes in pathway analysis. One cluster contained higher levels of phosphatidyl inositol 3-phosphate kinase (PI3K) subunits in H1299, radio-resistant cells than H460, radiosensitive cells. TRAIL receptors were expressed in H460 cells while the decoy receptor for TRAIL was expressed in H1299 cells. From these results, we could characterize the differential responsiveness to ionizing radiation according to their differential expressions of apoptosis-related genes, which might be the candidates to increase the power of radiotherapy.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.27-36
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the structure of the vegetation on the trail of Hallyeo Marine & Coastal National Park. Twenty six $10{\times}10m$ plots were established along the Jisimdo trail. The vascular plants were surveyed from March 2011 to October 2011. Camellia japonica was a major woody species in the study area, while Pinus thunbergii and Zanthoxylum ailanthoides were co-dominant tree species. There were positive correlations between Distylium racemosum and Ligustrum japonicum var. japonicum; Callicarpa japonica var. luxurians and Eurya japonical; Actinodaphne lancifolia and Cinnamomum japonicum; A. lancifolia and Machilus japonica. Positive correlations were found between A. lancifolia and P. thunbergii; Z. ailanthoides and C. japonicum. Species diversity (H') was ranged from 0.51907 to 1.0217, and was relatively low compared to those of same national parks. 10 populations of Milletia japonica which are rare and endemic species, were recorded from the list of rare and endemic species of the Ministry of Environment near by ammo dumps, this study recommend the long term habitat monitoring of the species.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.33-40
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• 2010

Many trails have been built and utilized in each sub-basin of Apsan Park. This study focused on the conditions and the present flora of several overused trails within three basins called Kun-Gol, Anjiroung-Gol, and Meaja-Gol in Apsan Park. There are two purposes for this study. The first is to make a plan for restoration by classifying the type of damage to these overused trails. The second is to provide preliminary data for reestablishing a more pleasant urban nature park. As a result of the survey, the average length of these trails is 9.0km and mean width is 2.0 to 2.6m. 2,108m of the sections studied(23.4% of the total) had exposed root, 3,199m of the sections studied (35.5% of the total) had exposed rock, 3,270m of the sections studied(36.6% of the total) displayed damaged pathways, and 4,841m of the sections studied (53.8% of the total) had higher soil hardness. Eighty-three areas of deterioration were found and there has been extensive property destruction. As an indication of human disturbances, the Naturalization Index and Urbanization Index appeared as: Kun-Gol, 7.0%, 5.5%; Anjiroung-Gol, 8.3%, 4.5%; Meaja-Gol 8.6%, 6.2%; in total, 7.8%, 8.3%. As a method of checking the level and extent of the damage process, an impact rating classification was used at each point on the trails. Kun-Gol had the highest rating and Anjiroung-Gol had the lowest rating in impact rating classification. With the impact rating classification, it was found that each trail would continue to worsen, meaning that roots and rocks are more likely to be further exposed and the trail width will continue to widen through overuse. An actual plan for reparations and restoration of the trails is needed through further study.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.2
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• pp.131-144
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• 1998

Understanding of the reasons why users in recreation settings select particular trails may provide useful information for effective recreation resources management. This study investigated the present use of the major trails in Mudeung-san Provincial Park and the major influential factors on trail selection. This study was conducted in Mudeung-san Provincial Park stretching over Hwasun-gun and Damyang-gun of Chonnam Province and Kwang-ju city during August in 1996. Data were collected through on-site survey and mail-back questionnaire. 519(44.2%) out of 1173 survey samples were used for analysis. Reasons for selecting a particular trail were classified into 8 major factors. In overall, the order of the importance degree of the factors was 1) aesthetics of landscape, 2) safety(from physical and crime), 3) conditions for health, 4) quietness, 5) familiarity, 6) on the way to the destination, 7) convenience/social, 8) others' intention. There were differences in the degree of importance of each factor depending on trails, users' characteristics(eg., gender, age, group size, visit experience, etc.) and users' behavioral patterns. Recreation motivations were classified into 5 major factors. The order of the importance degree of the factors was 1) contacting with nature, 2) self-training, 3) solitude, 4) social interaction, 5) appreciating cultural properties. Regardless of trails, 'contacting with nature' was the most important factor, and the degree of importance in the other 4 motivational factors showed only a little differences in order according to the trails. There were correlations between major factors for trail selection and recreation motivations. The results of this study may provide foundational information for establishing effective management strategies through better understanding of the present use of trails and influential factors on trail selection. It can be used for reducing the present social and ecological problems caused by use concentration on certain trails and providing users with better quality of diverse recreational experiences. This study discussed the findings, and suggested some management strategies based on these information.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.605-614
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• 2015

This study was carried out to maintain, manage and restore the trails by assessing the physical conditions, the patterns of deterioration and the impact rating class of the major trails of Juwangsan National Park. The major trails followed 4 routes including Jubong, Gamaebong, Janggunbong~Geumeungwangi and Woloe. The route length of Jubong was 4.6 km; it was 3.6 km for Gamaebong, 5.6 km for Janggunbong~Geumeungwangi and 5.9 km for Woloe. As for the physical conditions, Jubong was the widest and Janggunbong~Geumeungwangi was the narrowest in trail width. In terms of the bared trail width, Jubong was the widest and Janggunbong~Geumeungwangi was the narrowest. As for the depth of erosion, Gamaebong was the deepest and Woloe was the shallowest. Janggunbong~Geumeungwangi was the steepest and Gamaebong was the gentlest in the slope. Further, Gamaebong showed the highest soil hardness, and Woloe had the lowest hardness. In terms of the times of appearance of deterioration patterns, Jubong recorded 71 times, Gamaebong 62 times, Janggunbong~Geumeungwangi 63 times and Woloe 78 times. In case of the impact rating class, the trail erosion was similar to grades I and II grade; the rest were mostly I grade and hence considered to be in a generally good condition. For the ongoing management of trails, a comprehensive study needs to be conducted in the light of various environmental factors. Also, a restoration plan for damaged trails should be established with consideration for the surrounding environment and ecosystem.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.348-353
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• 2000

지리산국립공원 동부지구의 주요 등산로를 대상으로 운동부하 보행속도 휴식시간 비율을 조사한 결과 순수 보행시간 중 운동부하는 거림-세석평전구간이 92,4% 이며 장터목-천왕봉구간이 91.3%로 조사되었다 또한 중산리-장터목구간이 86.9% 세석평전-장터목구간이 85.3%로 조사되었다 보행속도는 장터목-천왕봉 구간이 3.97km/hr 세석평전-장터목구간이 3.06km/hr 로 조사되었으며 거림-세석평전구간은 2.23km/hr 중산리-장터목구간은 2.02km/hr,조사되었다 전체등산시간중 휴식시간의 비율은 거림-세석평전구간이 26.0%이며 중산리-장터목구간이 22.6%로 조사되었다 세석평전-장터목구간은 3.0% 장터목-천왕봉구간은 0%로 조사되었다.