• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.314-325
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• 1991

식이지방의 수준에 따라 n6 와 n3 불포화지방산이 혈장 지질조성에 미치는 영향과 또 그 기전이 다른지를 연구하고자 Sprague Dawley 종 수컷쥐에게 저지방(LF, 10% Cal)식이와 고지방식이(HF, 40% Cal)를 각각 6주동안 투여하였으며, 사용된 기름은 포화지방산 급원으로는 쇠기름, n6 linoleic acid(LA) 급원으로 corn oil, n3 ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid(LL) 급원으로 perilla oil, n3 eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA)와 docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) 급원으로 fish oil이었다. Ultracentrifugation 방법으로 VLDL fraction을 분리하여 thin layer chromatography에 의해서 화학적조성을 구하였다. Plasma cholestere 수준은 LF 와 HF 모두 n6 LA에 의해서는 오히려 증가되었고 n3 LL과 n3 EPA에 의해서는 감소되었으며, HF 에서 n3 EPA가 가장 cholesterol 저하효과가 있었다. HDL-Chol 농도는 n6 LA에 의해서 증가되었으나, HF 경우 n3 EPA에 의해서 유의성있게 감소되었다. Plasma TG 농도는 n3 EPA에 의해서 가장 감소되었고 간의 lipogenic enzyme 활성을 억제하였으며 VLDL fraction의 TG상대적양(%)이 유의성 있게 낮아졌다. 이때 LF 군에서는VLDL fraction의 apo-B의 상대적양(%)이 감소되지 않았으나 HF군에서 n3 EPA에 의해서 유의성 있게 낮았다. 그러므로 n3 EPA의 hvpotriglyceridemic effect는 간에서 lipogenesis를 억제하여 plasma VLDL로 TG 분비가 억제되었을 것이며, HF일 경우는 간에서 apo-B 생성도 억제되었다. 관상동맥성심장질환의 예방적 차원에서 평상시에도 쇠기름과 corn oil 보다는 n3 PUFA가 풍부한 들기름이나 생선을 더욱 이용하는 것이 바람직하다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.275-281
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of slaughter season on the fatty acid profile in four types of fat deposits in crossbred (Polish Holstein Friesian Black-and-White${\times}$Limousine) beef bulls. The percentage share of fatty acids was determined by gas chromatography and were divided into the following categories of fatty acids: saturated (SFAs), unsaturated (UFAs), monounsaturated (MUFAs), polyunsaturated (PUFAs), desirable hypocholesterolemic (DFAs) and undesirable hypercholesterolemic (OFAs), n-3 and n-6. Perinephric fat was characterized by the highest SFA concentrations (59.89%), and subcutaneous fat had the highest MUFA content (50.63%). Intramuscular fat was marked by a high percentage share of PUFAs and the highest PUFA/SFA ratio. The slaughter season had a significant effect on the levels of C18:3, C20:4 ($p{\leq}0.01$) and conjugated linoleic acid ($p{\leq}0.05$). There was an interaction between the slaughter season and fat type for the content of C20:4 ($p{\leq}0.01$) and C20:5 ($p{\leq}0.05$). The results of this study show that beef from cattle slaughtered in the summer season has a higher nutritional value and more health-promoting properties.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.282-290
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• 2011

본 연구에서는, 동해안에 서식하는 대표적 저서어인 곰치와 풍덕구이의 영양성분 및 중금속 함량의 계절적 변동을 관찰하였다. 이 두 어종의 지방 함량은 0.3% 이하로 연중 내내 매우 낮은 특성을 나타내어 계절적 변동을 관찰하기 어려웠으나, 산란기를 전후하여 수분이 증가되고 단백질이 유의적으로 감소되는 현상이 관찰되었다. 수집 시기에 관계없이 1% 가량의 비교적 일정한 회분 함량을 나타내었던 두 어종은, 무기질 조성에 있어서는 연중 내내 칼륨(K), 나트륨(Na), 인(P)의 분포량이 가장 높게 나타남으로써, 어류의 전형적인 무기질 패턴을 나타내었다. 한편, 두 어종은 중금속 함량에 있어, 수은(Hg), 카드뮴(Cd), 주석(Sn)은 식품공전이 정한 규격을 충족시켰으나, 일부 시료에서 납(Pb)이 규격치 이상 검출됨에 따라, 두 어종에서 Pb 성분에 대한 지속적인 모니터링이 필요함을 시사하였다. 아미노산 분석 결과, 1년에 걸쳐 수집된 곰치와 풍덕구이 두 어종 모두에서 가장 많은 양으로 존재하는 아미노산은 glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine으로 확인되었다. 또한, 곰치의 경우에는, 수분의 함량이 적고 단백질의 함량이 높았던 여름철에 총 아미노산과 단맛 및 감칠맛을 부여하는 유리아미노산의 함량이 높게 나타나는 계절적 특성을 나타내었다. 풍덕구이는 단백질 및 총 아미노산의 함량은 곰치보다 높았으나, 어류의 풍미를 부여하는 유리아미노산의 함량 곰치보다 현저히 낮은 특성을 나타내었다. 곰치와 풍덕구이두 어종 모두 10-1월 사이에, PUFA는 급격히 증가하고, SFA는 감소하여, 다른 시기에 비해 상대적으로 높은 P/S를 나타냄에 따라, 지방과 달리 지방산 조성에 있어서는 계절적 특성이 관찰되었다. 이러한 결과들은, 종, 계절, 수집 지역의 지리적 조건에 의해 그 화학적 조성이 영향을 받게 되는 어류를 식품 소재화할 경우, 특정 지역에서 수집된 어류의 식품영양적 가치 평가는 개별 어류에 대해 연중 모니터링이 되어야 정확한 정보가 제공될 수 있음을 시사하였다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.962-972
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• 2023

Objective: This study determined the effects of dietary treatments and castration on meat quality, fatty acids (FAs) profiles, and volatile compounds in Korean native black goats (KNBG, Capra hircus coreanae), including the relationship between the population of rumen microbiomes and meat FA profiles. Methods: Twenty-four KNBG (48.6±1.4 kg) were randomly allocated to one of four treatments arranged into a 2×2 factorial structure. The factors were dietary forage to concentrate ratio (high forage [HF, 80:20] and low forage [LF, 20:80]), and a castration treatment (castration [CA] vs non-castration [NCA]). Results: Among meat quality traits, the CA group exhibited a higher percentage of crude fat and water holding capacity (p<0.05). The profiles of the saturated fatty acid (SFA) in meat sample derived from CA KNBG showed a significantly lower percentage compared to NCA individuals, due to the lower proportion of C14:0 and C18:0. Feeding a high-forage diet to KNBG increased the formation of C18:1n7, C18:3n3, C20:1n9, C22:4n6 in meat, and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) profiles (p<0.05). Consequently, the n6:n3 ratio declined (p<0.05). There was an interaction between dietary treatment and castration for formation of C20:5n3 (p<0.05), while C18:1n9, C22:6n3, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and the MUFA:SFA ratio were influenced by both diet and castration (p<0.05). Nine volatile compounds were identified and were strongly influenced by both dietary treatments, castration (p<0.05), and their interaction. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) revealed distinctly different odor patterns in the NCA goats fed LF diets. Spearman correlation analysis showed a high correlation between rumen bacteria and meat PUFAs. Conclusion: These results suggest the essential effects of the rumen microbial population for the synthesis of meat FAs and volatile compounds in KNBG meat, where dietary intake and castration also contribute substantially.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.151-157
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• 2015

Fatness qualities in pigs measured by the amount of fat deposition and composition of fatty acids (FAs) in pork have considerable effect on current breeding goals. The stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) gene plays a crucial role in the conversion of saturated FAs into monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs), and hence, is among the candidate genes responsible for pig fatness traits. Here, we identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, $c.^*2041T$ >C) in the 3' untranslated region by direct sequencing focused on coding and regulatory regions of porcine SCD. According to the association analysis using a hundred of Berkshire pigs, the SNP was significantly associated with FA composition (MUFAs and polyunsaturated FAs [PUFAs]), polyunsaturated to saturated (P:S) FA ratio, n-6:n-3 FA ratio, and extent of fat deposition such as intramuscular fat and marbling (p<0.05). In addition, the SNP showed a significant effect on the SCD mRNA expression levels (p = 0.041). Based on our results, we suggest that the SCD $c.^*2041T$ >C SNP plays a role in the gene regulation and affects the fatness qualities in Berkshire pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권7호
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• pp.973-978
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• 2017

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of simultaneous supplementation of laying hens with alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) resources (flax, perilla, and Eucommia ulmoides [E. ulmoides] seeds) and eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid (EPA/DHA) resources (Schizochytrium sp.) on egg quality and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) profile. Methods: Dietary treatments were as follows: i) diet C (control diet); ii) diet F (diet C+10% flaxseeds); iii) diet P, (diet C+10% perilla seeds); iv) diet E (diet C+10% E. ulmoides seeds); v) diet A (diet C+1.5% microalage); vi) diet AF (diet C+10% flaxseeds+1.5% microalage); vii) diet AP (diet C+10% perilla seeds+1.5% microalgae); viii) diet AE (diet C+10% E. ulmoides seeds+ 1.5% microalage). Results: Egg weight, yolk weight and production ratio were not significantly affected by either algae or in combination with seeds (p>0.05). No significant difference was observed in ALA and DHA concentration in eggs between flaxseed, perila, and E. ulmodies seeds supplementation alone (p>0.05). N-3 PUFA in eggs was slightly improved by microalgae supplementation. The best supplementation, a combination of microalgae and perilla seeds, elevated (p<0.05) ALA from 19.7 to 202.5 mg/egg and EPA+DHA from 27.5 to 159.7 mg/egg. Highest n-3 PUFA enrichment (379.6 mg/yolk) was observed with supplementation of a combination of perilla seed and microalgae (362.2 mg/yolk), followed by a combination of flaxseed and microalgae (348.4 mg/yolk). The ALA, EPA, and DHA content obtained with a combination of microalgae and seeds surpassed the total sum of that obtained with microalgae or ALA-seeds alone. Conclusion: It is feasible to enrich eggs with n-3 PUFAs by perilla or E. ulmodies seeds instead of flaxseeds. Simultaneous supplementation of microalgae and seeds helped improve the transfer from EPA and docosapentaenoic acid into DHA.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.444-449
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• 2006

This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of cheese byproduct on performance, egg quality and fatty acid profile of egg yolk lipids from laying hens. One hundred five 30-wk-old White leghorn laying hens were randomly distributed into five groups of twenty one hens each and maintained in individual laying cages for 4 weeks. The hens were assigned to five treatments that consisted of corn-soybean meal based diets containing 0, 1, 3, 5 or 10% of cheese byproduct. Feed intake and rate of egg production of hens were not significantly different across the treatments during the whole experiment (p>0.05). Similarly, egg yolk cholesterol level, egg weight, Haugh's unit, eggshell thickness, color, and strength were not significantly different across the treatments (p>0.05). The amount of C16:0 in egg yolk was not significantly different across the treatments, but that of C18:0 decreased with increased cheese byproduct (p<0.01). Monounsaturated fatty acid (C16:1 and C18:1) content in egg yolk was similar across the treatments. Total CLA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA content increased linearly with increased cheese byproduct (p<0.001), while trans-10, cis-12 CLA amount was not significantly different across the treatments (p>0.05). Total saturated fatty acid (SFA) in the egg yolk was decreased as the level of cheese byproduct including CLA increased (p<0.01). However, the amount of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) such as monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n-6 PUFA, and total PUFAs in the egg yolk were not significantly different across the treatments (p>0.05). Therefore, the present results showed that cheese byproduct beneficially improved the fatty acid composition of concern to human health in the egg yolk without adverse effects on egg quality.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.711-720
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• 2019

Objective: This study was conducted to assess the effect of potassium humate and enzymes (Xylanase+Amylase+Protease) inclusion in diets on carcass characteristics, meat quality and fatty acid profiles of broilers fed canola-based diets. Methods: Two hundred and twenty broilers randomly allotted to 5 dietary treatments: the control (commercial broiler diet); CM (17.5% canola meal inclusion); CMEnz (17.5% CM inclusion+0.3 g/kg Axtra XAP); CMPh (17.5% CM inclusion+1.5% Potassium Humate, PH); and CMEnzPh (17.5% CM inclusion+1.5% PH+0.3 g/kg Axtra XAP) were slaughtered at day 42 for assessment of carcass and meat quality parameters. Results: Diet had no effect on carcass traits apart from breast muscle weight and breast muscle index. The highest breast muscle weight was observed in broilers fed CMEnz ($487.6{\pm}17.5g$) followed by those fed the control diet ($474.37{\pm}17.5g$). Diet also had no significant dietary effect on pH, temperature, drip loss and shear force values of the breast muscle. However, diet significantly affected meat colour and water-holding capacity. Broilers in the control and CMPh groups ($52.94{\pm}0.67$ and $52.91{\pm}0.67$) had the highest (p<0.05) values for lightness ($L^*$), whilst those fed CMEnzPh had the lowest value ($47.94{\pm}0.67$). In contrast, CM group had the lowest (p<0.05) value for redness ($a^*$) with CMEnzPh group having the highest values. The proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), n-6 and n-3 fatty acids and the PUFA/saturated fatty acid ratio were increased in CM-based diets containing enzymes and humic acid. Conclusion: It can, therefore, be concluded that CM can be included in broiler diets in the presence of enzymes and humic acid with positive effects on meat quality and important fatty acids that are beneficial to the health of consumers.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.1030-1035
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• 2002

MRPs에 의한 생선의 저장 안정성을 확인하기 위하여 고도불포화지방산의 함량이 높은 고등어를 대조군, 소금구이군, 간장구이군으로 나누어 조리한 뒤 냉장온도에서 12일간 저장하면서 과산화물가, conjugated diene 함량, malonaldehyde 함량 및 지방산 조성의 변화를 측정하였다. 생고등어의 과산화물가는 $7.20{\pm}1.10\;meq/kg\;lipid$였으며 조리 직후 소금구이 군에서 과산화물의 함량이 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 높았고 저장 기간동안에도 대조군과 유사하게 과산화물의 함량이 급격히 증가하였다. 이에 반해 간장구이군의 경우 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 과산화물가가 낮아 항산화효과가 인정되었다. Conjugated diene함량은 대조군의 경우 저장 12일 동안 거의 변화 없이 매우 안정하였고 소금구이군의 경우 저장동안 CDA가 증가하였으나 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 간장구이군의 경우 저장 3일, 9일째에는 대조군 및 소금구이군에 비해 유의적으로 conjugated diene 함량이 낮아졌다. 생고등어의 malonaldehyde 함량은 조리과정동안 2배 이상 증가하였으며 조리방법에 따른 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 저장 기간에 따른 malonaldehyde 함량은 대조군과 간장구이군의 경우 저장동안 큰 변화가 나타나지 않았으며 유의적인 차이도 없었다. 그러나 소금구이군의 경우 저장기간 동안 TBARs 값이 증가하였고 저장 9일과 12일째에는 대조군 및 간장구이군과 비교하였을 때 유의적으로 산화가 진행되었다. 고등어를 조리한 뒤 세 군 모두에서 지방산 조성의 변화가 일어났으며 대조군의 경우 SFA, MUFA, PUFA가 37.54%, 29.55%, 32.9%로 단일불포화지방산이 파괴되었으나 저장 10일동안 지방산 조성 변화는 크지 않았다. 소금구이군의 경우 PUFA의 함량은 27.45%로 생고등어와 비교하여 감소하였고 SFA는 41.69%로 증가하였다. 저장 10일째에는 PUFA/SFA가 0.57으로 급격하게 감소되었고 n-3계 지방산의 함량도 20.63%로 초기의 25.53%와 비교해 상당량 분해되었음을 나타내었다. 간장구이군의 경우 저장기간에 따른 PUPA의 감소가 나타나지 않았으며 특히 저장 10일째 PUFA 함량이 실험군 중 가장 높았고 PUFA/SFA의 비율도 높았으며 n-3/n-6 비율도 가장 높아 간장이 고등어 지방의 산화를 효과적으로 막았음을 알 수 있었다. 결론적으로, 조리방법에 따른 고등어 저장성에 있어서 소금구이는 산화를 촉진시키는 것에 반해 간장구이는 산화를 억제하는 결과를 나타내어 우수한 조리방법으로 여겨진다.