• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.131-134
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• 2018

The stem of Chrysanthemum morifolium, 'Baekma', were repeatedly extracted with 80% aqueous MeOH and the concentrates was partitioned into ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butyl alcohol and $H_2O$ fraction. The repeated silica gel and octadecyl silica gel column chromatographies for the EtOAc fractions led to isolation of two glycosyl glycerides. The chemical structures of the compounds were determined as (2S)-1-O-${\beta}-{\text\tiny{D}}$-galactopyranosyl-2,3-dilinoleoylglycerol (1) and (2S)-1-O-${\beta}-{\text\tiny{D}}$-galactopyranosyl-2,3-dipalmitoylglycerol (2) based on spectroscopic data anlyses including nuclear magnetic resonance, mass sperctrometry, and infrared spectrometry and gas chromatography mass spectrometry.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.245-263
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• 1997

For twelve solvent thinners, evaporation rates of components were investigated and models to estimate the actual concentration have been evaluated. Also, the current ACGIH TLVs (Threshold Limit Values) for the concentration of organic mixtures have been adjusted. The results of this study are summarized as follows : 1. Airborne concentrations of solvent thinner components were related to their respective vapor pressure (r=0.96). On the other hand, there was no significant relation between the concentrations in the air of the thinner compounds and the original amount in liquid form. 2. Airborne concentrations of each chemical were estimated by temperature at $8.5{\pm}1$, $16.7{\pm}1$ and $31.5{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ with an air velocity of 1.5 m/s. The concentrations were increased by increasing temperature (p<0.05). The percentage of concentrations were proportionate to their respective percentage of vapor pressure. Among the chemicals studied, n-butyl acetate, n-butyl alcohol, m-xylene, p-xylene and o-xylene showed a clear relationship to temperature. 3. Airborne concentration of each chemical was estimated by air velocity at 0.05, 1.50 and 2.50 m/s, with a constant temperature at $17{\pm}2^{\circ}C$. The concentrations were increased by increasing air velocity (p<0.05). The percentage of concentrations were proportionate to their respective percentage of vapor pressure. Among the chemicals studied, n-butyl alcohol, m-xylene and p-xylene showed a clear relationship to velocity. 4. In estimating the concentrations of solvent thinners by temperature and air velocity, ACGIH TLVs for mixtures tended to be larger than the values obtained by ACGIH exposure index. It shows that ACGIH TLVs for mixtures are not adequate for evaluating the airborne concentration of thinners and other organic mixtures. 5. The evaporation rate of the thinners were compared to the theoretical equations of Hummel, Braun and Mackay. The Hummel and Braun methods were close to exposure index but Makay's showed an underestimated value. In order to see the accuracy of each three models, the SSE (Error Sum of Squares) calculated for Hummel's was 1.73, being the closest to the actual values. 6. Present ACGIH TLVs for mixtures are not appropriate evaluate industrial environments. In this study, a correction of TLVs using vapor pressure of respective components was suggested. In order to evaluate the corrected TLVs a paired t-test was performed. There was no significant difference between the exposure index and the concentration over suggested TLVs (p>0.05). Thus, this corrected TLVs seem appropriate in order to evaluate actual industrial workplaces organic chemical concentration in the air.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.239-245
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• 2005

Galla Rhois was extracted with various solvents such as ethyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, and n-butyl alcohol, and antibacterial activity of the extracts were also tested. The ethyl acetate extracted Galla Rhois showed high antibacterial activities and was the most effective extract, was further fractionated into 8 subfractions with silica gel column chromatography. The subfractions 4 and 5 exhibited an excellent antibacterial activity against Streptococcus iniac KCTC3657.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.360-365
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• 1999

In this study, the blends of acrylic quaternary polymer (PEBEV) which was co- polymerized from 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2-EHA), n-butyl acrylate (BA) and ethyl acrylate (EA), vinyl acetate (VAc), and poly(vinyl chloride-co-vinyl propionate) (PVCVP) were prepared by solution blending. Pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) properties of PEBEV/PVCVP blends were compared with those of PEBEV/poly(vinyl chloride-co-vinyl acetate) (PVCVAc) blends. Compatibility of PEBEV/PVCVP was better than that of PEBEV/PVCVAc. Tackiness of both blend systems were similar, but holding power began to decrease at 15wt% or higher PVCVAc contents in PEBEV/PVCVAc blends. On the other hands, holding power of PEBEV/PVCVP increased as the contents of PVCVP increased. Failure modes of the blends were adhesive failure except 5wt% of PVCVP was blended.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.217-220
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• 2012

The fruits of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus Seeman (Araliaceae) were extracted with 70% aqueous ethanol at room temperature. The concentrated extract was partitioned with ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butyl alcohol, and $H_2O$, successively. From the EtOAc fraction, two compounds were isolated through the repeated silica gel, octadecyl silica gel, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies. According to the results of physicochemical and spectroscopic data including NMR, mass spectrometry, and infrared spectroscopy, the chemical structures of the compounds were determined as 3,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid (1) and protocatechuic acid (2). Compound 1 was isolated from the fruits of A. sessiliflirus Seeman for the first time. And the compounds were evaluated for the radical scavenging the antioxidant capacity using 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)diammonium salt, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.23-27
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• 2013

The roots of Brassica rapa ssp. were extracted with 95% aqueous ethanol and the concentrated extracts were partitioned using ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butyl alcohol and $H_2O$, successively. From the EtOAc fraction, five flavonoids were isolated through repeated silica gel and octadecyl silica gel (ODS) column chromatography (c.c.). Based on NMR, mass spectrometry (MS) and IR spectroscopic data, the chemical structures of the compounds were determined to be licochalcone A (1), 4,4'-dihydroxy-3'-methoxychalcone (2), liquirtigenin (3), liquiritin (4), and isoliquiritin (5). This is the first report of these compounds isolated from the root of this plant.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.337-343
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• 1998

In order to develop antimicrobial substances, many kinds of medicinal herbs were extracted with absolute ethanol and then antimicrobial activities against various microorganisms were investigated. Ethanol extract from cinnamon bark showed the strongest antimicrobial activity on the growth of almost all submitted microorganisms. Specially, molds such as Aspergillus sp. and Pencillium sp. were inhibited strongly. Therefore, the crude antimicrobial substance from the ethanol extract was fractionated with various solvents such as n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butyl alcohol and then their antimicrobial activities were tested. Among the various solvent fractions from the ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction was the best in antimicrobial activity especially against molds. There were no significant changes in antimicrobial activity of the n-hexane fraction by heat treatment at $100^{\circ}C$ for 60 min or $121^{\circ}C$ for 15 min and by the change of pH 4.0~10.0. We could get the results that the n-hexane fraction of cinnamon bark extract showed not only antimutagenicity but also no mutagenicity by Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 100.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.3-18
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• 1997

This study was conducted to evaluate desorption efficiencies by types of desorption solvent for polar and non-polar organic compounds collected on activated charcoal tubes. Analytes tested were toluene, m-xylene, isobutyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, cellosolve acetate, and butyl cellosolve. Three different concentration levels of spiked sample were made. Types of cosolvent mixed with the main solvent, $CS_2$, were methanol, pentanol, and dimethylformamide (DMF) and the cosolvent for methylenechloride was methanol. The amounts of cosolvent added to the main solvent were 1, 5, and 10% by volume (v/v%), respectively. The results were as follows: 1. For all mixed solvents except 1% methanol and 1% pentanol with $CS_2$, desorption efficiency significantly increased, compared with that of $CS_2$ alone. 2. Desorption efficiency increased by increasing analyte loading on charcoal tube regardless of mixed solvents used and the material polarity. 3. For all cosolvents mixed with $CS_2$ by 1% and 5% volume, desorption efficiency for non-polar compound was significantly higher than that of polar compound. For the 10% mixed solvents and the methylenechloride mixed with methanol, the results were opposite. 4. The lowest mean percent bias of 4.79% was obtained from the 5% DMF-$CS_2$ mixed solvent, followed by 4.82% from the 10% DMF-$CS_2$ solvent while the highest bias of 23.26% was from the solvent of $CS_2$ alone. Based on the results of this study, in order to increase desorption efficiency, it is recommended to add such cosolvents as methanol, pentanol, and DMF to $CS_2$, preferably 5% by volume for analyzing polar compounds collected in charcoal tubes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.446-464
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• 2015

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the task-specific hazards of chemicals used by nail technicians in Daegu Metropolitan City. Materials: A total of 30 nail shops located in Daegu City were surveyed to investigate the major tasks and practices performed by nail technicians and the ingredients listed in nail care products used in shops. We also collected instructions for use and material safety data sheets(MSDSs) of nail care products and compared CAS Nos. of ingredients with the lists of chemicals regulated by the Industrial Safety and Health Act(ISHA) and Chemical Substances Control Act(CSCA). Results: A total of 125 chemical ingredients were found in 468 nail care products used at the 30 nail shops. The most frequently found ingredients were ethyl acetate(72%), followed by n-butyl acetate(71.8%), isopropanol(56%), benzophenone(51.1%), nitrocellulose(46.4%) and ethanol(45.3%). Comparing six tasks, the task of manicuring used the most products at 222 products containing 91 ingredients. Among the 125 ingredients, there are 31 chemicals with occupational exposure limits(OEL) designated by the Ministry of Employment and Labor(MoEL), eight categorized as carcinogens, one mutagen and two reproductive toxic chemicals. In terms of carcinogens, formaldehyde was identified as the only confirmed human carcinogen(1A). We found that there was one chemical with a permissible limit, one special management substance, 18 workplace monitoring substances and ten special health diagnosis substances regulated by ISHA. For CSCA, nine poisonous substances, six substances requiring preparation for accidents and one restricted substance were identified. Conclusions: Based on these findings, formaldehyde was identified as one of the chemicals that should most strictly be controlled for the protection of the health of nail technicians and customers. At the same time, it is necessary to distribute materials with detailed hazardous information of nail care products for nail shop technicians.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.152-161
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• 2021

Eisenia bicyclis is known to have secondary metabolites exhibiting various biological activities. In a preliminary study, the n-hexane fraction obtained from the ethanolic extract of E. bicyclis showed higher anti-inflammatory activity than the ethyl acetate and butyl alcohol fractions based on the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells. Using this fraction (E. bicyclis hexane fraction, EHF), we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying its anti-inflammatory effect in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Pretreatment of the cells with up to 50 ㎍/mL EHF significantly inhibited NO and prostaglandin E₂ production as well as their responsible enzyme proteins and mRNAs, in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). Similarly, EHF markedly reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α as well as their mRNA levels. Nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) was strongly suppressed by EHF treatment. EHF significantly reduced the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt in LPS-stimulated cells. Moreover, EHF reduced ear edema in phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced mice. These results indicate that EHF contains potent anti-inflammatory compounds, which may be used as a dietary supplement for the prevention of inflammatory diseases.